Aquaculture Growth Potential in Landlocked Developing Countries

Aquaculture growth potential in Landlocked Developing Countries WAPI factsheet to facilitate evidence-based policy-making and sector management in aquaculture March 2021 Preparation of this factsheet This factsheet provides data and information to facilitate the assessment of aquaculture growth potential in Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDC). It relies on official data and statistics readily available to the public. Some important dimensions such as aquaculture’s contribution to GDP and employment are not covered due to the lack of data. Analyses in the factsheet are based on official data and statistics published by FAO and other international or national organizations. The data and statistics, which were the most updated at the time when the factsheet was prepared, may differ from data and statistics used in other WAPI factsheets because of different data sources or different versions of the same datasets. They may not be consistent with data and statistics from other sources. The term “country” used in this factsheet includes non-sovereign territory. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The factsheet follows the grouping of Landlocked Developing Countries, Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) adopted by the UN Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Development countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS): http://unohrlls.org/about-sids/country-profiles/. Unless noted otherwise, other country grouping in this factsheet follows the United Nations M49 standard. The preparation of the factsheet has benefited from tables and charts generated by various World Aquaculture Performance Indicator (WAPI) modules. Most of these data analysis tools are for FAO internal use, yet some of them are available for test use. See Slide 80 or visit the WAPI webpage for more information about WAPI information and knowledge products. The factsheet was prepared by Junning Cai, Giulia Galli and Xiaowei Zhou. Highly valuable comments and suggestions from Thomas Shipton are acknowledge.The validity and relevance of the results depend on the quality (in terms of timeliness and accuracy) of the underlying data and statistics used in the analyses – see some remarks on data and statistics in Slide 3. Errors could also occur in the analyses despite our efforts to minimize them. Please let us know if you have any concern. Contact: Junning Cai (FAO Aquaculture Officer); [email protected]; [email protected]. 2 Remarks on FAO aquaculture statistical data – Landlocked Developing Countries FAO aquaculture statistics are based on data submitted by the FAO Members. When there is a lack of data formally reported by a country, FAO usually estimates the country’s aquaculture production based on data and information from alternative sources or rely on relatively conservative estimation methods when alternative data sources are not readily available. Many countries lack a national statistics system for collection of aquaculture production data on a regular basis for dissemination and for reporting to FAO. Only eight countries among the 32 Landlocked Developing Countries reported aquaculture production data to FAO in all the five years during 2013–2017, including four countries in Africa (Burkina Faso, Malawi, Mali and Uganda), three countries in Asia (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Nepal) and one country in Europe (North Macedonia). There is an urgent need for national capacity development in aquaculture statistics system at several levels, including: (i) the legal status, institutionalization and resource allocation; (ii) development of national statistical standards in line with international standards; (iii) adequate and stable staffing plus an effective mechanism for data collection, compilation, storage, dissemination and reporting. For further information about FAO statistics on aquaculture production, contact: Xiaowei Zhou (FAO Aquaculture Officer (Statistics); [email protected]). 3 Species grouping In this factsheet, “fish” is used as a general term for convenience. When it is necessary to define the scope of a species group in order to correspond a specific quantitative measure, the following definitions are used: Aquatic products = Fish & seafood + Miscellaneous aquatic animal products + Aquatic plants Fish & seafood = Finfish + Shellfish + Miscellaneous aquatic animals Finfish = Marine fishes + Diadromous fishes + Freshwater fishes Shellfish = Crustaceans + Molluscs Molluscs = Shell molluscs (i.e. molluscs excluding cephalopods) + Cephalopods 4 Contents Preparation of this factsheet…………............2 Geo-location, natural resources, population Remarks on aquaculture statistics…..….......3 and income...............................................…7 Species grouping…………..….....…....…..........4 Food security, nutrition and health...........13 Highlights………………..…………….................6 Contribution of fish to food and nutrition..20 Further Reading…………………………………..78 Domestic fish market (fish consumption)…26 Fish trade…………………………………………...31 Fish export….…………………………….....35 Fish import……………………………….....43 Total fishery production.……………………….51 Capture fisheries production………………….55 Aquaculture production……………………..…61 Outlook………………………………………………74 5 Highlights 32 Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDC) accounted for 0.39 percent of world aquaculture production tonnage in 2018, which was much smaller than their 6.67 percent share in world population, their 12.64 percent share in world land area, their 14.69 percent share of the world inland water surface area, and their 5.02 percent of world renewable water resources. See more details in Slide 9; Slide 10 and Slide 78. Landlocked Developing Countries’ average per capita GDP in 2018 was only 14 percent of the world average. Their average per capita animal protein intake in 2017 (17.2 g/day) was much lower than the Developing Regions average (26.9 g/day), and the fish share in their animal protein intake (7.9 percent) was less than half of the Developing Regions average (19.8 percent). See more details in Slide 9 and Slide 22. Per capita fish consumption in Landlocked Developing Countries increased from 2.6 kg/year in 1997 to 4.6 kg/year in 2017, which was nevertheless much lower than the world average (20.3 kg) and the Developing Regions average (19,4 kg). See more details in Slide 28. In 2017, Landlocked Developing Countries’ 2 292 466 tonnes of total fish consumption was provided by 1 711 842 tonnes of food fish supply from domestic sources and 580 624 tonnes net food fish import. Their fish trade balance turned from a surplus in 2006 to USD 311 million of deficit in 2018 as compared to Developing Regions’ USD 40 billion of fish trade surplus. See more details in Slide 25 and Slide 34. Total fishery production in Landlocked Developing Countries increased from less than 150 000 tonnes in 1950 to nearly 1.8 million tonnes in 2018. Both aquaculture and capture fisheries contributed to the growth, and the share of aquaculture in total fishery production increased significantly from 9 percent to 25 percent between 2000 and 2018. See more details in Slide 52 and Slide 67. Capture fisheries production in Landlocked Developing Countries nearly doubled from 776 thousand tonnes to 1.3 million tonnes between 2000 and 2018. The 3.11 percent annual growth was much higher than the world average (0.15 percent) and Developing Regions average (0.51 percent). The 1.3 million tonnes of Landlocked Developing Countries’ capture fisheries in 2018 primarily comprised miscellaneous freshwater fishes (52.7 percent), carps (31.2 percent) and tilapias (14.8 percent). See more details in Slide 56 and Slide 59. Aquaculture production in Landlocked Developing Countries increased from 77 thousand tonnes to 446 thousand tonnes between 2000 and 2018. The 10.27 percent annual growth nearly doubled the growth in Developing Regions (5.91 percent) and the world (5.59 percent). See more details in Slide 68. In 2018, 44 ASFIS species items were farmed in 31 Landlocked Developing Countries with the 446 thousand tonnes of total aquaculture production primarily composed of carps and tilapias (45.24 percent and 36.39 percent, respectively). Landlocked Developing Countries’ aquaculture production of tilapias, characins and sturgeons (including paddlefishes) accounted for a non-trivial share (greater than 1 percent) of the world production. See more details in Slide 70 and Slide 71. Among the top 10 most populated Landlocked Developing Countries, only three countries (Uganda, Uzbekistan and Nepal) had aquaculture production greater than 10 000 tonnes in 2018. See more details in Slide 66. 6 Geo-location, natural resources, population and income 32 Landlocked Developing Countries: 16 in Africa + 12 in Asia + 2 in the Americas + 2 in Europe Landlocked Developing Landlocked Developing Landlocked Developing Landlocked Developing Countries in Africa (16) Countries in Asia (12) Countries in the Americas (2) Countries in Europe (2) Botswana Afghanistan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Republic of Moldova Burkina Faso Armenia Paraguay North Macedonia Burundi Azerbaijan Central African Republic Bhutan Chad Kazakhstan

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