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Learning from Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Some Notes on Postpost--Tsunamitsunami Rehabilitation in Calang, Aceh Jaya

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Learning from Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Some Notes on Postpost--Tsunamitsunami Rehabilitation in Calang, Aceh Jaya Learning from Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Some Notes on PostPost--TsunamiTsunami Rehabilitation in Calang, Aceh Jaya Dr. Widjaja Martokusumo School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) International Symposium on “Restoration and Developmentof Tsunami Affected Areas in Indonesia” at the University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Germany, January 3030--31,31, 2007. Damage Assessment Approach (After pre-survey) N Destroyed Banda Aceh Shoreline/Town Flooded RING 1 RING 1 Areas Flooded Areas Flooded Areas 3.3km Grand Mosque Flooded Areas Extensive RING 2 RING 2 Amounts Of Debris/Damage RING 3 RING 3 Quick Bird Natural Color Image 28 December 2004 Ulee Lhee Before After Meulaboh Earthquake-generated tsunami Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam ( Aceh ) was hit by earthquake generated tsunami in December 26, 2004 (2 years later the last earth quak e in Taiw an , Decem ber 26, 2006 with 7,1 Ms at 20.26 local time) Casualties more than 200.000 people PhilPhysical damages and psychhlilological shkhock The longlong--drawndrawn--outout postpost--tsunamitsunami handling, rang ing from ccealeaning up the ruins, debdebsris and corpses, providing water and food supply until temporary shelter, triggers increasing of diseases The Coastal Town Calang Calang, a coastal town at West Aceh, mostly a flat area (slope less than 15%) known for its fishery and marine tourism The total length of road area was 139 km Surrounded with 20-20- 30 m hills, but daily activities and routines take place along the coastal area close to the sea (10-(10-1515 m), Figure 1: The coastal town Calang, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Centre of economic Source: (Darmoyono/Har/Octaviana, 2005) activities of the region Aceh Jaya Calang, Aceh Jaya Before After Calang, Aceh Jaya About 7070--80%80% Aceh Jaya’s coastal area with the height below 25 m suffers a total destruction. The horizontal inundation distance is measured up to 22--44 km from shore line. Five villages with their 3205 inhabitants were dtdestroye d. According to collected data (2004), the town of Cala ng have 11,000--1414,000 citiz ens, and 70% of them due to tsunami disaster have been reported died Calang , Aceh Jaya A small island near ClCalang, Aceh Jaya, which was used to be part of the main lldand, this picture was taken after the tsunami disaster Destruction zones Zones 1 (Shore area, 7 m Zones 2: (7-12 m altitude and Zones 3 (above 12 m altitude altitude and 0 - 2% slope) 0 - 8% slope) and 0 - 8% slope) • All fishermen houses are • Structural damage • Minor destruction area completely • Infrastructures & Public dissapeared Buildings, not only • Flooded area destroyed, but also •Salty under-ground swept away by Tsunami water • Watery ground • Unstable ground Settlement Relocation Extremed proposing condition Existing condition (Easy by transfering city to deep Alt 1 washed-up by Tsunami village (note that the citizen because too close to coast) must be voluntary relocate) City Relocation Moderate proposing condition, with anticipative used-order area for Alt 2 disaster. Living zones are placed away from coastal-line. Shore Buffer Civic Commercial Living Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Based on Calang Spatial Planning (RUTRK) by National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) and Public Works Departments, Calang is divided into 9 different zones to keep the city most activities at remote distance from the sea. The fishermen kampong located 1 km offoff--shore.shore. The area of 300-300-400400 m from coast-coast- line is planned for mangrove forest, and the next 500500--700700 m is dedicated as a tourism area Facts Those concepts are considered ideal, and surely they do not fit to the sociosocio--culturalcultural context. Only a week after Tsunami some local fishermen have already rebuilt their houses next to the shore line without waiting for any formal master plan. Just like the nature of fishermen’s tradition, their settlement can not be separated from the shore line/ sea. The question is, how far should be the distance from the shore line? Seven Principles of Design for Tsunami Resistant According to National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP, 2001), there are seven principles in designing built-up environment for tsunami resistant: Understanding the risk of tsunami Avoid new development in tsunami runrun--upup areas to minimize future tsunami losses Locate and configure new development that occurs in tsunami runrun--uup areas to minimize future tsunami losses Design and construct new buildings to minimize tsunami damage Protect existing development from tsunami losses through redevelopment, retrofit, and land reuse plans and projects Take special precautions in locating and designing infrastructure and critical facilities to minimize tsunami damage Plan for evacuation Four basic site planning techniques Avoiding inundation areas, using a raised structures above tsunami inundation levels or pier or hardened podiums SliSlowing water current, using green bltbelt, dithditches, slopes to strain the debris from the Steer water forces, implementing paved surfaces that create a low-low-frictionfriction path for water to follow Block water forces, using hardened structures, terraces, berms or parking structures or rigid structures General Concept on Phys ica l Reh abilit ati on the rehabilitation concept of Calang should be base d on didesign considerati ons ththtat avoid and minimise the destruction of tsunami (Darmoyono/Har/Octaviana, 2005): Prov iding a maximum diditstance/ space bbtetween buildings (building with large lot) Locating buildings above the tsunami flood maximum height (vertical evacuation) Locating dwelling areas behind greengreen--beltbelt areas or big and strong buildings Plac ing main access/c ircu la tions outidtside fldflood area and supported/secondary access/ circulations at 90 degree angle to coastcoast--line.line. Rehabilitation land use planning; the settlement should be located in a safe place, with accessible distance to the shore line, and supported by dwelling facilities, commercial (shops, markets), social facilities (bale, meunasah), and public (schools and clinic). circulation; this is a very important element for town development. Town with high accessibility can be wellwell--developeddeveloped with good orientation. Circu la tions are also made responding to Ca lang topograp hy. greengreen--beltbelt; it will reduce the tsunami effect and prevent building development on the shore line. With the width range from 100 to 200 m and planted with mangroves along the shore the green-green-beltbelt area could be functioned as a recreation park. early warning system; this is considered as the most important warning mechanism before disaster occurs. In general, citizens must be evacuated into safer place in relatively short time. Traditionally, the information is spread by bedug or kentongan in every househouse--blockblock (5-(5-1010 houses), community centre (meunasah) or hig her ground (escape hills, escape bu ildings ). The traditional communication instruments are used and effectively acceptable as warning system. Certainly, they have to be adjusted with government earlyearly--warningwarning system which can fastfast--detectdetect and warn every bedug/kentongan post. Land Use Planning Green Belt LiLocating temporary fifihshermen ClCalang circul ati on must have major kampongs at radius 500 m from coast- evacuation lines straight to the line supported by dwelling, commercial escape-hill area. A linear-curve ((p,shops, markets), ),( social (bale , circulation pattern is made meunasah) & public (clinic, school) responding to Calang specific facilities topography mass evacuation system (horizontal and vertical evacuation); horizontal evacuation is transferring the inhabitants to safer places that is more far and/or higher (escape hill), while vertical evacuation is transferring the inhabitants to highhigh-- buildings (escape-(escape-buildings)buildings) participatory; it is obviously clear that without community participation, the field implementation can cause chaos, and without ggp,overnment and social department involved, reconstruction could not be effective. Gampong (Kampong) dwelling design; Gampong is Aceh’s smallest community structure. It consists of about 125 housing units, meunasah, lampoh jeurat (graveyard), deyan (pesantren – Islamic traditional school), krong pade (rice barn) and few bales. Horizontal and vertical evacuation Escape-hill Analysis, Andi Siswanto Source : Kompas, March 3rd 2005 1. Horizontal evacuation transferring the citizens to safer places 2. Vertical evacuation transferring the citizens to escape hills and high-buildings (escape-buildings). Shore Area Planning ‘Sea-wall’ as tsunami wave barrier like most of coastal cities in Japan, but expensive Green-belt zone: coconut-trees/ coast pines or mangroves, can be utilized recreational zone as well Concluding Remarks PostPost--disasterdisaster recoveryyq requires a holistic approach, such as involving consultation with all relevant stakeholders, taking into account local culture, and environmental asppgects including land issues. Preventing the effects by understanding the nature of tsunami. For the case of Calang the implementation of green-belt area along the shore line with minimum width of 200 m. Decreasing landland--useuse for permanent activities on coastal area. To some extent, fishermen’s settlement on this area must be supported by proficient Early-Early- Warning System (EWS). Concluding Remarks Buildinggg housing that responds to earthquake and/or tsunami disaster, with spatial planning and building design, careful infrastructure and material and structure. The new rere--arrangementarrangement of spatial pattern should maintain existing traditional structure and sociosocio--culturalcultural pattern Accomplishing evacuation and earlyearly-- warning system by using a combina tion of escapeescape--hillshills (horizontal evacuation) and escape buildings (vertical evacuation). Activating shore area/waterfront through attractive public activities in Shanghai..
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