DOCSLIB.ORG

Vbeam™ Pulsed Dye Laser Treatment of Poikiloderma of Civatte

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vbeam™ Pulsed Dye Laser Treatment of Poikiloderma of Civatte Clinical Bulletin No. 1 Vbeam™ Pulsed Dye Laser Treatment of Poikiloderma of Civatte Stephen W. Eubanks, M.D. Dermatology & Laser Center, Denver, Colorado, USA Introduction Poikiloderma of Civatte, first described This early laser success suggested in 1923 by a French dermatologist1, is a that newer lasers would be even combination of atrophy, telangiectasia more effective in treating this trouble- and irregularities in pigmentation. This some condition. pigmentary change is usually a brownish Method red reticulated pigmentation. At one Stephen W. Eubanks, M.D. time this disorder was felt to be due After signing an informed consent for to a hormonal abnormality and limited pulsed dye laser treatment, patients to menopausal and post-menopausal were treated with the Vbeam laser using women. It is now understood to be a the 10 mm round spot. The parameters result of chronic sun damage and affects were 595 nm light, 10 ms pulse duration, both men and women with excessive sun between 5.0 and 6.5 J/cm2 with exposure. This is often found on the the Dynamic Cooling Device™ either off or cheeks and lateral neck and may extend set with a spray of 30 ms and a delay of well down onto the chest. The submental 20 ms. The entire involved area was area is conspicuously spared. treated in each session. The number of pulses was dependent on the total area Treatments in the past have been of involvement. A SecondSkin® dressing largely ineffective. These have included was applied after the treatment and left electrocautery, chemical peels and argon in place for three hours. Patients were lasers. The pulsed dye laser with a treated a total of two or three times, all 585 nm wavelength, a 5 mm spot size with similar parameters. and a 360 ms pulse duration was shown to be effective in one patient2. The Results limitations were the small spot size and There was a greater than 75% improve- the significant purpura that followed the ment in all fifteen of the patients treated. laser treatment. See the following figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 Figure 2 Pre-treatment After two treatments at four-week intervals There was no post-operative purpura at the settings used. There were no side Poikiloderma of Civatte is a combina- effects noted in any of these patients. tion of both hyperpigmentation and Discussion telangiectasia in a setting of generalized solar damage. It is unclear why the There have been an abundance of pulsed dye laser appears to be effective articles published demonstrating the in treating both the telangiectatic effectiveness and safety of pulsed dye component and some of the hyperpig- lasers for treating vascular disorders mentation but this has been shown in such as port wine stains in children and both our patients and in the previously adults, proliferative hemangiomas in published study with the 585 nm, short children, facial telangiectasia, leg veins pulsed laser. and telangiectatic rosacea. In summary, the Vbeam pulsed dye Although there are other lasers that laser appears to be an extremely effective are effective in treating some of these modality to treat Poikiloderma of Civatte. vascular conditions, the pulsed dye laser There is minimal post-operative purpura, was chosen to treat patients with good results and very little risk of Poikiloderma of Civatte because of its adverse effects. effectiveness and safety. The neck area has always been considered a more risky Bibliography area to treat than the face due to poorer 1. Civatte A. Poikilodermie reticulée pigmentarie du visage et du cou. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr healing and an increased risk of scarring. (Paris) 1923; 4:605-620. There have been no reports in the 2. Wheeland RG, Applebaum J. Flashlamp- literature of scarring on the neck with pumped pulsed dye laser therapy for Poikiloderma of Civatte. J Dermatol pulsed dye lasers and no evidence in Surg Oncol 1990; 16:12-16. our treatments. Vbeam is a trademark of Candela Corporation. Dynamic Cooling Device (DCD) is a trademark. 530 Boston Post Road SecondSkin is a registered trademark of Spenco Medical Corp. Wayland, MA 01778 To find out more about Candela and its products, contact your authorized Candela representative, Phone: 508-358-7637 or call 1-800-733-8550 in the USA. Outside the USA, contact the office nearest you or Fax: 508-358-5569 visit our website at http://www.vbeam.com. 0920-23-0056 Rev. 02 10/01.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Melasma on the Nape of the Neck in a Man
    Letters to the Editor 181 Melasma on the Nape of the Neck in a Man Ann A. Lonsdale-Eccles and J. A. A. Langtry Sunderland Royal Hospital, Kayll Road, Sunderland SR4 7TP, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted July 19, 2004. Sir, sunlight and photosensitizing agents may be more We report a 47-year-old man with light brown macular relevant. pigmentation on the nape of his neck (Fig. 1). It was The differential diagnosis for pigmentation at this site asymptomatic and had developed gradually over 2 years. includes Riehl’s melanosis, Berloque dermatitis and He worked outdoors as a pipe fitter on an oilrig module; poikiloderma of Civatte. Riehl’s melanosis typically however, he denied exposure at this site because he involves the face with a brownish-grey pigmentation; always wore a shirt with a collar that covered the biopsy might be expected to show interface change and affected area. However, on further questioning it liquefaction basal cell degeneration with a moderate transpired that he spent most of the day with his head lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, melanophages and pigmen- bent forward. This reproducibly exposed the area of tary incontinence in the upper dermis. It is usually pigmentation with a sharp cut off inferiorly at the level associated with cosmetic use and may be considered of his collar. He used various shampoos, aftershaves and synonymous with pigmented allergic contact dermatitis shower gels, but none was applied directly to that area. of the face (6, 7). Berloque dermatitis is considered to be His skin was otherwise normal and there was no family caused by a photoirritant reaction to bergapentin; it history of abnormal pigmentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Poikiloderma of Civatte, Slapped Neck Solar Melanosis, Basal Melanin Stores
    American Journal of Dermatology and Venereology 2019, 8(1): 8-13 DOI: 10.5923/j.ajdv.20190801.03 Slapped Neck Solar Melanosis: Is It a New Entity or a Variant of Poikiloderma of Civatte?? (Clinical and Histopathological Study) Khalifa E. Sharquie1,*, Adil A. Noaimi2, Ansam B. Kaftan3 1Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad 2Iraqi and Arab Board for Dermatology and Venereology, Dermatology Center, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq 3Dermatology Center, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq Abstract Background: Poikiloderma of Civatte although is a common complaint among population, especially European, still it was not reported in dark skin people as in Iraqi population. Objectives: To study all the clinical and histopathological features of Poikiloderma of Civatte in Iraqi population. Patients and Methods: This study is descriptive, clinical and histopathological study. It was carried out at the Dermatology Center, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq, from September 2017 to October 2018. Thirty-one patients with Poikiloderma of Civatte were included and evaluated by history, physical examination, Wood’s light examination. Lesional skin biopsies were obtained from 9 patients, with histological examination of the sections stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Fontana-Masson stain. Results: Thirty-one patients were included in this study, with mean age +/- SD was 53.32+/-10 years, and all patients were males. Twenty-six patients (84%) were with skin phenotype III&IV, The pigmentation was either mainly erythematous (22.5%), mainly dark brown pigmentation (29%), and mixed type of pigmentation (48.5%). These lesions were distributed on the sides of the neck and the face and the V shaped area of the chest.
    [Show full text]
  • Hereditary Hearing Impairment with Cutaneous Abnormalities
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review Hereditary Hearing Impairment with Cutaneous Abnormalities Tung-Lin Lee 1 , Pei-Hsuan Lin 2,3, Pei-Lung Chen 3,4,5,6 , Jin-Bon Hong 4,7,* and Chen-Chi Wu 2,3,5,8,* 1 Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City 100, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 11556, Taiwan; [email protected] 3 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City 100, Taiwan; [email protected] 4 Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City 100, Taiwan 5 Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10041, Taiwan 6 Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10041, Taiwan 7 Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City 100, Taiwan 8 Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Biomedical Park Hospital, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.-B.H.); [email protected] (C.-C.W.) Abstract: Syndromic hereditary hearing impairment (HHI) is a clinically and etiologically diverse condition that has a profound influence on affected individuals and their families. As cutaneous findings are more apparent than hearing-related symptoms to clinicians and, more importantly, to caregivers of affected infants and young individuals, establishing a correlation map of skin manifestations and their underlying genetic causes is key to early identification and diagnosis of syndromic HHI. In this article, we performed a comprehensive PubMed database search on syndromic HHI with cutaneous abnormalities, and reviewed a total of 260 relevant publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Poikiloderma of Civatte with Ablative Fractional Laser Resurfacing: Prospective Study and Review of the Literature Emily P
    JUNE 2009 527 Vo l u m e 8 • Is s u e 6 CO P YR IGHT © 2009 ORIGINAL ARTICLES JOURN A L OF DRUGS IN DER MA TOLOGY Treatment of Poikiloderma of Civatte With Ablative Fractional Laser Resurfacing: Prospective Study and Review of the Literature emily P. Tierney MD and C. William Hanke MD MPH Laser and Skin Surgery Center of Indiana, Carmel, IN ABSTRACT Background: Previous laser treatments for Poikiloderma of Civatte (PC) (i.e., Pulsed dye, Intense Pulsed Light, KTP and Argon) are limited by side effect profiles and/or efficacy. Given the high degree of safety and efficacy of ablative fractional photothermolysis (AFP) for photoaging, we set out to assess the efficacy of PC with AFP. Design: A prospective pilot study for PC in 10 subjects with a series of 1−3 treatment sessions. Treatment sessions were adminis- tered at 6−8 week intervals with blinded physician photographic analysis of improvement at 2 months post-treatment. Evaluation was performed of five clinical indicators, erythema/telangiecatasia, dyschromia, skin texture, skin laxity and cosmetic outcome. Results: The number of treatments required for improvement of PC ranged from 1 to 3, with an average of 1.4. For erythema/te- langiecatasia, the mean score improved 65.0% (95% CI: 60.7%, 69.3%) dyschromia, 66.7% (95% CI: 61.8%, 71.6%), skin texture, 51.7% (95% CI: 48.3%, 55.1%) and skin laxity, 52.5% (95% CI: 49.6%, 55.4%). For cosmetic outcome, the mean score improved 66.7% (95% CI: 62.6%, 70.8%) at 2 months post treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Xeroderma Pigmentosum: an Insight Into DNA Repair Processes
    ACCME/Disclosures The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control the content of CME disclose any relevant financial relationship WITH COMMERCIAL INTERESTS which they or their spouse/partner have, or have had, within the past 12 months, which relates to the content of this educational activity and creates a conflict of interest. Dr. Jennifer O. Black declares she has no conflict(s) of interest to disclose. Xeroderma Pigmentosum: An Insight into DNA Repair Processes Jennifer O. Black, MD Assistant Professor Division of Pediatric Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Children’s Hospital Colorado University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Colorado Introduction: Xeroderma Pigmentosum Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP): • Initially described 1874 • Rare autosomal recessive disorder • Prevalence: 1-45/million, variable ethnic frequency • UV radiation sensitivity disorder characterized by: • Severe skin burning following minimal sun exposure • Early freckling (before 2 years of age) • Skin cancer at an early age Kraemer KH, DiGiovann JJ. Photochemistry and Photobiology 91:452-459, 2015 Introduction: Xeroderma Pigmentosum XP Clinical Spectrum: • Skin Changes: o Early freckling and subsequent checkered pigmentation o Thin, dry, contracted skin o Telangiectasias o Skin cancers: o Squamous cell carcinoma o Basal cell carcinoma o Melanoma Courtesy Dr. Bahig M. Shehata, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Introduction: Xeroderma Pigmentosum Squamous Cell Carcinoma Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Lazar, Alexander J.F.;
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Pigmentary Disorders Yayli, Pigmentary Disorders 2015, 2:1 DOI: 10.4172/2376-0427.1000158
    igmentar f P y D l o i a so n r r d u e r o J s Journal of Pigmentary Disorders Yayli, Pigmentary Disorders 2015, 2:1 DOI: 10.4172/2376-0427.1000158 ISSN: 2376-0427 Review Open Access Treatment of Hyperpigmentation in Darker Skins Savas Yayli* Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey *Corresponding author: Savas Yayli, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey, Tel: 90 462 377 53 88; E- mail: [email protected] Rec date: Dec 14, 2014; Acc date: Dec 28, 2014; Pub date: Jan 02, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Yayli S, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction many newer agents are in the market [6]. Beside those newers, fixed TC including hydroquinone 4%, tretinoine 0.05%, flucinolon Darker skin or skin of colour means higher Fitzpatrick skin types in acetonide 0.01% is shown as the therapy with highest evidence – still a wide range of racial and ethnic groups referring to persons from little controlled studies - in Latin guide of melasma or recent reviews. African, Asian, Native American, Middle Eastern and Hispanic If there is an irritation or allergy to one of compounds of this TC, one backgrounds. Darker skin types are characterized by higher content of may use it as dual combinations. In Latin guide for treatment of melanin, higher eumelanin to pheomelanin ratio. This is an advantage melasma, second line therapies are TC plus peels or for protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation, however it also microdermabrasion, and lastly lasers and light sources [4,7].
    [Show full text]
  • Reversal of Laser-Induced Hypopigmentation with a Narrow-Band UV-B Light Source in a Patient with Skin Type VI
    Reversal of Laser-Induced Hypopigmentation with a Narrow-Band UV-B Light Source in a Patient with Skin Type VI Ã y yz ANETTA RESZKO, MD, PHD, SEAN A. SUKAL, MD, PHD, AND ROY G. GERONEMUS,MD Dr. Geronemus is on the Lumenis Medical Advisory Board. evus of Ota (nevus fuscoceruleus ophthalmo- tion after clearance of a nevus of Ota with a QSRL Nmaxillaris) is a benign dermal melanocytic in an African American Skin Type VI male with a hematoma clinically appearing as a bluish-brown narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB UV-B) source. discoloration in the ophthalmic and/or maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve. The condition first Case described by Ota and Tanino occurs predominantly in Asians with estimated frequency of 0.014% to A 36-year-old African American male, Fitzpatrick 0.034%, but can be found in other ethnicities.1 Skin Type VI, with no significant medical history, Historical therapies for nevus of Ota include surgery, presented for treatment of a 10 Â 16-cm Tanino dermabrasion, electrodesiccation, skin grafting, and Stage III (V1 and V2 distribution) nevus of Ota cryotherapy and are all associated with a significant (Figure 1). The patient was treated with a QSRL, at a risk of dyschromia and scarring.2–5 fluence of 3 to 5 J, spot size 6.5 mm with no greater than 10% overlap between pulses. After 20 treat- The introduction of the theory of selective ment sessions, of which several were partial treat- photothermolysis and subsequent development of ments of the same area of the nevus of Ota over a Q-switched lasers revolutionized the treatment period of 6 years, the lesion was completely cleared.
    [Show full text]
  • Table I. Genodermatoses with Known Gene Defects 92 Pulkkinen
    92 Pulkkinen, Ringpfeil, and Uitto JAM ACAD DERMATOL JULY 2002 Table I. Genodermatoses with known gene defects Reference Disease Mutated gene* Affected protein/function No.† Epidermal fragility disorders DEB COL7A1 Type VII collagen 6 Junctional EB LAMA3, LAMB3, ␣3, ␤3, and ␥2 chains of laminin 5, 6 LAMC2, COL17A1 type XVII collagen EB with pyloric atresia ITGA6, ITGB4 ␣6␤4 Integrin 6 EB with muscular dystrophy PLEC1 Plectin 6 EB simplex KRT5, KRT14 Keratins 5 and 14 46 Ectodermal dysplasia with skin fragility PKP1 Plakophilin 1 47 Hailey-Hailey disease ATP2C1 ATP-dependent calcium transporter 13 Keratinization disorders Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis KRT1, KRT10 Keratins 1 and 10 46 Ichthyosis hystrix KRT1 Keratin 1 48 Epidermolytic PPK KRT9 Keratin 9 46 Nonepidermolytic PPK KRT1, KRT16 Keratins 1 and 16 46 Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens KRT2e Keratin 2e 46 Pachyonychia congenita, types 1 and 2 KRT6a, KRT6b, KRT16, Keratins 6a, 6b, 16, and 17 46 KRT17 White sponge naevus KRT4, KRT13 Keratins 4 and 13 46 X-linked recessive ichthyosis STS Steroid sulfatase 49 Lamellar ichthyosis TGM1 Transglutaminase 1 50 Mutilating keratoderma with ichthyosis LOR Loricrin 10 Vohwinkel’s syndrome GJB2 Connexin 26 12 PPK with deafness GJB2 Connexin 26 12 Erythrokeratodermia variabilis GJB3, GJB4 Connexins 31 and 30.3 12 Darier disease ATP2A2 ATP-dependent calcium 14 transporter Striate PPK DSP, DSG1 Desmoplakin, desmoglein 1 51, 52 Conradi-Hu¨nermann-Happle syndrome EBP Delta 8-delta 7 sterol isomerase 53 (emopamil binding protein) Mal de Meleda ARS SLURP-1
    [Show full text]
  • Other Relevant Data
    4. Other Relevant Data 4.1 Transmission and absorption in biological tissues UVR may be transmitted, reflected, scattered or absorbed by chromophores in any layer of tissue, su ch as the skin and eye. Absorption is strongly related to wavelength, as it depends on the properties of the responsible chromophore(s). Accordingly, transmission is also wavelength-dependent. Transmission and other optical properties are affected by changes in the structure of the tissue and, especially in the case of the lens of the eye, by ageing. Absorption of radiation bya tissue chromophore is a prerequisite for any photochernical or photobiological effect; however, absorption does not necessarily have a biological con- sequence. 4.1.1 Epidermis Since UVR-induced skin cancer is an epidermal phenomenon, this section focuses on epidermis and excludes the dermis. The epidermis, a tissue with a high replication rate, can be divided functionally into two: an inner, living part (60-160-J-m thick in humans) of cells at various stages of differentiation and the outermost, non-living, terminally differentiated stratum corneum (8-15-J-m thick in humans). The dividing cell population is located in the innermost basal layer of the living epidermis. Optical properties have usually been studied using isolated strateum corneum or whole epidermis. Absorption and scattering of UVR by the stratum corneurn afford sorne protection to the living part of the epidermis from UVR exposure. Human and mouse epidermis have important structural differences. The living part and the stratum corneum of hum an epidermis have about 10 cell layers each. ln rnice, the living part has two to three celllayers and the stratum corne a one to two cell layers.
    [Show full text]
  • Update on Lasers and Light Devices for the Treatment of Vascular Lesions Kenneth J
    Update on Lasers and Light Devices for the Treatment of Vascular Lesions Kenneth J. Galeckas, MD Patients frequently present to dermatologists for the treatment of vascular lesions, includ- ing facial telangiectases, diffuse redness, port wine stains (PWS), hemangiomas, and leg veins. There are many laser and light devices that can be used with excellent results. This article summarizes the available platforms that are commonly used for the treatment of superficial vascular lesions. Newer devices and techniques are highlighted with respect to the unique characteristics of individual lesions. Semin Cutan Med Surg 27:276-284 Published by Elsevier Inc. he principle of selective photothermolysis, originally de- Lasers and Light Devices 1 Tscribed by Anderson and Parrish, defined how laser With Vascular Applications energy was absorbed by a particular chromophore within the skin leading to a specific biologic effect while sparing collat- KTP Laser eral structures. In this fashion, laser and light devices have The KTP laser is a Nd:YAG laser that is frequency-doubled become refined during the past several decades, leading to and emits green light at 532 nm. Superficial vessels can be our current ability to apply high fluences to tissues very spe- treated by taking advantage of the close proximity of the cifically resulting in selective destruction of unwanted lesions absorption peak of oxyhemoglobin at 542 nm.2 With com- while sparing the patient from nonspecific side effects such as monly available devices, spot sizes can range from 1 mm to crusting, bleeding, scabbing, or scarring. 10 mm, with variable pulse widths (1-100 ms). Contact cool- The range of superficial vascular lesions that can be treated ing is used with chilled sapphire windows with conduction with laser and light devices continues to expand.
    [Show full text]
  • Acanthosis Nigricans – a Two-Sided Coin: Consider Metabolic Syndrome and Malignancies!
    ID Design Press, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2019 Sep 30; 7(18):3081-3084. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.258 eISSN: 1857-9655 Global Dermatology Acanthosis Nigricans – A Two-Sided Coin: Consider Metabolic Syndrome and Malignancies! Uwe Wollina1*, Gesina Hansel1, Torello Lotti2, Georgi Tchernev3, Aleksandra Vojvodic4, Ivanka Temelkova3 1Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Teaching Hospital Dresden - Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany; 2Professor & Chair of Dermatology, University of Rome "G. Marconi", Rome , Italy; 3Onkoderma - Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatologic Surgery, General Skobelev 26, 1606, Sofia, Bulgaria; 4Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Military Medical Academy of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Abstract Citation: Wollina U, Hansel G, Lotti T, Tchernev G, BACKGROUND: Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is acquired hyperpigmentation of the intertriginous body regions. Vojvodic A, Temelkova I. Acanthosis Nigricans – A Two- Histologically, AN is characterised by a thickened stratum corneum and a variable amount of acanthosis. Although Sided Coin: Consider Metabolic Syndrome and Malignancies! Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019 Sep benign and rarely symptomatic, AN may be a red flag for underlying pathologies. 30; 7(18):3081-3084. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.258 CASE PRESENTATION: We analysed our patients with AN and could differentiate three different patterns, that Keywords: Acanthosis nigricans; Metabolic syndrome; are illustrated by one case report each. The is the benign AN associated with metabolic syndrome including Malignancies; Paraneoplasia obesity. The second type is the paraneoplastic AN malignancy which is associated with a wider range of *Correspondence: Uwe Wollina. Department of malignancies. This type may occur before, after or with the clinical appearance of the malignancy.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocular Manifestations of Inherited Diseases Maya Eibschitz-Tsimhoni
    10 Ocular Manifestations of Inherited Diseases Maya Eibschitz-Tsimhoni ecognizing an ocular abnormality may be the first step in Ridentifying an inherited condition or syndrome. Identifying an inherited condition may corroborate a presumptive diagno- sis, guide subsequent management, provide valuable prognostic information for the patient, and determine if genetic counseling is needed. Syndromes with prominent ocular findings are listed in Table 10-1, along with their alternative names. By no means is this a complete listing. Two-hundred and thirty-five of approxi- mately 1900 syndromes associated with ocular or periocular manifestations (both inherited and noninherited) identified in the medical literature were chosen for this chapter. These syn- dromes were selected on the basis of their frequency, the char- acteristic or unique systemic or ocular findings present, as well as their recognition within the medical literature. The boldfaced terms are discussed further in Table 10-2. Table 10-2 provides a brief overview of the common ocular and systemic findings for these syndromes. The table is organ- ized alphabetically; the boldface name of a syndrome is followed by a common alternative name when appropriate. Next, the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM™) index num- ber is listed. By accessing the OMIM™ website maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, the reader can supplement the material in the chapter with the latest research available on that syndrome. A MIM number without a prefix means that the mode of inheritance has not been proven. The prefix (*) in front of a MIM number means that the phenotype determined by the gene at a given locus is separate from those represented by other 526 chapter 10: ocular manifestations of inherited diseases 527 asterisked entries and that the mode of inheritance of the phe- notype has been proven.
    [Show full text]