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Cymbopogon Citratus) and Garlic (Allium Sativum) Extracts on Salmonella Typhi

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Cymbopogon Citratus) and Garlic (Allium Sativum) Extracts on Salmonella Typhi Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 20(2): 1-9, 2019; Article no.JAMPS.47866 ISSN: 2394-1111 Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts on Salmonella typhi 1 1* O. F. Olukunle and O. J. Adenola 1Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author OJA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis. Author OFO wrote the protocol. Author OJA wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author OFO managed the analyses of the study. Author OJA managed the literature searches. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JAMPS/2019/v20i230104 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Palmiro Poltronieri, National Research Council of Italy, CNR-ISPA Institute of Sciences of Food Productions, Operative Unit in Lecce, Rome, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Vivek Kumar Singh, Nepal. (2) T. Ullaiah, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, India Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/47866 Received 30 November 2018 Accepted 07 March 2019 Original Research Article Published 28 March 2019 ABSTRACT In the genesis of using plants for treatment of diseases, Garlic and lemon grass were some of the earliest plants that have proven effective. In this study the antimicrobial effect of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) and Allium sativum (garlic) extracts on clinical isolate of Salmonella typhi was examined. Water, ethanol and methanol were used as extraction solvent. Antimicrobial effects of conventional antibiotics was assayed using disc diffusion method while antimicrobial activity of lemon grass and garlic extracts were carried out using agar well diffusion method and the zones of inhibition was measured in millimeter (mm). Comparatively, the highest percentage yield of extract was observed in water extract of garlic (21.83%) and lemon grass (6.67%). Ciprofloxacin and Perfloxacin have the highest zones of inhibition of 19.73±0.24mm and 14.47±0.31mm respectively against the clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi . Two out of the twelve clinical isolate of Salmonella typhi used were multi drug resistant. Lemon grass extracts did not show any antimicrobial effects on the clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi while garlic extracts showed antimicrobial effect at the _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Olukunle and Adenola; JAMPS, 20(2): 1-9, 2019; Article no.JAMPS.47866 concentration of 800 mg/ml, water extract of garlic has the highest zone of inhibition (14.00 mm) against the tested isolates. Therefore garlic extract could be used for the formulation of drug and treatment of Salmonella typhi infection. Keywords: Salmonella typhi; Cymbopogon citrates; Allium sativum; antimicrobial effects. 1. INTRODUCTION combinations of secondary products in a particular plant are often taxonomically distinct. Salmonella remains a primary cause of food The secondary products can have a variety of poisoning worldwide, and massive outbreaks functions in plants at the cellular level as plant have been witnessed in recent years. Salmonella growth regulators, modulators of gene spp. are Gram negative, heterotrophic, expressions, in signal transduction and also have mesophilic bacteria that present in warm-blooded protective actions in relation to abiotic stresses animal hosts and are an important human [15]. So, it is likely that their ecological function pathogen associated with poultry and poultry may have some bearing on potential medicinal products. Up to now, Salmonella is the most effects for humans and animals as well. The commonly identified bacterial agent causing antimicrobial properties of Cymbopogon citratus illnesses, such as typhoid fever in humans [1]. (lemon grass) and garlic (Allium sativum) extract Typhoid fever still causes substantial illness and has led to the selection of these plants for these deaths in many parts of the world, especially in research. Lemon grass belongs to the section of developing nations [2]. According to a report Andropogon called Cymbopogon of the family published in World Health Organization bulletin in Graminae. A very large genus of the family, 2000, the estimated global incidence of typhoid including about 500 described species out of fever was about 21.6 million and mortality rate which eight species occur in Iraq. Due to the was up to 216,000 per year. The highest production of lemon grass oil as major incidence rate of typhoid fever (more than component, two of the species i.e. Cymbopogon 100/100,000 cases per year) has been reported citratus and Cymbopogon flexuosus are in south-central Asia and south-east Asia [3]. In generally called Lemon grass [16]. Medicinal use 2008, it was reported that the incidence of of lemon grass is known to mankind since typhoid fever is 451/100,000 per year in Pakistan antiquity. Its oil has been used to cure various [4]. Multi drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella typhi ailments like cough, cold, spitting of blood, showed resistance to all three first line drugs rheumatism, lumbago, digestive problems, {Ampicillin (AMP), Chloramphenicol (C), and bladder problems, leprosy, and as mouth wash Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT)} [5]. MDR for the toothache and swollen gums. It is also Salmonella typhi emerged somewhere in the been claimed to be stimulating, diuretic, anti- mid 1990s and are now reported in different purgative and sudorific to reduce fever [17]. regions of the world [6,7]. Under these Similarly pharmacological investigation on the circumstances, third generation cephalosporin essential oil of C. citratus revealed that it has a namely, ceftriaxone (CRO) appears to be the depressant effect on the Central Nervous System most reliable choice for MDR and nalidixic acid [18]. It has analgesic and antipyretic properties. resistant isolates of Salmonella typhi (NARST) The extract juice from the lemon grass contains [8,9]. This continuous spread of MDR pathogens inhibitor of the promotion stage of carcinogenesis and cost effectiveness of drug regimen has induced by cotton oil. It is an oral anti tumor drug become a serious threat to public health and for the cancer and in combination with infection control practitioners. The multiple and cyclodextrin lengthened the survival time [19] repeated difficulties with antibiotics has prompted and [20]. Gallstone dissolving preparations have researchers to explore alternate agents. The been made of oil [21]. The lemon grass contains plant world is an immense store of high percentage of Vitamin C, which is a pharmacologically active chemical compounds characteristic of plants used as drug e.g., which exist as secondary phytoconstituents. The belladonna and jaborandi. Lemon grass oils beneficial medicinal effect of plant materials show activity towards the phyto pathogenic fungi. typically result from the combination of Phytotherapeutic agents like garlic (Allium secondary products present in the plant. The sativum) which is frequently used in alternative medicinal action of plants are unique to particular medicine has gained immense interest in plant species or a related group [10,11,12,13,14]. medical literature [4,22]. Recently, garlic has This concept is consistent with the fact that the been found to be an effective agent for its 2 Olukunle and Adenola; JAMPS, 20(2): 1-9, 2019; Article no.JAMPS.47866 application as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, slant and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, growth anti-fungal, anti-microbial, anti-thrombotic, anti- was observed and the slants were stored in the inflammatory, hypoglycemic, immune modulatory refrigerator to preserve the bacterial isolate. The effects [23]. Garlic holds up the highest isolate on slants were sub cultured on freshly concentration of sulfur compounds like allicin and prepared double strength nutrient agar slant others having biological activities. These are subsequently. responsible for not only its pungent smell but also for its medicinal value [24]. The thiosulfate 2.2 Source of Plants Used in this Study allicin has effective anti-microbial properties and other non-sulphur constituents like proteins, Fresh garlic (A. sativum) was purchased from saponins and phenolic compounds may also Oba’s market, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria while contribute to its anti-microbial activity [25]. Garlic Lemon grass was collected within FUTA South is present in various forms namely, raw juice, Gate area. The lemon grass were separated garlic oil, garlic powder, and many types of from stems, washed in clean water and dried at extracts like, aged garlic extract, aqueous garlic room temperature. The dried grasses were milled extract (AGE), methanolic extract, ethanolic to a fine powder, and stored in an airtight extract and many more [24]. Different garlic container at room temperature until when extract preparations demonstrated their in-vitro required. The cloves of garlic were separated activity against Gram-negative and Gram- and peeled to obtain the edible portion. Four positive bacteria including species of hundred and thirty five grams of the edible Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, portion of garlic was chopped using pestle and Klebsiella, Proteus, Bacillus, Clostridium and mortar and was divided into three equal weights. even acid fast bacilli (AFB) such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It is also 2.3 Preparation
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