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Universidad San Carlos De Guatemala Facultad De Agronomía Área Integrada

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Universidad San Carlos De Guatemala Facultad De Agronomía Área Integrada UNIVERSIDAD SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA ÁREA INTEGRADA TRABAJO DE GRADUACIÓN ANÁLISIS DE COBERTURA Y FLORA ASOCIADA AL ECOSISTEMA MANGLAR EN SIPACATE-NARANJO, DEPARTAMENTO DE ESCUINTLA, GUATEMALA, C.A. DIAGNÓSTICO DEL ECOSISTEMA MANGLAR EN SIPACATE-NARANJO, ESCUINTLA Y SERVICIOS PRESTADOS EN EL INSTITUTO PRIVADO DE INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, GUATEMALA, C.A. MELANY LUCÍA RAMÍREZ GALINDO GUATEMALA, NOVIEMBRE DE 2016 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA ÁREA INTEGRADA TRABAJO DE GRADUACIÓN ANÁLISIS DE COBERTURA Y FLORA ASOCIADA AL ECOSISTEMA MANGLAR EN SIPACATE-NARANJO, ESCUINTLA, GUATEMALA, C.A. DIAGNÓSTICO DEL ECOSISTEMA MANGLAR EN SIPACATE-NARANJO, ESCUINTLA Y SERVICIOS PRESTADOS EN EL INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, GUATEMALA, C.A. PRESENTADA A LA HONORABLE JUNTA DIRECTIVA DE LA FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA POR MELANY LUCÍA RAMÍREZ GALINDO EN EL ACTO DE INVESTIDURA COMO INGENIERA EN GESTIÓN AMBIENTAL LOCAL EN EL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE LICENCIADA GUATEMALA, NOVIEMBRE DE 2016 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA RECTOR Dr. Carlos Guillermo Alvarado Cerezo JUNTA DIRECTIVA DE LA FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA DECANO Ing. Agr. Mario Antonio Godínez López VOCAL PRIMERO Dr. Tomás Antonio Padilla Cámbara VOCAL SEGUNDO Ing. Agr. M. A. César Linneo García Contreras VOCAL TERCERO Ing. Agr. M.Sc. Erberto Raúl Alfaro Ortiz VOCAL CUARTO Br. Milton Juan José Caná Aguilar VOCAL QUINTO P. Agr. Cristian Alexander Méndez López SECRETARIO Ing. Agr. Juan Alberto Herrera Ardón GUATEMALA, NOVIEMBRE DE 2016 Guatemala, noviembre de 2016 Honorable Junta Directiva Honorable Tribunal Examinador Facultad de Agronomía Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Honorables miembros: De conformidad con las normas establecidas por la Ley Orgánica de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala tengo el honor de someter a vuestra consideración, el trabajo de Graduación titulado: “Análisis de cobertura y flora asociada al ecosistema manglar en Sipacate-Naranjo, departamento de Escuintla, Guatemala, C.A. Diagnóstico del ecosistema manglar en Sipacate-Naranjo, Escuintla y servicios prestados en el Instituto de investigación sobre Cambio Climático -ICC-, Guatemala, C.A.”, como requisito previo a optar el título de Ingeniera en Gestión Ambiental Local, en el grado académico de Licenciada. Esperando que el mismo llene los requisitos necesarios para su aprobación, me es grato suscribirme, Atentamente, “ID Y ENSEÑAD A TODOS” ________________________ Melany Lucía Ramírez Galindo ACTO QUE DEDICO A DIOS Por ser mi guía y mi luz durante mi vida. MIS PADRES Jorge Ramirez y Ana de Ramirez, por enseñarme a ser perseverante y responsable con su ejemplo y por su apoyo incondicional. MI FAMILIA Pamela y Javier, por ser mis compañeros y por sus consejos. A mi abuela Alicia, por ser mi luz y siempre la llevo en mi corazón. MI NOVIO Enrique, por su comprensión, paciencia y apoyo durante este proceso. MIS AMIGOS Por ser mis compañeros de vida y por su invaluable amistad. AGRADECIMIENTOS A: A mis asesores Ing. Agr. Enrique Estuardo Lira Prera, Ing. Agr. Juan José Castillo Mont e Ing. Agr. David Elías Mendieta Jiménez por todo lo que me han enseñado, por su paciencia y su ayuda para realizar el presente estudio. Por las lecciones de vida y sus consejos. A mi supervisor PhD. Marvin Roberto Salguero Barahona por su apoyo y paciencia Al ICC Al Ing. Agr. Luis Reyes por apoyarme en la ejecución del EPS. Al ing. Juan Andrés Nelson por su apoyo en el trabajo realizado, y al Ing. Oscar González por su apoyo en la elaboración del presente estudio. A CONAP A Carlos Velázquez por su apoyo, y a los guardarecursos por su acompañamiento en el trabajo de campo. i INDICE GENERAL Página CAPITULO I: DIAGNÓSTICO DEL ECOSISTEMA MANGLAR Y FAUNA ASOCIADA EN SIPACATE-NARANJO, ESCUINTLA, GUATEMALA, C.A .......... 11 1.1 PRESENTACIÓN .................................................................................................... 3 1.2 MARCO REFERENCIAL ......................................................................................... 4 1.3 OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................ 5 1.3.1 Objetivos generales ....................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Objetivos Específicos ..................................................................................... 5 1.4 METODOLOGÍA ...................................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Fase de Gabinete........................................................................................... 7 1.4.2 Delimitación de área ...................................................................................... 7 1.4.3 Reconocimiento del área ............................................................................... 7 1.4.4 Recolección de información primaria (método participativo) .......................... 7 1.4.5 Lluvia de Ideas ............................................................................................... 7 1.4.6 Calendario histórico ....................................................................................... 8 1.4.7 Matriz de priorización de problemas .............................................................. 8 1.4.8 Entrevista ....................................................................................................... 8 1.4.9 Segunda fase de gabinete ............................................................................. 8 1.5 RESULTADOS ...................................................................................................... 10 1.5.1 Ubicación geográfica.................................................................................... 10 1.5.2 Situación legal del área ................................................................................ 10 1.5.3 Zona de vida ................................................................................................ 12 1.5.4 Eco región .................................................................................................... 12 1.5.5 Vegetación ................................................................................................... 12 1.5.6 Distribución de mangle................................................................................. 13 1.5.7 Fauna Asociada ........................................................................................... 15 1.5.8 Clima ............................................................................................................ 16 1.5.9 Hidrología e hidrografía ................................................................................ 16 1.5.10 Aspectos oceanográficos ............................................................................. 17 1.5.11 Mareas ......................................................................................................... 17 1.5.12 Bocabarra .................................................................................................... 18 1.5.13 Geología ...................................................................................................... 19 1.5.14 Suelo ............................................................................................................ 20 ii Página 1.5.15 Fenómenos naturales .................................................................................. 20 1.5.16 Áreas de influencia ...................................................................................... 21 1.5.17 Percepciones comunitarias .......................................................................... 23 1.5.18 Acciones para la conservación y restauración de la flora y fauna en la zona. ........................................................................................................ 28 1.6 CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................. 29 1.7 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ..................................................................................................... 30 1.8 ANEXOS ............................................................................................................... 32 2 CAPÍTULO 2: ANÁLISIS DE COBERTURA Y FLORA ASOCIADA AL ECOSISTEMA MANGLAR EN SIPACATE- NARANJO, DEPARTAMENTO DE ESCUINTLA, GUATEMALA, C.A. ............................. 41 2.1 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................. 43 2.2 MARCO TEÓRICO ............................................................................................... 44 2.2.1 Marco Conceptual........................................................................................ 44 2.2.2 Marco referencial ......................................................................................... 61 2.3 OBJETIVOS .......................................................................................................... 64 2.3.1 Objetivo general........................................................................................... 64 2.3.2 Objetivos específicos ................................................................................... 64 2.4 METODOLOGÍA ................................................................................................... 65 2.4.1 Etapa inicial de gabinete .............................................................................. 65 2.4.2 Etapa de campo..........................................................................................
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