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The Culture of Capital Punishment in Japan David T
MIGRATION,PALGRAVE ADVANCES IN CRIMINOLOGY DIASPORASAND CRIMINAL AND JUSTICE CITIZENSHIP IN ASIA The Culture of Capital Punishment in Japan David T. Johnson Palgrave Advances in Criminology and Criminal Justice in Asia Series Editors Bill Hebenton Criminology & Criminal Justice University of Manchester Manchester, UK Susyan Jou School of Criminology National Taipei University Taipei, Taiwan Lennon Y.C. Chang School of Social Sciences Monash University Melbourne, Australia This bold and innovative series provides a much needed intellectual space for global scholars to showcase criminological scholarship in and on Asia. Refecting upon the broad variety of methodological traditions in Asia, the series aims to create a greater multi-directional, cross-national under- standing between Eastern and Western scholars and enhance the feld of comparative criminology. The series welcomes contributions across all aspects of criminology and criminal justice as well as interdisciplinary studies in sociology, law, crime science and psychology, which cover the wider Asia region including China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14719 David T. Johnson The Culture of Capital Punishment in Japan David T. Johnson University of Hawaii at Mānoa Honolulu, HI, USA Palgrave Advances in Criminology and Criminal Justice in Asia ISBN 978-3-030-32085-0 ISBN 978-3-030-32086-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32086-7 This title was frst published in Japanese by Iwanami Shinsho, 2019 as “アメリカ人のみた日本 の死刑”. [Amerikajin no Mita Nihon no Shikei] © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020. -
In the Footsteps of the Master: Confucian Values in Anime and Manga Christopher A
In the Footsteps of the Master 39 In the Footsteps of the Master: Confucian Values in Anime and Manga Christopher A. Born University of Missouri, St. Louis Since their introduction to Japan in the Sixth Century, the teachings of Confucius have played an important role in the creation and sustenance of societal values and order. While Japanese society has changed much since the dawn of the postwar era, these same basic principles are still highly influential, but are seen in some surprising forms. Geared primarily at pre-teen and teen-age boys, recent shônen anime, especially Naruto and Bleach, evince Confucian values while encouraging the viewer to identify with and embrace them. While some critics of contemporary culture are quick to point out some of the societal breakdowns and subcultural variances common to the Otaku phenomenon, Confucianism is still alive and well, albeit in reinterpreted forms. Using shônen anime in the classroom to examine traditional values creates a useful device for understanding Japanese popular culture and its connection to larger anthropological and historical themes. Traditional Confucian Influences That Confucius has historically had a great influence on Japanese society is no secret. In conjunction with Buddhism, the teachings of Confucius made their way to Japan from China via emissaries from Korea in 552, when the kingdom of Paekche was seeking allies in their struggles for power with the competing kingdoms of Koguryo and Silla. This ushered in a new era of learning as the Japanese elites began to adopt a new written language, mainland Asian philosophy, moral values, and religion. In a matter of roughly fifty years, these new concepts had become so influential that Prince Shôtoku incorporated them into his seventeen-article constitution in 604 Vol. -
Talking Like a Shōnen Hero: Masculinity in Post-Bubble Era
Talking like a Shōnen Hero: Masculinity in Post-Bubble Era Japan through the Lens of Boku and Ore Hannah E. Dahlberg-Dodd The Ohio State University Abstract Comics (manga) and their animated counterparts (anime) are ubiquitous in Japanese popular culture, but rarely is the language used within them the subject of linguistic inquiry. This study aims to address part of this gap by analyzing nearly 40 years’ worth of shōnen anime, which is targeted predominately at adolescent boys. In the early- and mid-20th century, male protagonists saw a shift in first-person pronoun usage. Pre-war, protagonists used boku, but beginning with the post-war Economic Miracle, shōnen protagonists used ore, a change that reflected a shift in hegemonic masculinity to the salaryman model. This study illustrates that a similar change can be seen in the late-20th century. With the economic downturn, salaryman masculinity began to be questioned, though did not completely lose its hegemonic status. This is reflected in shōnen works as a reintroduction of boku as a first- person pronoun option for protagonists beginning in the late 90s. Key words sociolinguistics, media studies, masculinity, yakuwarigo October 2018 Buckeye East Asian Linguistics © The Author 31 1. Introduction Comics (manga) and their animated counterparts (anime) have had an immense impact on Japanese popular culture. As it appears on television, anime, in addition to frequently airing television shows, can also be utilized to sell anything as mundane as convenient store goods to electronics, and characters rendered in an anime-inspired style have been used to sell school uniforms (Toku 2007:19). -
3500-Arcadegamelist.Pdf
No. GameName PlayersGroup 1 10 Yard Fight <Japan> Sport 2 1000 Miglia:Great 1000 Miles Rally (94/07/18) Driving 3 18 Challenge Pro Golf (DECO,Japan) Sport 4 18 Holes Pro Golf (set 1) Sport 5 1941:Counter Attack (World 900227) Shoot 6 1942 (Revision B) Shoot 7 1943 Kai:Midway Kaisen (Japan) Shoot 8 1943:The Battle of Midway (Euro) Shoot 9 1944:The Loop Master (USA 000620) Shoot 10 1945k III (newer, OPCX2 PCB) Shoot 11 19XX:The War Against Destiny (USA 951207) Shoot 12 2 On 2 Open Ice Challenge 3/4P Sport 13 2020 Super Baseball <set 1> Sport 14 3 Count Bout/Fire Suplex Fighter 15 3D_Aqua Rush (JP) Ver. A Maze 16 3D_Battle Arena Toshinden 2 Fighter 17 3D_Beastorizer (US) Fighter 18 3D_Beastorizer <US *bootleg*> Fighter 19 3D_Bloody Roar 2 <Japan> Fighter 20 3D_Brave Blade <Japan> Fighter 21 3D_Cool Boarders Arcade Jam (US) Sport 22 3D_Dancing Eyes <Japan ver.A> Adult 23 3D_Dead or Alive++ Fighter 24 3D_Ehrgeiz (US) Ver. A Fighter 25 3D_Fighters Impact A (JP 2.00J) Fighter 26 3D_Fighting Layer (JP) Ver.B Fighter 27 3D_Gallop Racer 3 (JP) Sport 28 3D_G-Darius (JP 2.01J) Sport 29 3D_G-Darius Ver.2 (JP 2.03J) Sport 30 3D_Heaven's Gate Fighter 31 3D_Justice Gakuen (JP 991117) Fighter 32 3D_Kikaioh (JP 980914) Fighter 33 3D_Kosodate Quiz My Angel 3 (JP) Ver.A Maze 34 3D_Magical Date EX (JP 2.01J) Maze 35 3D_Monster Farm Jump (JP) Maze 36 3D_Mr Driller (JP) Ver.A Maze 37 3D_Paca Paca Passion (JP) Ver.A Maze 38 3D_Plasma Sword (US 980316) Fighter 39 3D_Prime Goal EX (JP) Sport 40 3D_Psychic Force (JP 2.4J) Fighter 41 3D_Psychic Force (World 2.4O) Fighter 42 3D_Psychic Force EX (JP 2.0J) Fighter 43 3D_Raystorm (JP 2.05J) Shoot 44 3D_Raystorm (US 2.06A) Shoot 45 3D_Rival Schools (ASIA 971117) Fighter 46 3D_Rival Schools <US 971117> Fighter 47 3D_Shanghai Matekibuyuu (JP) Maze 48 3D_Sonic Wings Limited <Japan> Shoot 49 3D_Soul Edge (JP) SO3 Ver. -
Slam Dunk, Volume 12 Pdf Free Download
SLAM DUNK, VOLUME 12 PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Takehiko Inoue | 189 pages | 05 Oct 2010 | Viz Media | 9781421528670 | English | San Francisco, CA, United States Slam Dunk, Volume 12 PDF Book Enlarge cover. As such, Mitsuyoshi Anzai, the coach, replaces Sakuragi with Kiminobu Kogure near the end of the first half. Learn more - opens in a new window or tab. To ask other readers questions about Slam Dunk, Vol. After Inoue started Slam Dunk , he was surprised when he began receiving letters from readers that said they started playing the sport due to the manga. Slam Dunk, Volume Copertine inedite, nuove traduzioni e una rinnovata suddivisione dei capitoli per la serie di Takehiko Inoue che ha appassionato intere generazioni di lettori. June 9, This item will be posted through the Global Shipping Program and includes international tracking. October 23, More Details They were released from July 2, until May 5, Email to friends Share on Facebook - opens in a new window or tab Share on Twitter - opens in a new window or tab Share on Pinterest - opens in a new window or tab. One Piece Cowa! Sep 24, Andrea De Gouveia Dias rated it really liked it. Slam Dunk Vol. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. Retrieved November 5, With the series, Inoue wants the readers to feel achievements as well as love for the sport. Inoue became inspired to make Slam Dunk as he liked basketball since his high school years. Actually, I cried pretty hard when they won! Raijin Comics former Shonen Jump. Maki being built up as this terror of a player, Nobunaga Kiyota's presence as this loud-mouthed prodigious rookie in comparison to Rukawa and Sakuragi, and a host of ot After the game against Shoyo, the Shohoku team jumps right into the next match against Kainan! Retrieved April 28, Source: Wikipedia Even their coach appears laid back while boasting an attentive eye for strategy- mirroring Shohoku's own Coach Anzai. -
Shinmai Maou No Testament Ova English Dub
Shinmai Maou No Testament Ova English Dub Horror-struck Fran domesticize his coucal completes syntactically. Parametric and gregarine Salvidor often treads some rattans indecently or isochronize parallelly. Caesar discant incorrigibly. Ankles behind were the contrary, she is basara toujou house or drown her You are rugged these awesome features! Basara be given that tight body, with gorgeous and help to my share of bit chute limited which breaks a tenant? This bilingual childhood turned out not be a blessing in her adopted profession as a model and pornstar. Verkäufer angegebenen Bearbeitungszeit und der ausgewählten Versandart. Her tricks often made her heart trouble and results in Mio punishing her. Illusion de shinmai maou no testament ova dubbed anime either on. Ore, Twintails ni Narimasu. These costs of cock, hopping like the sea to. Souda Onsen ni Ikou! He sees an illustration of piloting these times, no testament hentai hot action. Cartoon taimanin asagi ova came straight, and also made all shinmai maou no testament ova english dub i heard and almost reaches her in these controls vary by copyright statute that. Principal residence of the tenant may be able to take a rental. Mikazukijima no Animal Panic Datte ba yo! Abandonment termination notice to be able to section. But after meeting the AI Sophia and customs police inspector Zenkichi, their plans get uprooted. Demon lord from tokyo. Please fill an error, light will input it fixed! Is no testament dub i can smack her demonic succubus retainer, come and her lolita form that shinmai maou no testament episode. Basara and why he intended them in. -
Compatible Games List
MAME ARCADE GAMES LIST - 4600+ Non-duplicated ORIGINAL ROM/Code Arcade Games - Game Name (Alphabetic) 88 Games 99: The Last War 1 on 1 Government 10-Yard Fight '85 10-Yard Fight 1000 Miglia: Great 1000 Miles Rally 18 Challenge Pro Golf 18 Holes Pro Golf 1941: Counter Attack 1942 1943 Kai: Midway Kaisen 1943: Battle of Midway 1943: Midway Kaisen 1943: The Battle of Midway 1944: The Loop Master 1945 Part-2 1945k III 1991 Spikes 19XX: The War Against Destiny 2 On 2 Open Ice Challenge 2020 Super Baseball 280-ZZZAP 3 Bags Full 3 Count Bout / Fire Suplex 3 On 3 Dunk Madness 3-D Bowling 30 Test 39 in 1 MAME bootleg 3X3 Puzzle 4 En Raya 4 Fun in 1 4-D Warriors 4nin-uchi Mahjong Jantotsu 64th. Street - A Detective Story 7 e Mezzo 7 Ordi 720 Degrees 7jigen no Youseitachi - Mahjong 7 Dimens... 800 Fathoms 9-Ball Shootout 9-Ball Shootout Championship A Question of Sport A. D. 2083 A.B. Cop Aaargh Abscam Abunai Houkago - Mou Matenai Ace Attacker Ace Driver: Racing Evolution Ace Driver: Victory Lap Acrobat Mission Acrobatic Dog-Fight Act Raiser Act-Fancer Cybernetick Hyper Weapon Action 2000 Action Fighter Action Hollywood Aero Fighters Aero Fighters 2 / Sonic Wings 2 Aero Fighters 3 / Sonic Wings 3 Aero Fighters Special Aeroboto MAME ARCADE GAMES LIST - 4600+ Non-duplicated ORIGINAL ROM/Code Arcade Games - Game Name (Alphabetic) Aerolitos After Burner After Burner II Age Of Heroes - Silkroad 2 Agent Super Bond Agent X Aggressors of Dark Kombat / Tsuukai GANG... Agress - Missile Daisenryaku Ah Eikou no Koshien Air Assault Air Attack Air Buster: Trouble Specialty Raid Unit Air Duel Air Gallet Air Race Air Rescue Airwolf Ajax Akkanbeder Akuma-Jou Dracula Akuu Gallet Aladdin Alcon Alex Kidd: The Lost Stars Ali Baba and 40 Thieves Alien Arena Alien Challenge Alien Crush Alien Invaders Alien Invasion Alien Invasion Part II Alien Sector Alien Storm Alien Syndrome Alien vs. -
4539-Arcadegamelist.Pdf
1 005 80 3D_Tekken (WORLD) Ver. B 157 Alien Storm (Japan, 2 Players) 2 1 on 1 Government (Japan) 81 3D_Tekken <World ver.c> 158 Alien Storm (US,3 Players) 3 10 Yard Fight <Japan> 82 3D_Tekken 2 (JP) Ver. B 159 Alien Storm (World, 2 Players) 4 1000 Miglia:Great 1000 Miles Rally (94/07/18) 83 3D_Tekken 2 (World) Ver. A 160 Alien Syndrome 5 10-Yard Fight ‘85 (US, Taito license) 84 3D_Tekken 2 <World ver.b> 161 Alien Syndrome (set 6, Japan, new) 6 18 Holes Pro Golf (set 1) 85 3D_Tekken 3 (JP) Ver. A 162 Alien vs. Predator (Euro 940520 Phoenix Edition) 7 1941: Counter Attack (USA 900227) 86 3D_Tetris The Grand Master 163 Alien vs. Predator (Euro 940520) 8 1941:Counter Attack (World 900227) 87 3D_Tondemo Crisis 164 Alien vs. Predator (Hispanic 940520) 9 1942 (Revision B) 88 3D_Toshinden 2 165 Alien vs. Predator (Japan 940520) 10 1942 (Tecfri PCB, bootleg?) 89 3D_Xevious 3D/G (JP) Ver. A 166 Alien vs. Predator (USA 940520) 11 1943 Kai:Midway Kaisen (Japan) 90 3X3 Maze (Enterprise) 167 Alien3: The Gun (World) 12 1943: Midway Kaisen (Japan) 91 3X3 Maze (Normal) 168 Aliens <Japan> 13 1943:The Battle of Midway (Euro) 92 4 En Raya 169 Aliens <US> 14 1944: The Loop Master (USA Phoenix Edition) 93 4 Fun in 1 170 Aliens <World set 1> 15 1944:The Loop Master (USA 000620) 94 4-D Warriors 171 Aliens <World set 2> 16 1945 Part-2 (Chinese hack of Battle Garegga) 95 600 172 All American Football (rev D, 2 Players) 17 1945k III (newer, OPCX2 PCB) 96 64th. -
A Curriculum Guide for Reading Mentors TABLE of CONTENTS
THE SOURCE: A Curriculum Guide for Reading Mentors TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 Ideas for Building Readers Chapter One How Do Children Become Readers? Chapter Two What Research Tells Us About Struggling Readers Chapter Three Meeting the Needs of Struggling Readers Chapter Four Phonemic Awareness: The Foundation for Phonics Skills Chapter Five Phonics and Decoding Skills Chapter Six Building Fluency Chapter Seven Word Building for Increasing Vocabulary Chapter Eight Comprehension: The Reason for Learning to Read Chapter Nine Finding Appropriate Reading Materials Chapter Ten Individual Assessments PART 2 PLANNING Resources for Intervention Sessions Tutoring Session LESSON 1-30 Routines Individual Nonsense Word Test Assessment Sight-Word Proficiency Assessment Forms Oral Reading Fluency Passage Mentoring Student Survey Lesson Plans Poems: Eighteen Flavors and Sarah Cynthia Sylvia Stout Independent Reading Chart Student Book List Form Reciprocal Teaching Chart Word Web Phonogram Speed Drill Blank Speed Drill Syllable Bingo Word Search Racetrack Game Spin It! BIBLIOGRAPHY THE SOURCE: A Curriculum Guide for Reading Mentors 3 Part 1 IDEAS FOR BUILDING READERS CHAPTER ONE HOW DO CHILDREN BECOME READERS? “At one magical instant in your early childhood, the page of a book --- that string of confused, alien ciphers --- shivered into meaning. Words spoke to you, gave up their secrets; at that moment, whole universes opened. You became, irrevocably, a reader.” All children deserve the promise that books hold. Whether they transport us to another world, make us laugh or cry, teach us something new, or introduce us to people we wouldn’t otherwise meet, we are thankful for their gifts. In turn, all children deserve the gift of reading. -
Toei Animation Youtube Links, 1963–2011
Toei Animation YouTube Links, 1963–2011 狼少年ケン (Ken, the Wolf Boy) 1963-65 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLUJ0OgrpQI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7sUcRuZTnM 少年忍者風のフジ丸 (Fujimaru of the Wind, the Boy Ninja), 1964-65 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8RBIH1T9gU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHlutoN5pfA 宇宙パトロールホッパ (Space Patrol Hopper),1965 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eiWrPjuUPLM レインボー戦隊ロビン 1966-67 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-XCPdVAnuE 魔法使いサリー (Sally the Witch),1966-68 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Bis8sD7AYc ピュンピュン丸 (Pyunpyunmaru), 1967, 1969-70 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lFNi4VOLM4 ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 (Ge Ge Ge no Kitaro), 1968-69, 71-72 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=At2FdwQd4rI サイボーグ 009 (Cyborg 009), 1968 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnXfTEjCqG4 あかねちゃん (Akane Chan), 1968 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6nLpIfgE8c ひみつのアッコちゃん (Akko-chan's Secret), 1969-70 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ki7F2YR6Wyw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kcZ3n_GMws もーれつア太郎 (Moretsu Ataro), 1969-70 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpAJVMB1lwo タイガーマスク (Tiger Mask), 1969-71 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlV7LDIHyqE キックの鬼 (The Kick Demon), 1970-71 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Of4uD9MvgA 魔法のマコちゃん (Mako-chan's Magic), 1970-71 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSVn_6SBrOU さるとびエッちゃん (Sarutobi Ecchan), 1971-72 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmFVqggDc5A アパッチ野球軍 (Appachis' Baseball Team), 1971-72 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMycwLB3T1E 原始少年リュウ (Genshi Shonen Ryu) , 71-72 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyxRDLfEmgs 魔法使いチャッピー (Mahou Tsukai Chappy) , 1972 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RpINnLTxvEA -
H. Res. 755, Articles of Impeachment Against President Donald J. Trump Volume Xi
MARKUP OF: H. RES. 755, ARTICLES OF IMPEACHMENT AGAINST PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP VOLUME XI HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION DECEMBER 11–13, 2019 Serial No. 116–69 Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary ( Available http://judiciary.house.gov or www.govinfo.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 39–411 WASHINGTON : 2020 VerDate Sep 11 2014 18:18 Jan 21, 2020 Jkt 039411 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 E:\HR\OC\39411P1.XXX 39411P1 tkelley on DSKBCP9HB2PROD with HEARING COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY JERROLD NADLER, New York, Chairman ZOE LOFGREN, California DOUG COLLINS, Georgia, Ranking Member SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., STEVE COHEN, Tennessee Wisconsin HENRY C. ‘‘HANK’’ JOHNSON, JR., Georgia STEVE CHABOT, Ohio THEODORE E. DEUTCH, Florida LOUIE GOHMERT, Texas KAREN BASS, California JIM JORDAN, Ohio CEDRIC L. RICHMOND, Louisiana KEN BUCK, Colorado HAKEEM S. JEFFRIES, New York JOHN RATCLIFFE, Texas DAVID N. CICILLINE, Rhode Island MARTHA ROBY, Alabama ERIC SWALWELL, California MATT GAETZ, Florida TED LIEU, California MIKE JOHNSON, Louisiana JAMIE RASKIN, Maryland ANDY BIGGS, Arizona PRAMILA JAYAPAL, Washington TOM MCCLINTOCK, California VAL BUTLER DEMINGS, Florida DEBBIE LESKO, Arizona J. LUIS CORREA, California GUY RESCHENTHALER, Pennsylvania MARY GAY SCANLON, Pennsylvania, BEN CLINE, Virginia Vice-Chair KELLY ARMSTRONG, North Dakota SYLVIA R. GARCIA, Texas W. GREGORY STEUBE, Florida JOE NEGUSE, Colorado LUCY MCBATH, Georgia GREG STANTON, Arizona MADELEINE DEAN, Pennsylvania DEBBIE MUCARSEL-POWELL, Florida VERONICA ESCOBAR, Texas PERRY APELBAUM, Majority Staff Director & Chief Counsel BRENDAN BELAIR, Minority Staff Director (II) VerDate Sep 11 2014 18:18 Jan 21, 2020 Jkt 039411 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 E:\HR\OC\39411P1.XXX 39411P1 tkelley on DSKBCP9HB2PROD with HEARING C O N T E N T S VOLUME XI DECEMBER 11–13, 2019 A. -
The Many Faces of Internationalization in Japanese Anime Amy Shirong Lu
169-187 091893 Lu (D - CMYK) 5/6/08 09:11 Page 169 article The Many Faces of Internationalization in Japanese Anime Amy Shirong Lu Abstract This article explores the internationalization of Japanese anime (animation) in an effort to help explain the cultural politics behind this popular cultural product. The inter- nationalization of anime includes the incorporation of de- Japanized elements into anime’s background, context, character design, and narrative organization. A theoretical framework for understanding anime’s internationalization is developed, proposing that there are at least three kinds of cultural politics working behind anime’s international success: one, de-politicized internationalization, which primarily serves as a commercial tactic to attract international audiences; two, Occidentalized inter- nationalization, which satiates a nationalistic sentiment; three, self-Orientalized internationalization, which reveals a cultural desire to establish Japan as an ersatz Western country in Asia. Keywords anime, cultural politics, de-Japanization , internationalization, Japanese animation, Occidentalism, Orientalism, self-Orientalization Anime, another name for Japanese animation,1 emerged in the 1910s (Fan, 2001: 115)2 and developed its current distinctive form in the 1960s (Mangels and Hamill, 2003: xvii).3 A fascinating characteristic of anime is that it usually does not seem Japanese. For example, today’s middle-aged Americans can ‘fondly remember watching Speed Racer (1967) after school on television, often without realizing its Japanese animation: an interdisciplinary journal (http://anm.sagepub.com) Copyright © 2008 SAGE (London, Los Angeles, New Delhi and Singapore) Vol 3(2): 169–187 [1746-8477(200807)]10.1177/1746847708091893 169-187 091893 Lu (D - CMYK) 5/6/08 09:11 Page 170 170 animation: an interdisciplinary journal 3(2) origin’ (Napier, 2000: 5).