Aquaculture Growth Potential in Landlocked Developing Countries

Aquaculture growth potential in Landlocked Developing Countries

WAPI factsheet to facilitate evidence-based policy-making and sector management in aquaculture

March 2021 Preparation of this factsheet

 This factsheet provides data and information to facilitate the assessment of aquaculture growth potential in Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDC). It relies on official data and statistics readily available to the public. Some important dimensions such as aquaculture’s contribution to GDP and employment are not covered due to the lack of data.  Analyses in the factsheet are based on official data and statistics published by FAO and other international or national organizations. The data and statistics, which were the most updated at the time when the factsheet was prepared, may differ from data and statistics used in other WAPI factsheets because of different data sources or different versions of the same datasets. They may not be consistent with data and statistics from other sources.  The term “country” used in this factsheet includes non-sovereign territory. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.  The factsheet follows the grouping of Landlocked Developing Countries, Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) adopted by the UN Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Development countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS): http://unohrlls.org/about-sids/country-profiles/. Unless noted otherwise, other country grouping in this factsheet follows the United Nations M49 standard.  The preparation of the factsheet has benefited from tables and charts generated by various World Aquaculture Performance Indicator (WAPI) modules. Most of these data analysis tools are for FAO internal use, yet some of them are available for test use. See Slide 80 or visit the WAPI webpage for more information about WAPI information and knowledge products.  The factsheet was prepared by Junning Cai, Giulia Galli and Xiaowei Zhou. Highly valuable comments and suggestions from Thomas Shipton are acknowledge.The validity and relevance of the results depend on the quality (in terms of timeliness and accuracy) of the underlying data and statistics used in the analyses – see some remarks on data and statistics in Slide 3. Errors could also occur in the analyses despite our efforts to minimize them. Please let us know if you have any concern.  Contact: Junning Cai (FAO Aquaculture Officer); [email protected]; [email protected].

2 Remarks on FAO aquaculture statistical data – Landlocked Developing Countries

 FAO aquaculture statistics are based on data submitted by the FAO Members. When there is a lack of data formally reported by a country, FAO usually estimates the country’s aquaculture production based on data and information from alternative sources or rely on relatively conservative estimation methods when alternative data sources are not readily available.  Many countries lack a national statistics system for collection of aquaculture production data on a regular basis for dissemination and for reporting to FAO. Only eight countries among the 32 Landlocked Developing Countries reported aquaculture production data to FAO in all the five years during 2013–2017, including four countries in Africa (Burkina Faso, Malawi, Mali and Uganda), three countries in Asia (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Nepal) and one country in Europe (North Macedonia).  There is an urgent need for national capacity development in aquaculture statistics system at several levels, including: (i) the legal status, institutionalization and resource allocation; (ii) development of national statistical standards in line with international standards; (iii) adequate and stable staffing plus an effective mechanism for data collection, compilation, storage, dissemination and reporting.  For further information about FAO statistics on aquaculture production, contact: Xiaowei Zhou (FAO Aquaculture Officer (Statistics); [email protected]).

3 Species grouping

In this factsheet, “fish” is used as a general term for convenience. When it is necessary to define the scope of a species group in order to correspond a specific quantitative measure, the following definitions are used:  Aquatic products = Fish & seafood + Miscellaneous aquatic animal products + Aquatic plants  Fish & seafood = Finfish + Shellfish + Miscellaneous aquatic animals  Finfish = Marine fishes + Diadromous fishes + Freshwater fishes  Shellfish = Crustaceans + Molluscs  Molluscs = Shell molluscs (i.e. molluscs excluding cephalopods) + Cephalopods

4 Contents

Preparation of this factsheet…………...... 2 Geo-location, natural resources, population Remarks on aquaculture statistics…..…...... 3 and income...... …7 Species grouping…………..….....…....…...... 4 Food security, nutrition and health...... 13 Highlights………………..……………...... 6 Contribution of fish to food and nutrition..20 Further Reading…………………………………..78 Domestic fish market (fish consumption)…26 Fish trade…………………………………………...31 Fish export….…………………………….....35 Fish import……………………………….....43 Total fishery production.……………………….51 Capture fisheries production………………….55 Aquaculture production……………………..…61 Outlook………………………………………………74

5 Highlights

 32 Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDC) accounted for 0.39 percent of world aquaculture production tonnage in 2018, which was much smaller than their 6.67 percent share in world population, their 12.64 percent share in world land area, their 14.69 percent share of the world inland water surface area, and their 5.02 percent of world renewable water resources. See more details in Slide 9; Slide 10 and Slide 78.

 Landlocked Developing Countries’ average per capita GDP in 2018 was only 14 percent of the world average. Their average per capita animal protein intake in 2017 (17.2 g/day) was much lower than the Developing Regions average (26.9 g/day), and the fish share in their animal protein intake (7.9 percent) was less than half of the Developing Regions average (19.8 percent). See more details in Slide 9 and Slide 22.

 Per capita fish consumption in Landlocked Developing Countries increased from 2.6 kg/year in 1997 to 4.6 kg/year in 2017, which was nevertheless much lower than the world average (20.3 kg) and the Developing Regions average (19,4 kg). See more details in Slide 28.

 In 2017, Landlocked Developing Countries’ 2 292 466 tonnes of total fish consumption was provided by 1 711 842 tonnes of food fish supply from domestic sources and 580 624 tonnes net food fish import. Their fish trade balance turned from a surplus in 2006 to USD 311 million of deficit in 2018 as compared to Developing Regions’ USD 40 billion of fish trade surplus. See more details in Slide 25 and Slide 34.

 Total fishery production in Landlocked Developing Countries increased from less than 150 000 tonnes in 1950 to nearly 1.8 million tonnes in 2018. Both aquaculture and capture fisheries contributed to the growth, and the share of aquaculture in total fishery production increased significantly from 9 percent to 25 percent between 2000 and 2018. See more details in Slide 52 and Slide 67.

 Capture fisheries production in Landlocked Developing Countries nearly doubled from 776 thousand tonnes to 1.3 million tonnes between 2000 and 2018. The 3.11 percent annual growth was much higher than the world average (0.15 percent) and Developing Regions average (0.51 percent). The 1.3 million tonnes of Landlocked Developing Countries’ capture fisheries in 2018 primarily comprised miscellaneous freshwater fishes (52.7 percent), carps (31.2 percent) and tilapias (14.8 percent). See more details in Slide 56 and Slide 59.

 Aquaculture production in Landlocked Developing Countries increased from 77 thousand tonnes to 446 thousand tonnes between 2000 and 2018. The 10.27 percent annual growth nearly doubled the growth in Developing Regions (5.91 percent) and the world (5.59 percent). See more details in Slide 68.

 In 2018, 44 ASFIS species items were farmed in 31 Landlocked Developing Countries with the 446 thousand tonnes of total aquaculture production primarily composed of carps and tilapias (45.24 percent and 36.39 percent, respectively). Landlocked Developing Countries’ aquaculture production of tilapias, characins and sturgeons (including paddlefishes) accounted for a non-trivial share (greater than 1 percent) of the world production. See more details in Slide 70 and Slide 71.

 Among the top 10 most populated Landlocked Developing Countries, only three countries (Uganda, Uzbekistan and Nepal) had aquaculture production greater than 10 000 tonnes in 2018. See more details in Slide 66. 6 Geo-location, natural resources, population and income 32 Landlocked Developing Countries: 16 in Africa + 12 in Asia + 2 in the Americas + 2 in Europe

Landlocked Developing Landlocked Developing Landlocked Developing Landlocked Developing Countries in Africa (16) Countries in Asia (12) Countries in the Americas (2) Countries in Europe (2) Botswana Afghanistan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Republic of Moldova Burkina Faso Armenia Paraguay North Macedonia Burundi Azerbaijan Central African Republic Bhutan Chad Kazakhstan Eswatini Kyrgyzstan Ethiopia Lao People's Democratic Republic Lesotho Mongolia Malawi Nepal Mali Tajikistan Niger Turkmenistan Rwanda Uzbekistan South Sudan Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Notes: The grouping of Landlocked Developing Countries follows UN-OHRLLS (http://unohrlls.org/about-sids/country-profiles/). 8 Landlocked Developing Countries (2018): 0.39 percent of world aquaculture production; 6.67 percent of world population; 13.81 percent of world average per capita GDP.

Aquaculture production, population and income status, 2018 Aquaculture production Population (2018)2 GDP per capita (2018)3 (2018)1 Country/area Share of Share of Ratio to world Tonnes world total Million world total Current USD average (%) (%) (%) World 114 508 042 100.00 7 631 100.00 11 222 100.00 Developing Regions 109 533 856 95.66 6 364 83.39 5 372 47.87 Landlocked Developing Countries 446 448 0.39 509 6.67 1 549 13.81 Top 10 Landlocked Developing Countries with the highest aquaculture production, 2018 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 108 200 0.0945 7.1 0.09 2 566 22.87 Uganda 103 737 0.0906 42.7 0.56 658 5.86 Nepal 59 000 0.0515 28.1 0.37 1 034 9.21 Uzbekistan 57 384 0.0501 32.5 0.43 1 555 13.85 Zambia 24 300 0.0212 17.4 0.23 1 540 13.72 Armenia 17 000 0.0148 3.0 0.04 4 211 37.53 Rep. of Moldova 12 530 0.0109 4.1 0.05 2 791 24.87 Paraguay 11 536 0.0101 7.0 0.09 6 016 53.61 Zimbabwe 10 585 0.0092 14.4 0.19 1 454 12.96 Malawi 9 014 0.0079 18.1 0.24 380 3.39 Data sources: 1. FAO Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; March 2020; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). 2. UN World Population Prospects (2019 Revision). 3. Total GDP from IMF World Economic Outlook Database (April 2019) divided by population from UN World Population Prospects (2019 Revision). Country grouping based on UN-OHRLLS and UN M49 standard. 9 Landlocked Developing Countries: 12.64 percent of world total land area; 14.69 percent of world total surface area of inland waterbodies; 5.02 percent of world total renewable water resources.

Total country area Total renewable Surface area of (excluding coastal waters; water resources (2013– inland waterbodies (2015)2 2013–2017 )1 2017)1 Country/area Share of Share of Share of Billion km2 world total km2 world total world total m3/year (%) (%) (%) World 134 108 230 100.00 3 434 349 100.00 54 737 100.00 Developing Regions 82 607 378 61.60 1 371 378 39.93 39 730 72.58 Landlocked Developing Countries 16 946 350 12.64 504 329 14.69 2 746 5.02 Top 10 Landlocked Developing Countries with the highest aquaculture production, 2018 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 236 800 0.18 2 216 0.07 334 0.61 Uganda 241 550 0.18 37 166 1.08 60 0.11 Nepal 147 180 0.11 300 0.01 210 0.38 Uzbekistan 447 400 0.33 8 662 0.25 49 0.09 Zambia 752 610 0.56 13 906 0.41 105 0.19 Armenia 29 740 0.02 1 332 0.04 8 0.01 Rep. of Moldova 33 850 0.03 333 0.01 12 0.02 Paraguay 406 750 0.30 3 757 0.11 388 0.71 Zimbabwe 390 760 0.29 4 376 0.13 20 0.04 Malawi 118 480 0.09 24 202 0.71 17 0.03 Data sources: 1. FAO. 2016. AQUASTAT Main Database – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Website accessed on 16 May 2019. 2. FAOSTAT Land Cover database (updated June 2019; CCI_LC ).

10 Population (thousand)

Population prospects in Landlocked Country/area Annual growth Developing Countries (2018 versus 2018 2030 +/- 2030): rate (%) World 7 631 091 8 548 487 917 396 0.95 Population expected to increase from Developing Regions 6 363 532 7 262 478 898 945 1.11 508.9 million in 2018 to 659.2 million in 2030. Landlocked Developing Countries 508 906 659 183 150 277 2.18 Top 10 Landlocked Developing Countries with the highest aquaculture production, 2018 Annual population growth in Landlocked Lao People's Dem. Rep. 7 062 8 226 1 165 1.28 Developing Countries (2.18 percent) nearly double the annual growth rate in Uganda 42 729 59 438 16 709 2.79 Developing Regions (1.11 percent) and Nepal 28 096 33 390 5 294 1.45 much higher than the world average Uzbekistan 32 476 37 418 4 942 1.19 (0.95 percent). Zambia 17 352 24 326 6 974 2.86 Population expected to grow between Armenia 2 952 2 967 15 0.04 2018 and 2030 in most of the top 10 Rep. of Moldova 4 052 3 886 -166 -0.35 Landlocked Developing Countries with the highest aquaculture production; Republic Paraguay 6 956 7 950 994 1.12 of Moldova was the only exception. Zimbabwe 14 439 17 596 3 158 1.66 Malawi 18 143 24 849 6 706 2.66 Data source: United Nations World Population Prospects (2019 revision).

11 Landlocked Developing Countries

659

Demographic features in Landlocked Developing 595 Countries (2015–2030): 533 185 million population growth between 2015 and 2030. 474 Increasing percentage of urban population to 34.93 percent in 2030. 50.47 50.41 50.28 50.24 34.93 29.90 31.24 32.92 Female ratio above 50 percent yet slightly decreasing.

2015 2020 2025 2030

Percentage of females (%) Percentage of urban population (%) Total population (million)

Data source: United Nations World Population Prospects (2019 revision; https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population). United Nations World Urbanization Prospects (2018 revision) (https://population.un.org/wup).

12 Food security, nutrition and health Landlocked Developing Countries (1993) Landlocked Developing Countries (2013) Other animal Other animal Fish & seafood Fish & seafood products products Total protein intake in 1.4% 1.7% Landlocked Developing 1.7% 1.6% Countries (1993 versus 2013): Milk & eggs Milk & eggs 9.8% 10.2% Per capita total (i.e. animal and vegetal) protein intake Animal Animal Meat products Meat products increased from 57.9 g/day to 12.6% 25.6% 11.5% 25.0% 67.5 g/day between 1993 and Total protein Total protein intake (1993): intake (2013): Cereals 2013. 57.9 67.5 50.1% Other vegetal Other vegetal g/capita/day Cereals g/capita/day products 55.6% products The composition of protein 5.6% Vegetal 6.1% Vegetal products products 74.4% Vegetables 75.0% sources was relatively stable. & fruits Vegetables 4.6% & fruits Pulses & oilcrops The fish share in total protein 3.7% 9.6% Pulses & oilcrops intake increased slightly from 14.2% 1.4 percent to 1.7 percent.

Data source: FAOSTAT Food Balances 1961-2013 (accessed in January 2018; www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBSH). The recently published FAOSTAT New Food Balances data (2014–2017; http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS) are still preliminary data yet to be harmonized with the older data (1961– 2013). 14 Landlocked Developing Countries (2017) Developing Regions (2017) Other animal Other animal Fish & products products seafood 1.7% 1.5% 1.9% Total protein intake in Fish & Landlocked Developing seafood Milk & eggs 6.8% Countries versus Developing 10.3% Regions (2017): Milk & eggs 11.7% Animal Per capita total protein intake: Meat products Animal 10.7% 69.9 g/day versus 78.4g/day. 24.6% products Cereals Total protein 34.2% Total protein 42.6% intake (2017): Cereals intake (2017): 69.9 49.7% 78.4 Animal share in total protein: Other vegetal Meat products g/capita/day 14.3% g/capita/day Vegetal 24.6 percent versus 5.9% Vegetal products 65.8% 34.2 percent. Vegetables products & fruits 75.4% 4.6% Other vegetal Fish share in total protein: products 4.8% 1.9 percent versus 6.8 percent. Pulses & oilcrops Vegetables & 15.1% fruits Pulses & oilcrops 8.3% 10.1%

Data source: FAOSTAT New Food Balances (accessed in September 2020; http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS). Note: According to the original 1996 definition under the United Nations M49 standard, Europe, Northern America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand are Developed Regions, whereas other countries/territories are Developing Regions. 15 Landlocked Developing Countries: Prevalence of undernourishment and prevalence of severe food insecurity

Landlocked Developing Countries: Prevalence of Landlocked Developing Countries: Prevalence of severe food undernourishment (percent; 2015-2017 average) insecurity in the total population (percent; 2015-2017)

World 11 World 8 Afghanistan 30 Armenia 4 Azerbaijan 3 Afghanistan 16 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 17 Botswana 26 Armenia 4 Burkina Faso 20 Central African Republic 60 Botswana 40 Chad 37 Eswatini 22 Ethiopia 21 Lesotho 50 Kazakhstan 3 Kyrgyzstan 7 Malawi 52 Lao People's Democratic Republic 17 Lesotho 13 Mongolia 5 Malawi 18 Mali 6 Mongolia 13 Nepal 8 Nepal 9 Niger 14 Niger 42 Paraguay 11 Rwanda 36 Republic of Moldova 2 North Macedonia 4 Turkmenistan 5 Uganda 40 Tajikistan 8 Uzbekistan 6 Zambia 46 North Macedonia 3 Zimbabwe 51

Data source: FAOSTAT - Suite of Food Security Indicators (updated on 11 October, 2019; http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FS).

16 Landlocked Developing Countries: Percentage of stunted children and percentage of overweight children

Landlocked Developing Countries: Percentage of children Landlocked Developing Countries: Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are stunted (percent; 2012) under 5 years of age who are overweight (percent; 2012)

World 25 World 6

Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 18 Kyrgyzstan 9

Burkina Faso 33

Niger 3 Kyrgyzstan 18

Niger 43 Paraguay 12

Paraguay 11 Republic of Moldova 5

Republic of Moldova 6

Tajikistan 7 Tajikistan 27

Uganda 6 Uganda 34

Data source: FAOSTAT - Suite of Food Security Indicators (updated on 11 October, 2019; http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FS).

17 Landlocked Developing Countries: Prevalence of adult obesity and prevalence of woman anaemia

Landlocked Developing Countries: Prevalence of obesity in the Landlocked Developing Countries: Prevalence of anemia adult population (18 years and older; 2016) among women of reproductive age (15-49 years; 2016)

World 13 World 33 Afghanistan 5 Afghanistan 42 Armenia 21 Armenia 29 Azerbaijan 20 Azerbaijan 39 Bhutan 6 Bhutan 36 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 19 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 30 Botswana 16 Botswana 30 Burkina Faso 5 Burkina Faso 50 Burundi 4 Burundi 27 Central African Republic 6 Central African Republic 46 Chad 5 Chad 48 Eswatini Eswatini 14 27 Ethiopia Ethiopia 4 23 Kazakhstan 31 Kazakhstan 21 Kyrgyzstan 36 Kyrgyzstan 15 Lao People's Democratic Republic 40 Lao People's Democratic Republic 5 Lesotho 27 Lesotho 14 Malawi 34 Malawi 5 Mali 51 Mali 7 Mongolia 20 Mongolia 20 Nepal 35 Nepal 4 Niger 50 Niger 5 Paraguay 23 Paraguay 19 Republic of Moldova 27 Republic of Moldova 20 Rwanda 22 Rwanda 5 South Sudan 34 Tajikistan 13 Tajikistan 31 North Macedonia 24 North Macedonia 23 Turkmenistan 18 Turkmenistan 33 Uganda 4 Uganda 29 Uzbekistan 15 Uzbekistan 36 Zambia 7 Zambia 34 Zimbabwe 12 Zimbabwe 29

Data source: FAOSTAT - Suite of Food Security Indicators (updated on 11 October, 2019; http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FS). 18 Life expectancy in Landlocked Developing Countries, 2018

Landlocked Developing Countries, 65.6 Life expectancy in Landlocked Life expectancy at birth, Developing Regions, 71.2 Developing Countries (2018): total (years, 2018) World, 72.6 65.6 years of life expectancy at birth for total population, lower than the world average. Landlocked Developing Countries, 67.7 Life expectancy at birth, Developing Regions, 73.3 female (years, 2018) 67.7 years of life expectancy at World, 74.9 birth for female population, lower than the world average.

Landlocked Developing Countries, 63.5 63.5 years of life expectancy at Life expectancy at birth, Developing Regions, 69.2 birth for male population, male (years, 2018) lower than the world average. World, 70.4

56 61 66 71 76

Data source: World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI), downloaded on 29 May, 2020 (http://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development- indicators/#archives); United Nations World Population Prospects (2019 revision; https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population) used to calculate life expectancy at the regional level. 19 Contribution of fish to food and nutrition Landlocked Developing Countries (2017) Developing Regions (2017)

Others Others Shellfish Bovine meat 6.8% 4.4% 2.9% 9.8% Animal protein intake in Finfish Bovine meat Landlocked Developing 7.9% 19.8% Finfish Countries versus Developing Pigmeat Eggs Fish & 16.8% 13.7% Regions (2017): 4.1% seafood Fish & 7.9% seafood Pigmeat 19.8% Animal Meat Per capita animal protein intake Animal Meat 4.3% protein intake 43.5% protein intake 41.6% Mutton & goat 17.2 g/day versus 26.9 g/day (2017): 17.2 (2017): 26.9 meat 2.8% g/capita/day Mutton & g/capita/day goat meat Eggs Fish share in animal protein Milk & eggs 8.5% 10.4% 41.8% Milk & eggs 7.9 percent versus 19.8 percent Poultry meat 34.2% 14.1% Poultry meat Milk 7.7% 37.7% Other meat Milk 3.2% 23.8% Other meat 1.3%

Data source: FAOSTAT New Food Balances (accessed in September 2020; http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS). Notes: Species groups with less than 1 percent not labelled in the charts. See slide #4 for the scope of fish & seafood. According to the original 1996 definition under the United Nations M49 standard, Europe, Northern America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand are Developed Regions, whereas other countries/territories are Developing Regions. 21 Contribution of fish to animal protein intake in Landlocked Developing Countries (2017): Both animal protein intake and fish share in animal protein intake were much less than the world average.

Contribution of fish to animal protein, 2017 Per capita protein intake 80 in 2017 (g/capita/day) Fish share African countries Country/area Fish & Animal (%) 70 Countries in the Americas Asian countries seafood products European countries World 5.6 32.8 17.1 60 Oceania countries

Developing Regions 5.3 26.9 19.8 Bubble size: population 50 LLDC 1.4 17.2 7.9 Coordinate origin: world average Top 10 Landlocked Developing Countries with the highest aquaculture 40 production in 2017 1. Lao People's Dem. Rep. 7.5 20.1 37.5 30 2. Uganda 3.4 10.9 30.9 3. Nepal 0.8 12.7 6.6 20

4. Uzbekistan 0.7 37.5 1.8 Fish share animal in protein (%) 5. Zambia 3.6 11.7 30.4 10 6. Armenia 1.7 44.6 3.9 0 7. Republic of Moldova 3.3 30.8 10.5 Landlocked Developing Countries 8. Paraguay 1.2 33.6 3.7 -10 9. Zimbabwe 1.1 11.6 9.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10. Malawi 2.8 11.5 24.6 Animal protein intake in 2017 (g/capita/day)

Data source: FAOSTAT New Food Balances (accessed in September 2020; http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS). Note: See slide #4 for the scope of fish & seafood. LLDC = Landlocked Developing Countries. 22 Landlocked Developing Countries (1993) Landlocked Developing Countries (2013)

Others Others 6.4% Animal protein intake in Finfish 6.7% Finfish Bovine meat 5.6% 6.8% Landlocked Developing Bovine meat 20.9% Eggs 25.3% Eggs Countries (1993 versus 2013): 4.4% Fish & 4.2% Fish & seafood seafood Per capita animal protein intake 5.6% 6.8% increased from Animal Animal Pigmeat Meat protein intake Meat protein intake 4.3% 14.8 g/day to 16.9 g/day. 45.9% (1993): 14.8 49.3% (2013): 16.9 Milk & eggs g/capita/day Pigmeat g/capita/day 5.2% Milk & eggs Mutton & Fish share in animal protein 38.4% goat meat 40.9% intake increased from 8.2% Milk Mutton & goat 5.6 percent to 6.8 percent. 34.0% Milk meat 36.7% Poultry meat 10.3% 7.6% Poultry Other Other meat meat meat 4.5% 4.8% 4.1%

1 762 093 tonnes domestic fish 2 500 000 production – 50 259 tonnes for non-food 8 104 552 use (2.9 percent of domestic production) 2 000 000 685 176 = 1 711 834 tonnes domestic food fish 50 259 production (97.1 percent of domestic 1 500 000 production). tonnes 2 292 466 1 000 000 1 762 093 1 711 834 tonnes domestic food fish production (71.4 percent of food fish 500 000 supply) + 685 176 tonnes food fish 0 import (28.6 percent of food fish supply) Domestic Domestic Food fish import Inventory Food fish export Domestic + 8 tonnes inventory depletion = production production for depletion consumption 2 397 018 tonnes food fish supply non-food uses available for utilization. Export Non-food uses Import 2 397 018 tonnes food fish utilization = 2.9% 4.4% 104 552 tonnes food fish export Domestic 28.6% (4.4 percent of food fish utilization) + production Consumption Food fish 71.4% 95.6% 2 292 466 tonnes domestic (food) fish 97.1% consumption (95.6 percent of food fish utilization). Domestic production (2017): Food fish supply (2017): Food fish utilization (2017): 1 762 093 tonnes 2 397 018 tonnes 2 397 018 tonnes

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Food balance sheets of fish and fishery products 1961-2017 (FishStatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Note: See slide #4 for the scope of fish & seafood. Numbers may not add up exactly due to rounding. 24 Fish & seafood supply and utilization in Landlocked Developing Countries (1997–2017)

Fish and seafood balance in 2 292 466 Landlocked Developing Countries (1997–2017): 580 624 Food fish supply from domestic sources increased from 733 348 tonnes to 1 711 842 tonnes between 1997 and 2017.

Net food fish import increased from 65 044 tonnes to 580 624 tonnes. 798 392 1 711 842 Domestic fish consumption increased 65 044 from 798 392 tonnes 2 292 466 tonnes. 733 348 In 2017, the 2 292 466 tonnes of total fish consumption = 1 711 842 tonnes of 2.6 4.6 food fish supply from domestic sources + 586 624 tonnes net food fish import. 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per capita fish consumption increased Net food fish import (import minus export; live weight; tonne) from 2.6 kg in 1997 to 4.6 kg in 2017. Food fish supply from domestic sources (production plus stock depletion minus non-food uses) (live weight; tonne) Per capita fish consumption (live weight; kg) Total fish consumption (live weight; tonne)

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Food balance sheets of fish and fishery products 1961-2017 (FishStatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Note: See slide #4 for the scope of fish & seafood. 25 Domestic fish market (fish consumption) Landlocked Developing Countries, 1997-2017

Status and trend of fish and 2 292 2 165 seafood consumption in 2 061 2 078 Landlocked Developing 1 914 1 790 Countries (1997–2017): 1 698 1 575 The increase in total fish 1 433 1 367 consumption from 798 1 297 1 170 1 163 thousand tonnes to 1 093

2.292 million tonnes between 915 942 842 854 857 1997 and 2017 was driven 798 762 partly by population growth, 497 from 312 million to 452 463 474 485 401 411 421 431 441 358 366 375 383 392 497 million, and partly by the 312 319 327 334 342 350 increase in per capita fish 4.46 4.39 4.46 4.61 consumption from 2.56 kg to 2.56 2.39 2.58 2.74 2.50 2.45 2.63 2.98 3.12 3.03 3.31 3.41 3.49 3.75 3.94 4.06 4.24 4.61 kg. 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per capita fish consumption (kg) Population (million) Total fish consumption (thousand tonnes)

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Food balance sheets of fish and fishery products 1961-2017 (FishStatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Note: See slide #4 for the scope of fish & seafood. 27 Per capita fish consumption in Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDC), 1997 versus 2017: Increased from 2.6 kg to 4.6 kg; the 3 percent annual growth higher than the world average and the Developing Regions average.

Status and trend of per capita fish consumption, 1997–2017 Per capita fish and seafood consumption in t0p 15 most Per capita fish & seafood Annual populated Landlocked Developing Countries Country/area consumption (kg/year) growth (%) 1997 2017 0.2 1. Ethiopia 0.5 World 15.5 20.3 1.4 8.9 2. Uganda 11.3 Developing Regions 13.0 19.4 2.0 0.1 3. Afghanistan 0.2 LLDC 2.6 4.6 3.0 0.5 4. Uzbekistan 2.8 Top 10 LLDC with the highest aquaculture production, 2018 1.1 1997 2017 5. Nepal 3.1 1. Lao People's Dem. Rep. 8.2 25.3 5.8 0.8 6. Niger 2.1 2.7 2. Uganda 8.9 11.3 1.2 7. Burkina Faso 8.2 9.4 3. Nepal 1.1 3.1 5.6 8. Mali 9.3

kg/year 1.7 4. Uzbekistan 0.5 2.8 8.9 9. Kazakhstan 2.9 5.6 5. Zambia 7.4 12.0 2.5 10. Malawi 12.3 7.4 6. Armenia 0.5 5.8 12.9 11. Zambia 12.0 6.5 7. Republic of Moldova 3.2 11.6 6.7 12. Chad 7.2 13. Zimbabwe 3.2 8. Paraguay 6.2 4.2 -1.9 3.5 14. Rwanda 0.7 9. Zimbabwe 3.2 3.5 0.5 7.9 15. Bolivia… 1.6 10. Malawi 5.6 12.3 4.0 2.6 0 5 10 15 Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Food balance sheets of fish and fishery products 1961-2017 (FishStatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Per capita consumption equal to total consumption (from FAO FBS of fish and fishery products) divided by population (from United Nations Population Prospects 2019). See slide #4 for the scope of fish & seafood. LLDC = Landlocked Developing Countries. 28 Landlocked Developing Countries (1997) Landlocked Developing Countries (2017)

Crustaceans, Shell molluscs, Crustaceans, Shell molluscs, 0.01 , 0.3% 0.01 , 0.1% 0.01 , 0.4% 0.01 , 0.2% Per capita fish and seafood consumption in Landlocked Marine fishes, Developing Countries (1997 0.32 , 12.5% Marine fishes, versus 2017): 1.10 , 23.8% Shellfish, Shellfish, Increased from 2.56 kg to 0.02 , 0.6% 0.02 , 0.4% 4.61 kg. Fish and seafood Fish and seafood The share of marine fishes consumption consumption (1997): 2.56 (2017): 4.61 increased from 12.5 percent to kg/capita/year kg/capita/year 23.8 percent.

The share of shellfish decreased Finfish, Finfish, from 0.6 percent to 0.4 percent. 2.54 , 99.4% 4.59 , 99.6%

Freshwater & Freshwater & diadromous fishes, diadromous fishes, 2.22 , 86.8% 3.50 , 75.8%

Crustaceans, Shell molluscs, Cephalopods, 0.01 , 0.3% 0.01 , 0.1% 0.34 , 1.8% Per capita fish and seafood consumption in Landlocked Developing Countries versus Shell molluscs, Developing Regions (2017): Marine fishes, 2.58 , 13.4% 1.10 , 23.8% Shellfish, 0.02 , 0.4% Per capita fish and seafood Shellfish, consumption Crustaceans, 4.63 , 24% 1.71 , 8.9% Freshwater 4.61 kg versus 19.4 kg Fish and seafood Fish and seafood & consumption consumption diadromous (2017): 4.61 (2017): 19.4 fishes, Shellfish share kg/capita/year kg/capita/year 8.83 , 46.0% 0.4 percent versus 24 percent Finfish, 14.59 , 76% Share of freshwater and Finfish, diadromous fishes 4.59 , 99.6% Marine fishes, 75.8 percent versus 46 percent 5.76 , 30.0% Freshwater & diadromous fishes, 3.50 , 75.8%

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Food balance sheets of fish and fishery products 1961-2017 (FishStatJ. www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en Note: See slide #4 for the scope of fish & seafood. According to the original 1996 definition under the United Nations M49 standard, Europe, Northern America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand are Developed Regions, whereas other countries/territories are Developing Regions. 30 Fish trade Status and trends of fish trade in Landlocked Developing Countries, 2006–2018

Landlocked Developing Countries: Landlocked Developing Countries: Exports of aquatic products Imports of aquatic products 625 000 5.0 625 000 5.0

500 000 4.0 500 000 4.0

375 000 3.0 375 000 3.0

or USD or 1 000

or USD 1 or 000 USD/kg

250 000 2.0 USD/kg 250 000 2.0

tonne tonne 125 000 1.0 125 000 1.0

0 - 0 - 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Export quantity (product weight; tonnes) Import quantity (product weight; tonnes) Export value (USD 1 000; FOB) Import value (USD 1 000; CIF) Export price (USD/kg; FOB) Import price (USD/kg; CIF)

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global Fisheries commodities production and trade 1976-2018 (FishStatJ). www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/FishStatJ/en Notes: Includes all aquatic commodities recorded in the data source; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. CIF = Cost, insurance and freight; FOB = Free on board. 32 Fish import much greater than fish export in Landlocked Developing Countries – a pattern different from Developing Regions. Fish export price greater than fish import price – a pattern similar to Developing Regions.

Landlocked Developing Countries Developing Regions (aquatic products) (aquatic products) 600 000 6.0 30 000 000 6.0

500 000 5.0 25 000 000 5.0

400 000 4.0 20 000 000 4.0

300 000 3.0 15 000 000 3.0

tonne

USD/kg USD/kg 200 000 2.0 10 000 000 2.0

100 000 1.0 5 000 000 1.0

0 - 0 - 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Export quantity (product weight; tonnes) Export quantity (product weight; tonnes) Import quantity (product weight; tonnes) Import quantity (product weight; tonnes) Export price (USD/kg; FOB) Export price (USD/kg; FOB) Import price (USD/kg; CIF) Import price (USD/kg; CIF)

Landlocked Developing Countries Developing Regions (aquatic products trade balance) (aquatic products trade balance)

800 000 100 000 000 90 000 000 39 971 827 600 000 80 000 000 400 000 68 042 70 000 000 60 000 000 200 000 50 000 000

40 000 000

USD USD 1000 USD USD 1000 0 30 000 000 - 310 822 20 000 000 - 200 000 10 000 000 - 400 000 0 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Export value (USD 1 000; FOB) Export value (USD 1 000; FOB) Import value (USD 1 000; CIF) Import value (USD 1 000; CIF) Trade balance (USD 1 000) Trade balance (USD 1 000)

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global fisheries commodities production and trade 1976–2018 (FishStatJ) www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en Notes: Includes all aquatic commodities recorded in the data source; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. CIF = Cost, insurance and freight; FOB = Free on board. According to the original 1996 definition under the United Nations M49 standard, Europe, Northern America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand are Developed Regions, whereas other countries/territories are Developing Regions. 34 Fish export Landlocked Developing Countries’ export volume of aquatic products increased from 48 thousand tonnes to 72 thousand tonnes between 2000 and 2018; the 2.3 percent annual growth in tonnage lower than the Developing Regions average and the world average. Status and trend of aquatic products export volume, 2000–2018 Aquatic products export quantity (tonnes) Country/area Annual growth (%) 2000 2018 World 26 135 487 41 546 953 2.6 Developing Regions 13 249 426 22 671 695 3.0 Landlocked Developing Countries 47 571 71 829 2.3 Top 15 largest Landlocked Developing Countries with the greatest export volume of aquatic products, 2018 1. Kazakhstan 18 833 25 175 1.7 2. Uganda 14 911 18 467 1.3 3. Armenia 31 3 887 32.9 4. Zimbabwe 824 2 522 6.8 5. Rwanda n.a. 1 598 n.a. 6. North Macedonia 52 1 277 20.7 7. Mali 776 1 219 2.7 8. Botswana n.a. 812 n.a. 9. Lesotho 711 806 0.7 10. Zambia 475 727 2.5 11. Uzbekistan n.a. 488 n.a. 12. Kyrgyzstan 9 450 25.9 13. Azerbaijan 8 357 25.0 14. Paraguay 1 618 303 -9.4 15. Niger 19 254 16.5 Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global fisheries commodities production and trade 1976–2018 (FishStatJ) www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en Notes: Includes all aquatic commodities recorded in the data source; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. N.a. = Not available. 36 Landlocked Developing Countries’ export value of aquatic products increased from USD 60 million to USD 295 million between 2000 and 2018; the 9.3 percent annual growth in value was higher than the Developing Regions and world averages. Status and trend of aquatic products export value, 2000–2018 Aquatic products export value (USD 1 000) Country/area Annual growth (%) 2000 2018 World 55 833 945 166 737 152 6.3 Developing Regions 28 357 805 90 466 936 6.7 Landlocked Developing Countries 59 720 295 405 9.3 Top 15 largest Landlocked Developing Countries with the greatest export value of aquatic products, 2018 1. Uganda 30 986 171 671 10.0 2. Kazakhstan 13 490 70 294 9.6 3. Armenia 95 28 125 37.2 4. Zimbabwe 4 308 6 533 2.3 5. North Macedonia 463 4 637 13.7 6. Lesotho n.a. 3 411 n.a. 7. Uzbekistan 2 2 444 48.4 8. Botswana 35 1 768 24.3 9. Kyrgyzstan 48 1 515 21.1 10. Rwanda n.a. 1 361 n.a. 11. Zambia 465 994 4.3 12. Azerbaijan 3 711 794 -8.2 13. Central African Republic 40 400 13.6 14. Malawi 143 348 5.1 15. Niger 1 599 331 -8.4 Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global fisheries commodities production and trade 1976–2018 (FishStatJ) www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en Notes: Includes all aquatic commodities recorded in the data source; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. N.a. = Not available. 37 Landlocked Developing Countries (2000) Landlocked Developing Countries (2018) Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Miscellaneous aquatic animal Aquatic plants aquatic animals aquatic animal Molluscs Molluscs products 0.1% 0.8% products Landlocked Developing 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.6% Others Crustaceans Others Crustaceans Countries’ export of aquatic 1.4% 0.3% 2.4% 0.3% Diadromous products between 2000 and fishes 2018: Diadromous fishes 9.0% 13.0% Marine fishes 24.0% Shellfish Shellfish Increased from 2.7% 0.6% USD 59.7 million to USD 295 million. Aquatic Aquatic products export products export value (2000): value (2018): The share of finfish 59 720 Marine Freshwater 295 405 fishes increased from 95.9 percent to thousand USD fishes thousand USD 53.9% 99.2 percent. 36.4%

Finfish Finfish The share of shellfish 95.9% 99.2% declined from 2.7 percent to

0.6 percent. Freshwater fishes 58.8%

Data source: FAO. 2010. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global fisheries commodities production and trade 1976–2018 (FishStatJ). www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en Notes: Constructed by the FAO WAPI Fish Trade Module; see Templates 45-47 in the WAPI prototype for examples (www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/wapi/en). Includes all aquatic commodities recorded in the data source. Species groups less than 0.1 percent of the total value not labelled in the charts. 38 Landlocked Developing Countries (2018) Developing Regions (2018) Miscellaneous Miscellaneous aquatic animal Aquatic plants aquatic animal Aquatic plants Molluscs products 0.1% Miscellaneous products 1.0% 0.3% 0.1% aquatic animals 0.1% Landlocked Developing Crustaceans Others 0.6% 0.3% 0.3% Countries versus Diadromous fishes Developing Regions (2018): 9.0% Molluscs 14.0%

Shellfish Others Aquatic products export: 0.6% USD 295 million versus 1.7% Marine USD 90 billion. fishes Aquatic Aquatic 41.2% products export Shellfish products exports Share of freshwater fishes: value (2018): 42.6% value (2018): Marine Finfish Freshwater 295 405 90 466 936 fishes 55.7% 36.4 percent versus fishes thousand USD 53.9% thousand USD 36.4% Crustaceans 5.6 percent. 28.5%

Finfish Share of shellfish: 99.2% 0.6 percent versus Freshwater 42.6 percent. Diadromous fishes fishes 5.6% 9.0%

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global fisheries commodities production and trade 1976–2018 (FishStatJ). www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en Notes: Constructed by the FAO WAPI Fish Trade Module; see Templates 45-47 in the WAPI prototype for examples (www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/wapi/en). Includes all aquatic commodities recorded in the data source. Species groups less than 0.1 percent of the total value not labelled in the charts. According to the original 1996 definition under the United Nations M49 standard, Europe, Northern America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand are Developed Regions, whereas other countries/territories are Developing Regions. 39 Major species groups exported by Landlocked Developing Countries in 2018

Landlocked Developing Countries’ aquatic products export in 2018 Top 10 export species groups in terms of quantity Top 10 export species groups in terms of value

Share of Landlocked Share of Landlocked Share of world Share of world Product Developing Developing export of the FOB value export of the ISSCAAP groups weight Countries’ total ISSCAAP groups Countries’ total same species (USD 1 000) same species (tonnes) export of all aquatic export of all aquatic group (%) group (%) commodities (%) commodities (%)

1. Marine fishes not identified 35 305 49.15 0.37 1. Marine fishes not identified 147 661 49.99 0.68

2. Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 22 452 31.26 2.34 2. Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 102 358 34.65 2.99

3. Salmons, trouts, smelts 5 084 7.08 0.14 3. Salmons, trouts, smelts 25 643 8.68 0.09

4. Herrings, sardines, anchovies 2 591 3.61 0.09 4. Cods, hakes, haddocks 4 751 1.61 0.03

5. Cods, hakes, haddocks 2 081 2.90 0.04 5. Tilapias and other cichlids 4 533 1.53 0.30

6. Tilapias and other cichlids 1 893 2.64 0.35 6. Herrings, sardines, anchovies 4 492 1.52 0.10

7. Carps, barbels and other cyprinids 823 1.15 0.74 7. Miscellaneous coastal fishes 1 623 0.55 0.07

8. Miscellaneous coastal fishes 292 0.41 0.06 8. Sturgeons, paddlefishes 586 0.20 0.52

9. Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 160 0.22 0.00 9. Shrimps, prawns 580 0.20 0.00

10. Mussels 158 0.22 0.05 10. Carps, barbels and other cyprinids 574 0.19 0.22

Others 990 1.38 Others 2 604 0.88

Aquatic products 71 829 100.00 0.18 Aquatic products 295 405 100.00 0.18

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global fisheries commodities production and trade 1976–2018 (FishStatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Includes all aquatic commodities recorded in the data source. FOB = Free on board; ISSCAAP = International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants. LLDC = Landlocked Developing Countries. 40 Top 10 commodities (in terms of volume) in Landlocked Developing Countries’ export of aquatic products, 2018

Landlocked Developing Countries' top 10 fish exports products (2018; in terms of quantity)

1. Nile perch fillets, fresh or chilled 13 754

2. Fish, frozen, nei 11 399

3. Fish fillets, frozen, nei 7 854

4. Nile perch fillets, frozen 7 644

5. Trouts and chars, fresh or chilled 4 184

6. Fish dried, whether or not salted, nei 2 775 22.6% 19.1% tonnes 2.2% 7. Caviar substitutes 2 401 2.5% 15.9%

8. Fish waste, nei 2 264 3.2% 5.8% 10.9% 10.6% 9. Sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, prep. or pres., not minced, nei 1 773 3.3% 3.9% 10. Fishmeals, nei 1 580

Other species 16 201

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global Fisheries commodities production and trade 1976-2018 (FishStatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/FishStatJ/en). Notes: Includes all aquatic commodities recorded in the data source. Nei = not elsewhere included.

41 Top 10 commodities (in terms of value) in Landlocked Developing Countries’ export of aquatic products, 2018

Landlocked Developing Countries' top 10 fish export products (2018; in terms of value)

1. Fish heads, tail, maws etc., smoked, dried, salted, or in brine 66 480

2. Nile perch fillets, fresh or chilled 60 633

3. Fish fillets, frozen, nei 43 879

4. Nile perch fillets, frozen 39 119

5. Trouts and chars, fresh or chilled 21 915 1.6% 1.3% 1.2% 6. Fish, frozen, nei 8 896 3.0% 11.4% 22.5% 7. Caviar substitutes 8 747 3.0% thousand thousand USD 7.4% 8. Fish waste, nei 4 842 20.5% 13.2%

9. Sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, prep. or pres., not minced, nei 3 875 14.9% 10. Fish dried, whether or not salted, nei 3 451

Other species 33 568

42 Fish import Landlocked Developing Countries’ import volume of aquatic products increased from 123 thousand tonnes to 520 thousand tonnes between 2000 and 2018; the 8.3 percent annual growth in tonnage much higher than the Developing Regions and the world averages. Status and trend of aquatic products import volume, 2000–2018 Aquatic products import quantity (tonnes) Country/area Annual growth (%) 2000 2018 World 26 502 022 39 857 163 2.3 Developing Regions 8 908 679 19 091 814 4.3 Landlocked Developing Countries 123 430 519 573 8.3 Top 15 largest Landlocked Developing Countries with the greatest import volume of aquatic products, 2018 Burkina Faso 12 401 120 272 13.5 Zambia 2 068 107 040 24.5 Mali 2 784 58 157 18.4 Kazakhstan 37 574 44 380 0.9 Rwanda 136 34 052 35.9 Republic of Moldova 12 827 28 528 4.5 Azerbaijan 2 828 13 839 9.2 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 10 876 13 722 1.3 Zimbabwe 9 055 12 594 1.8 Nepal 204 11 813 25.3 North Macedonia 6 850 9 634 1.9 Niger 898 7 792 12.8 Uzbekistan 653 6 421 13.5 Uganda 88 5 805 26.2 Central African Republic 591 5 084 12.7 Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global fisheries commodities production and trade 1976–2018 (FishStatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Includes all aquatic commodities recorded in the data source; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. 44 Landlocked Developing Countries’ import value of aquatic products increased from USD 98 million to USD 606 million between 2000 and 2018; the 10.7 percent annual growth in value higher than the Developing Regions and the world averages. Status and trend of aquatic products import value, 2000–2018 Aquatic products import value (USD 1 000) Country/area Annual growth (%) 2000 2018 World 61 012 560 162 103 726 5.6 Developing Regions 10 449 006 50 495 109 9.1 Landlocked Developing Countries 97 654 606 227 10.7 Top 15 largest Landlocked Developing Countries with the greatest import value of aquatic products, 2018 Zambia 1 700 115 547 26.4 Kazakhstan 19 869 94 479 9.0 Republic of Moldova 3 578 54 105 16.3 Rwanda 113 49 335 40.2 Mali 1 747 38 707 18.8 North Macedonia 7 705 29 176 7.7 Azerbaijan 1 444 29 139 18.2 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 9 193 22 383 5.1 Burkina Faso 1 381 17 393 15.1 Zimbabwe 8 621 16 175 3.6 Nepal 362 14 166 22.6 Botswana 11 300 11 879 0.3 Paraguay 1 660 11 754 11.5 Niger 504 9 351 17.6 Uganda 101 9 169 28.5 Data source: FAO. 2019. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global fisheries commodities production and trade 1976–2017 (FishStatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Note: Constructed by the FAO WAPI Fish Trade Module; see Templates 45-47 in the WAPI prototype for examples (www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/wapi/en). Includes all aquatic commodities recorded in the data source. 45 Landlocked Developing Countries (2000) Landlocked Developing Countries (2018) Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Miscellaneous aquatic animal Molluscs aquatic animals aquatic animal Molluscs products Aquatic plants 1.3% 0.1% products Landlocked Developing 1.4% Diadromous 0.2% 0.9% Crustaceans 0.1% Aquatic plants 2.6% Countries’ import of aquatic fishes Others 1.0% 3.2% Others Freshwater 1.1% products between 2000 and fishes Crustaceans 1.2% 0.9% 4.6% 2018: Diadromous fishes 10.6% Increased from USD 98 million Shellfish Shellfish 5.9% 3.9% to USD 606 million. Freshwater fishes 7.8% The share of diadromous fishes Aquatic Aquatic products import products import increased from 3.2 percent to value (2000): value (2018): 10.6 percent. 97 654 606 227 thousand USD thousand USD The share of freshwater fishes increased from 0.9 percent to Finfish Finfish 92.9% 95.0% 7.8 percent. Marine fishes 76.6% Marine fishes The share of shellfish declined 88.8% from 5.9 percent to 3.9 percent.

46 Landlocked Developing Countries (2018) Developing Regions (2018) Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Molluscs aquatic animals aquatic animal Miscellaneous aquatic animal 1.3% 0.1% products aquatic animals products Aquatic plants Landlocked Developing Crustaceans 0.1% Aquatic plants 1.1% 0.1% 1.3% 2.6% 1.0% Countries versus Developing Others 1.2% Regions (2018): Molluscs Diadromous 11.4% fishes 10.6% Total import of aquatic Shellfish Others products: 3.9% 2.6% Freshwater USD 606 million versus fishes 7.8% Shellfish USD 50.5 billion. Aquatic 30.8% Aquatic products import Crustaceans products import value (2018): 19.4% value (2018): Marine Share of marine fishes: 606 227 50 495 109 fishes thousand USD thousand USD 53.6% 76.6 percent versus Finfish 53.6 percent. 66.7% Finfish 95.0% Diadromous Share of shellfish: Marine fishes fishes 76.6% 9.1% 3.9 percent versus Freshwater fishes 30.8 percent. 4.0%

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global fisheries commodities production and trade 1976–2018 (FishStatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Note: Includes all aquatic commodities recorded in the data source; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. Species groups less than 0.1 percent of the total value not labelled in the charts. LLDC = Landlocked Developing Countries. According to the original 1996 definition under the United Nations M49 standard, Europe, Northern America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand are Developed Regions, whereas other countries/territories are Developing Regions. 47 Major species groups in Landlocked Developing Countries’ import of aquatic products, 2018

Landlocked Developing Countries’ aquatic products import in 2018 Top 10 import species groups in terms of quantity Top 10 import species groups in terms of value

Share of Landlocked Share of Landlocked Share of world Share of world Product Developing Developing import of the CIF value import of the ISSCAAP groups weight Countries’ total ISSCAAP groups Countries’ total same species (USD 1 000) same species (tonnes) import of all aquatic import of all aquatic group (%) group (%) commodities (%) commodities (%)

1. Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 217 971 41.95 5.52 1. Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 157 204 25.93 2.72

2. Marine fishes not identified 125 736 24.20 1.33 2. Marine fishes not identified 145 920 24.07 0.67

3. Herrings, sardines, anchovies 52 343 10.07 1.76 3. Herrings, sardines, anchovies 71 421 11.78 1.66

4. Flounders, halibuts, soles 25 544 4.92 3.75 4. Salmons, trouts, smelts 62 197 10.26 0.21

5. Cods, hakes, haddocks 21 931 4.22 0.46 5. Cods, hakes, haddocks 38 496 6.35 0.24

6. Salmons, trouts, smelts 21 486 4.14 0.58 6. Tilapias and other cichlids 26 837 4.43 1.79

7. Tilapias and other cichlids 20 039 3.86 3.73 7. Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 22 780 3.76 0.14

8. Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 11 264 2.17 1.17 8. Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 16 518 2.72 0.48

9. Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 6 103 1.17 0.14 9. Flounders, halibuts, soles 16 276 2.68 0.50

10. Miscellaneous coastal fishes 5 165 0.99 0.98 10. Shrimps, prawns 14 232 2.35 0.06

Others 11 991 2.31 Others 34 346 5.67

Aquatic products 519 573 100.00 1.30 Aquatic products 606 227 100.00 0.37

Data source: FAO. 2019. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global fisheries commodities production and trade 1976–2017 (FishStatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Includes all aquatic commodities recorded in the data source; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. CIF = Cost, insurance and freight; ISSCAAP = International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants. LLDC = Landlocked Developing Countries. 48 Top 10 commodities (by tonnage) in Landlocked Developing Countries’ import of aquatic products, 2017

Landlocked Developing countries's top-10 fish imports products (2018; in terms of quantity)

1. Mackerels nei, frozen 118 380

2. Jack and horse mackerel, frozen 93 162

3. Fish, frozen, nei 36 145

4. Fish dried, whether or not salted, nei 31 010

5. Flatfish nei, frozen 25 147

6. Herrings nei, frozen 18 127 27.4% 22.8% tonnes 7. Sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, prep. or pres., not minced, nei 17 191 17.9%

8. Fish nei, smoked 15 599 2.0% 6.0% 7.0% 2.3% 9. Tilapias, frozen 11 848 3.0% 3.5% 10. Fishmeals, nei 10 369 4.8% 3.3% Other species 142 595

49 Top 10 commodities (by value) in Landlocked Developing Countries’ import of aquatic products, 2017

Landlocked Developing countries's top-10 fish imports products (2018; in terms of value)

1. Jack and horse mackerel, frozen 96 771

2. Mackerels nei, frozen 51 237

3. Fish, frozen, nei 37 400

4. Atlantic salmon and Danube salmon, frozen 29 067 16.0% 5. Fish dried, whether or not salted, nei 26 837 45.8% 8.5% 6. Sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, prep. or pres., not minced, nei 24 018

7. Herrings nei, frozen 16 427 6.2% thousand thousand USD 4.8% 8. Fish heads, tail, maws etc., smoked, dried, salted, or in brine 15 856 4.4% 9. Tilapias, frozen 15 479 2.5% 2.6% 2.6% 2.7% 4.0% 10. Flatfish nei, frozen 15 342

Other species 277 793

50 Total fishery production Total fishery production in Landlocked Developing Countries increased from less than 150 000 tonnes in 1950 to nearly 1.8 million tonnes in 2018. Both aquaculture and capture fisheries contributed to the growth, and the share of aquaculture in total fishery production increased significantly since 2000.

Status and trend of aquaculture and fisheries production in Landlocked Developing Countries (1950-2018) 2018, 1 793 405 2 000 000

1 800 000 ) 1 600 000 2005, 1 103 329 tonnes 1 400 000 1990, 888 740 1 200 000 1 000 000 1977, 582 337 800 000 600 000 1950, 143 850

400 000 Total fishery Total fishery production ( 200 000 0

Capture (Land-locked developing countries) Aquaculture (Land-locked developing countries) Total (Land-locked developing countries)

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global production by production source 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Production covers all aquatic products measured in tonnage; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. 52 Landlocked Developing Countries (2000) Landlocked Developing Countries (2018) Diadromous Marine fishes Diadromous fishes 0.1% fishes 4.3% 2.2%

Total fishery production in Landlocked between 2000 and 2018:

More than doubled from Total fishery Total fishery production production 852.9 thousand tonnes to (2000): (2018): 1.8 million tonnes. 852 885 1 793 405 tonnes tonnes With species composition dominated by freshwater Finfish Finfish fishes. 100.0% 100.0%

Freshwater fishes Freshwater fishes 95.6% 97.7%

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global production by production source 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Production covers all aquatic products measured in tonnage; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. Species accounting for less than 0.1 percent of total production not labelled in the charts. 53 Landlocked Developing Countries (2018) Developing Regions (2018)

Crustaceans Aquatic plants 0.02% Landlocked Developing Diadromous fishes 0.01% Marine fishes 2.19% Countries versus Developing 0.05% Regions (2018): Miscellaneous aquatic animals 0.8% Aquatic plants Total fishery production: 17.9% Marine fishes 1.8 million tonnes versus Shellfish 29.1% 181.9 million tonnes. 0.02% Other species 18.7%

Share of freshwater fishes: Total fishery Total fishery 97.7 percent versus production Molluscs production (2018): 11.4% (2018): 30.7 percent. 1 793 405 Shellfish 181 915 416 tonnes 19.3% tonnes Finfish 62.0% Share of shellfish: 0.02 percent versus Finfish Crustaceans 7.9% 19.3 percent. 99.97%

Freshwater fishes Share of aquatic plants: Freshwater fishes 30.7% 97.73% Diadromous fishes 0.01 percent versus 2.2% 17.9 percent Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global production by production source 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Production covers all aquatic products measured in tonnage; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. According to the original 1996 definition under the United Nations M49 standard, Europe, Northern America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand are Developed Regions, whereas other countries/territories are Developing Regions. 54 Capture fisheries production Status and trend of capture fisheries production, 2000 versus 2018 Capture fisheries production (tonnes) Country/area Annual growth (%) Capture fisheries production in 2000 2018 Landlocked Developing Countries World 94 778 335 97 398 330 0.15 between 2000 and 2018: Developing Regions 66 075 648 72 381 560 0.51 Landlocked Developing Countries 775 998 1 346 977 3.11 Nearly doubled from 776 thousand Top 15 Landlocked Developing Countries with the greatest capture fisheries production, 2018 tonnes to 1.3 million tonnes. 1. Uganda 219 356 439 354 3.93 2. Malawi 50 000 221 849 8.63 The 3.11 percent annual growth 3. Chad 83 200 107 000 1.41 was much higher than the world 4. Mali 109 870 90 386 -1.08 average (0.15 percent) and 5. Zambia 66 671 84 000 1.29 Developing Regions average 6. Lao People's Dem. Rep. 29 250 70 900 5.04 (0.51 percent). 7. Ethiopia 15 681 57 166 7.45 Capture fisheries production 8. Uzbekistan 3 306 33 600 13.75 declined between 2000 and 2018 in 9. South Sudan n.a. 32 000 n.a. only two of the top 15 Landlocked 10. Kazakhstan 36 620 32 000 -0.75 Developing Countries with the 11. Niger 16 250 31 042 3.66 highest capture fisheries production 12. Central African Rep. 15 000 29 000 3.73 (i.e. Mali and Kazakhstan). 13. Burkina Faso 8 500 27 299 6.70 14. Rwanda 6 726 23 977 7.32 15. Nepal 16 700 22 070 1.56 Data source FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global capture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Production covers all aquatic products measured in tonnage; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. N.a. = not available. 56 Landlocked Developing Countries (2000) Landlocked Developing Countries (2018) Diadromous Diadromous Crustaceans fishes Marine fishes Species composition in fishes 0.02% Marine fishes 4.50% 0.11% Landlocked Developing 1.20% 0.06% Countries’ capture fisheries production:

Remained relatively stable between Shellfish 2000 and 2018. 0.02%

The share of freshwater fishes Capture Capture production production increased from 95.39 percent to (2000): (2018): 98.71 percent. 775 998 1 346 977 tonnes tonnes The share of diadromous fishes declined from 4.5 percent to 1.2 Finfish Finfish percent. 100.00% 99.98%

Crustaceans accounted for 0.02 Freshwater fishes Freshwater fishes percent of the total capture fisheries 95.39% 98.71% production in 2018. Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global capture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Production covers all species measured in tonnage; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. Species accounting for less than 0.1 percent of total production not labelled in the charts.

57 Landlocked Developing Countries (2018) Developing Regions (2018) Landlocked Developing Miscellaneous Diadromous Crustaceans aquatic animals Aquatic plants fishes 0.02% Marine fishes Countries versus Developing 0.7% 0.8% 1.20% 0.06% Other Regions (2018): species Molluscs 1.5% 6.4% Diadromous Capture fisheries production: Crustaceans fishes 7.0% 1.3 million tonnes versus 1.2% Shellfish Shellfish 72.4 million tonnes. 0.02% 13.4% Share of freshwater fishes: Capture Freshwater Capture production fishes production 98.71 percent versus (2018): 14.3% (2018): 14.3 percent. 1 346 977 72 381 560 tonnes tonnes

Share of marine fishes: Finfish Finfish 85.1% 0.06 percent versus 99.98% Marine fishes 69.6 percent 69.6%

Freshwater fishes Share of shellfish: 98.71% 0.02 percent versus 13.4 percent. Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global capture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Production covers all species measured in tonnage; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. According to the original 1996 definition under the United Nations M49 standard, Europe, Northern America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand are Developed Regions, whereas other countries/territories are Developing Regions. 58 Top 10 ISSCAAP groups (by tonnage) in Landlocked Developing Countries’ capture fisheries production

Top-10 ISSCAAP groups in Landlocked Developing Countries’ capture production quantity (2018)

1. Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 710 157

2. Carps, barbels and other cyprinids 420 647

3. Tilapias and other cichlids 198 856

4. Shads 15 965 1.2% 0.1% 5. Miscellaneous coastal fishes 796 14.8%

tonnes 6. Freshwater crustaceans 334 52.7% 7. Salmons, trouts, smelts 188 31.2% 8. Flounders, halibuts, soles 20

9. River eels 9

10. Sturgeons, paddlefishes 5

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global capture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: ISSCAAP = International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants; more information about ISSCAAP groups can be found at www.fao.org/tempref/FI/DOCUMENT/cwp/handbook/annex/AnnexS2listISSCAAP2000.pdf

59 Top 10 ASFIS species items (by tonnage) in Landlocked Developing Countries’ capture fisheries production

Top-10 ASFIS species items in Landlocked Developing Countries’ capture production quantity (2018)

1. Freshwater fishes nei 361 226

2. Lake Malawi sardine 156 717

3. Cyprinids nei 115 698

4. Tilapias nei 115 388

5. Silver cyprinid 100 773 2.1% 6. Nile perch 90 153 17.7%

tonnes 2.3% 26.8% 7. Nurse tetra 59 458 3.7%

8. North African catfish 49 733 6.7% 11.6% 4.4% 7.5% 9. Nile tilapia 30 640 8.6% 8.6% 10. Cichlids nei 28 920

Other species 238 271

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global capture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: ASFIS = Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System; more information about ASFIS species items can be found at www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en. Nei = not elsewhere included. 60 Aquaculture production Aquaculture production tonnage in Landlocked Developing Countries grew 10.27 percent a year during 2000–2018, nearly double the growth in Developing Regions (5.91 percent) and the world (5.59 percent). Most of the top 15 Landlocked Developing Countries with the greatest aquaculture production tonnage in 2018 showed double-digit annual growth between 2000 and 2018. Status and trend of aquaculture production quantity, 2000–2018 Aquaculture production tonnage (tonnes) Country/area Annual growth (%) 2000 2018 World 43 014 088 114 508 042 5.59 Developing Regions 38 963 743 109 533 856 5.91 Landlocked Developing Countries 76 887 446 448 10.27 Top 15 Landlocked Developing Countries with the greatest aquaculture production tonnage, 2018 1. Lao People's Dem. Rep. 42 066 108 200 5.39 2. Uganda 820 103 737 30.85 3. Nepal 15 023 59 000 7.90 4. Uzbekistan 5 652 57 384 13.74 5. Zambia 4 240 24 300 10.19 6. Armenia 893 17 000 17.78 7. Rep. of Moldova 1 710 12 530 11.70 8. Paraguay 103 11 536 29.97 9. Zimbabwe 2 151 10 585 9.26 10. Malawi 530 9 014 17.05 11. Afghanistan 300 7 950 19.97 12. Rwanda 270 5 128 17.77 13. Mali 30 3 926 31.10 14. Bolivia (Plurinat. State of) 405 3 500 12.73 15. Kyrgyzstan 58 2 559 23.41 Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). 62 Notes: Production covers all species measured in tonnage; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. Top 10 Landlocked Developing Countries with the highest aquaculture production tonnage, 2018

Top 10 Landlocked Developing Countries with the highest aquaculture production tonnage, 2018

1. Lao People's Democratic Republic 108 200

2. Uganda 103 737

3. Nepal 59 000

4. Uzbekistan 57 384

5. Zambia 24 300 2.0% 6. Armenia 17 000 2.4% tonnes 2.6% 7. Republic of Moldova 12 530 2.8% 7.4% 3.8% 24.2% 8. Paraguay 11 536 5.4% 12.9% 9. Zimbabwe 10 585 23.2% 13.2% 10. Malawi 9 014

Others 33 142

Data source: FAO Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Constructed by the FAO WAPI Capture Fisheries Production Module; see Figure 3.3 in the FAO WAPI Aquaculture Production Module (WAPI- AQPRN v.2018.1) for a similar example (www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/wapi/en). Production covers all species measured in tonnage. 63 Aquaculture production value in Landlocked Developing Countries grew 12.31 percent a year during 2000–2018, higher than the growth in Developing Regions (10.20 percent) and the world (9.35 percent). Nearly all of the top 15 Landlocked Developing Countries with the greatest aquaculture production value in 2018 had a double-digit annual growth between 2000 and 2018. Status and trend of aquaculture production value, 2000–2018 Aquaculture production (first-sale value, USD 1 000) Country/area Annual growth (%) 2000 2018 World 52 770 014 263 636 329 9.35 Developing Regions 41 599 815 238 879 678 10.20 Landlocked Developing Countries 134 620 1 087 298 12.31 Top 15 Landlocked Developing Countries with the greatest aquaculture production value, 2018 1. Uganda 820 241 388 37.14 2. Lao People's Dem. Rep. 88 128 162 300 3.45 3. Nepal 16 710 155 432 13.19 4. Uzbekistan 3 864 132 096 21.68 5. Armenia 2 680 71 610 20.02 6. Zambia 6 996 58 089 12.48 7. Paraguay 218 48 638 35.05 8. Malawi 596 39 031 26.16 9. Zimbabwe 4 577 26 663 10.29 10. Lesotho 8 26 434 56.86 11. Rep. of Moldova 1 941 25 368 15.35 12. Bolivia (Plurinat. State of) 1 229 17 952 16.06 13. Afghanistan 750 17 882 19.27 14. Rwanda 344 17 168 24.25 15. Mali 19 13 661 43.95 Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Production covers all species measured in tonnage; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. 64 Top 10 Landlocked Developing Countries with the highest aquaculture production value, 2018

Top 10 Landlocked Developing Countries with the highest aquaculture production value, 2018

1. Uganda 241 388

2. Lao People's Democratic Republic 162 300

3. Nepal 155 432

4. Uzbekistan 132 096

5. Armenia 71 610 2.4% 6. Zambia 58 089 3.6% 2.5% 11.6% 22.2% 7. Paraguay 48 638 thousand thousand USD 4.5% 5.3% 8. Malawi 39 031 14.9%

9. Zimbabwe 26 663 12.1% 14.3% 6.6% 10. Lesotho 26 434

Others 125 617

Total population, 2018 Aquaculture production, 2018

1. Ethiopia 109 224 1. Ethiopia 165

2. Uganda 42 729 2. Uganda 103 737

3. Afghanistan 37 172 3. Afghanistan 7 950

4. Uzbekistan 32 476 4. Uzbekistan 57 384

5. Nepal 28 096 5. Nepal 59 000

1.8% tonnes

thousand 6. Niger 22 443 6. Niger 350 21.5% 23.2% 7. Burkina Faso 19 751 31.7% 7. Burkina Faso 548 45.4% 8.4% 12.9% 8. Mali 19 078 7.3% 8. Mali 3 926 13.2% 5.5% 6.4% 9. Kazakhstan 18 320 3.6% 9. Kazakhstan 1 600 3.6% 3.7% 3.9% 0.1% 10. Malawi 18 143 4.4% 10. Malawi 9 014 2.0% 0.4% 0.9% 0.1% Rest of Landlocked Developing Rest of Landlocked Developing 161 474 202 754 Countries Countries

Data source: FAO Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). UN World Population Prospects (2019 Revision). Notes: Production covers all species measured in tonnage.

66 Aquaculture’s contribution to total fishery production in Landlocked Developing Countries increased from 9 percent to 24.9 percent between 2000 and 2018.

Landlocked Developing Countries: aquaculture's share in total fishery production

25.5 24.7 24.7 24.9 22.6 23.1 21.7 19.9 19.1 17.8

14.8 15.0 13.7 12.4 12.2 10.8 10.9 10.7 9.0 1 347 1 244 1 196 1 241 1 277 1 076 1 102 1 103 1 164 936 985 915 999 1 018 1 020 776 720 725 790 341 375 391 406 438 446 220 254 273 305 77 87 102 110 115 119 145 174 179

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Aquaculture production (thousand tonnes) Capture fisheries production (thousand tonnes) Share of aquaculture in total fish production (%)

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Note: Production covers all species measured in tonnage; see slide #4 for the scope of aquatic products. 67 Landlocked Developing Countries (2000) Landlocked Developing Countries (2018) Diadromous Miscellaneous Aquaculture production in fishes Crustaceans aquatic animals Landlocked Developing 2.07% 0.02% 0.02% Aquatic plants 0.05% Countries: Diadromous fishes Increased from 76 887 tonnes to 5.16% 446 428 tonnes between 2000 and Other 2018. Shellfish species, 0.02% 0.06% The share of freshwater fishes declined from 97.91 percent to Aquaculture Aquaculture 94.78 percent. production production (2000): (2018): The share of diadromous increased 76 887 446 448 from 2.07 percent to 5.16 percent. tonnes tonnes

Finfish The share of crustaceans declined Finfish, 99.94% from 0.02 percent to zero. 99.98%

The share of other species Freshwater fishes Freshwater fishes (including miscellaneous aquatic 97.91% 94.78% animals and aquatic plants) increased from zero to 0.06 percent. Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Production covers all species measured in tonnage.

68 Landlocked Developing Countries (2018) Developing regions (2018) Miscellaneous Marine aquatic animals fishes Aquaculture production in 0.02% Aquatic plants 2.3% Landlocked Developing 0.05% Diadromous Countries versus Developing fishes Regions (2018): 5.16% Other Tonnage: Aquatic plants species, 29.2% 446.4 thousand tonnes versus 0.06% Other 109.5 million tonnes. species Aquaculture 30.1% Aquaculture Freshwater Share of freshwater fishes: production production Finfish fishes 41.5% 94.8 percent versus 41.5 percent. (2018): (2018): 46.7% 446 448 109 533 856 Share of diadromous fishes: tonnes tonnes 5.2 percent versus 2.9 percent. Shellfish Finfish, 99.94% 23.2% Share of shellfish: Molluscs 14.7% nil versus 23.2 percent. Miscellaneous Freshwater fishes aquatic animals Crustaceans Share of other species: 94.78% 0.8% 8.5% 0.06 percent versus 30.1 percent. Diadromous fishes 2.9%

Data source: FAO Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; March 2020; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Production covers all species measured in tonnage. According to the original 1996 definition under the United Nations M49 standard, Europe, Northern America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand are Developed Regions, whereas other countries/territories are Developing Regions. 69 Major aquaculture species groups in Landlocked Developing Countries by tonnage, 2018: 44 ASFIS species items farmed in 31 Landlocked Developing Countries with carps (15 species items) and tilapias (9 species items) being the two largest species group accounting for, respectively, 45.24 percent and 36.39 percent of the total tonnage. Landlocked Developing Countries’ aquaculture production of tilapias, characins and sturgeons (including paddlefishes) accounted for a non-trivial share (greater than 1 percent) of the world production tonnage.

Aquaculture production in Landlocked Developing Countries by species Year 2018 (in terms of quantity) groups The region’s Share of the Share of world Number of aquaculture Number of region’s aquaculture countries in the production species in the aquaculture production WAPI species groups ISSCAAP division region farming quantity of each group farmed by production quantity of the the species species group the region quantity of all same species group (live weight; species (%) group (%) tonnes) 1. Carps, barbels and other cyprinids (ISSCAAP group) Freshwater fishes 15 23 201 988 45.24 0.69 2. Tilapias and other cichlids (ISSCAAP group) Freshwater fishes 9 19 162 470 36.39 2.69 3. Catfishes (Siluriformes) Freshwater fishes 4 15 38 683 8.66 0.67 4. Salmons, trouts, smelts (ISSCAAP group) Diadromous fishes 2 15 18 317 4.10 0.52 5. Freshwater fishes nei (Osteichthyes) Freshwater fishes 1 7 13 609 3.05 0.53 6. Characins (Characiformes) Freshwater fishes 4 2 4 824 1.08 1.18 7. Sturgeons, paddlefishes (ISSCAAP group) Diadromous fishes 1 5 4 705 1.05 4.08 8. Snakeheads (Channidae) Freshwater fishes 1 1 930 0.21 0.17 9. Freshwater perch-like fishes (Percoidea, freshwater) Freshwater fishes 2 3 518 0.12 0.07 10. Spirulinas (Spirulinaceae) Aquatic plants 2 3 210 0.05 0.30 Other species 3 n.a 194 0.04 n.a. Aquatic products 44 31 446 448 100.00 0.39 Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: ASFIS = Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en). ISSCAAP = International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants (www.fao.org/tempref/FI/DOCUMENT/cwp/handbook/annex/AnnexS2listISSCAAP2000.pdf) The taxonomic scope of WAPI species groups indicated in bracket. More information about the WAPI species grouping can be found at http://www.fao.org/3/ca9245en/ca9245en.pdf 70 Major aquaculture species groups in Landlocked Developing Countries by value, 2018: 44 ASFIS species items farmed in 31 Landlocked Developing Countries with carps (15 species items) and tilapias (9 species items) being the two largest species group accounting for, respectively, 38.96 percent and 36.59 percent of the total production value. Landlocked Developing Countries’ aquaculture production of tilapias, characins and sturgeons (including paddlefishes) accounted for a non-trivial share (greater than 1 percent) of the world production value.

Aquaculture production in Landlocked Developing Countries by species Year 2018 (in terms of value) groups The region’s Share of the Share of world aquaculture Number of Number of region’s aquaculture production species in the countries in the aquaculture production WAPI species groups ISSCAAP division quantity of each group farmed by region farming production quantity of the species group the region the species group quantity of all same species (farmgate value; species (%) group (%) USD 1 000) 1. Carps, barbels and other cyprinids (ISSCAAP group) Freshwater fishes 15 23 423 628 38.96 0.68 2. Tilapias and other cichlids (ISSCAAP group) Freshwater fishes 9 19 397 908 36.59 3.54 3. Salmons, trouts, smelts (ISSCAAP group) Diadromous fishes 2 15 96 915 8.91 0.42 4. Catfishes (Siluriformes) Freshwater fishes 4 15 88 264 8.12 0.93 5. Sturgeons, paddlefishes (ISSCAAP group) Diadromous fishes 1 5 27 178 2.50 4.19 6. Characins (Characiformes) Freshwater fishes 4 2 25 319 2.33 2.95 7. Freshwater fishes nei (Osteichthyes) Freshwater fishes 1 7 21 721 2.00 0.51 8. Snakeheads (Channidae) Freshwater fishes 1 1 3 255 0.30 0.21 9. Freshwater perch-like fishes (Percoidea, freshwater) Freshwater fishes 2 3 2 284 0.21 0.03 10. Spirulinas (Spirulinaceae) Aquatic plants 2 3 628 0.06 0.89 Other species 3 n.a 270 0.02 n.a. Aquatic products 44 31 1 087 368 100.00 0.41 Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: ASFIS = Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en). ISSCAAP = International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants (www.fao.org/tempref/FI/DOCUMENT/cwp/handbook/annex/AnnexS2listISSCAAP2000.pdf) The taxonomic scope of WAPI species groups indicated in bracket. More information about the WAPI species grouping can be found at http://www.fao.org/3/ca9245en/ca9245en.pdf 71 Top 10 farmed ASFIS species items by quantity in Landlocked Developing Countries, 2018

Top 10 ASFIS species items in Landlocked Developing Countries’ aquaculture production quantity (2018)

1. Nile tilapia 136 463

2. Silver carp 48 618

3. North African catfish 36 804

4. Common carp 32 200

5. Grass carp(=White amur) 23 419

6. Mrigal carp 21 628 2.8% 19.9% 30.6% tonnes 3.0% 7. Bighead carp 18 943 10.9% 8. Freshwater fishes nei 13 609 3.0% 4.2% 7.2% 8.2% 9. Roho labeo 13 485 4.8% 10. Trouts nei 12 404 5.2%

Other species 88 856

Top 10 ASFIS species items in Landlocked Developing Countries’ aquaculture production value (2018)

1. Nile tilapia 318 038 2. Common carp 85 775 3. Silver carp 84 236 4. North African catfish 79 924 5. Grass carp(=White amur) 63 541 22.2% 29.3% 6. Mrigal carp 52 037 2.8% 7. Trouts nei 50 609 3.2%

thousand thousand USD 7.9% 8. Rainbow trout 46 306 4.3% 7.7% 5.8% 7.4% 9. Bighead carp 34 469 4.7% 4.8% 10. Tilapias nei 30 631 Other species 241 732

Data source: FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en). Notes: Species items less than 1 percent of total production may not be labelled in the pie chart. ASFIS = Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System; more information about ASFIS species items can be found at www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en. Nei = not elsewhere included. 73 Outlook Landlocked Developing Countries Population prospects in Landlocked Developing 926 Countries (2010–2050): 792 Population expected to increase to 926 million in 659 2050, nearly 400 million more than the 2020 level. 533 421 Urban ratio expected to increase to 45.42 percent in 50.39 50.41 50.24 50.20 50.20 45.42 2050. 39.85 34.93 28.80 31.24 Female ratio above 50 percent yet expected to slightly decline to 50.2 percent in 2050. 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Percentage of females (%) Percentage of urban population (%) Total population (million)

Data sources: United Nations World Population Prospects (2019 revision); United Nations World Urbanization Prospects (2018 revision). Note: Constructed by the FAO WAPI Population Module; see Template 1 in the WAPI prototype for examples (www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/wapi/en). 75 GDP per capita (current USD) GDP prospects based on pre-COVID-19 projections 14 308 (2018–2024): 13 690 13 116 12 535 12 019 According to the IMF’s 11 222 11 320 pre-COVID-19 projection, per capita GDP is expected to increase from USD 1 549 in 7 502 2018 to USD 2 084 in 2024. 6 659 7 066 5 901 6 259 5 372 5 476 Despite its 5.07 percent annual growth, per capita GDP in Landlocked Developing Countries is expected to remain well 1 963 2 084 1 549 1 556 1 648 1 745 1 849 below the Developing Regions average and the world 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 average in 2024. World Developing Regions Landlocked Developing Countries

Data sources: Calculated by total GDP from IMF World Economic Outlook Database (April, 2019) divided by population from UN World Population Prospects (2019 Revision). 76 Aquaculture growth potential from a supply-side perspective

 Landlocked Developing Countries’ share in world Share of aquaculture production tonnage in 2018 (0.39 percent) is: Landlocked Developing Countries world total Much smaller than its share of world total land area (%) (including inland water surface) (12.64 percent). Much smaller than its share of world total inland Total land area (excluding coastal waters, 2013-17)1 12.64 water surface area (14.69 percent). Much smaller than its share of total world Surface area of inland waterbodies (2015)2 14.69 renewable water resources (5.02 percent). Total renewable water resources (2013-2017)1 5.02 Much smaller than its share in world population (6.67 percent). Population (2018)3 6.67

Aquaculture production (2018)4 0.39

Data sources: 1. FAO. 2016. AQUASTAT Main Database – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Website accessed on 16 May 2019. 2. FAOSTAT Land Cover database (updated June 2019; CCI_LC). 3. United Nations World Population Prospects (2019 revision). 4. FAO. 2020. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2018 (FishstatJ; www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en).

77 Further reading FAO FISHERIES DIVISION NASO/ NALO FACTSHEETS:  The National Aquaculture Sector Overview (NASO) collection provides a general overview of the aquaculture sector at national level in a concise and comprehensive product. The NASOs contain detailed information on the history of aquaculture; its human resources and farming systems; and development trends and issues, among others. More than 100 NASO factsheets are available in five languages at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/naso/search/en  The National Aquaculture Legislation Overview (NALO) consist of a series of comparative national overviews of aquaculture laws and regulations from the top 40 aquaculture producing countries. NALO factsheets have been prepared in collaboration with the FAO Development Law Service and are updated on a regular basis. The NALO collection is available in several languages at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/nalo/search/en MORE INFORMATION ON WAPI:  World Aquaculture Performance Indicators (WAPI) is a process to generate information and knowledge products for evidence-based policymaking and sector management. Key WAPI information/ knowledge products include data analysis tools, technical papers and policy briefs. For more details, visit our webpage at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/wapi/en  World Aquaculture Performance Indicators (WAPI) banner: http://www.fao.org/3/CA0198EN/ca0198en.pdf  World Aquaculture Performance Indicators (WAPI) – Information, Knowledge and Capacity for Blue Growth (brochure): http://www.fao.org/3/I9622EN/i9622en.pdf  The Potential of World Aquaculture Performance Indicators as a Research and Educational Tool (FAN article, April 2017): http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7171e.pdf  Report of FAO Expert Workshop on Assessment and Monitoring of Aquaculture Sector Performance, Gaeta. Italy, 5−7 November 2012 (FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report 1063): http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3539e.pdf