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U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center Click to edit Master title style NATO Small Arms Ammunition ¾Click toInterchangeability edit Master text styles via Direct Evidence Testing ¾Second level 2007 NDIA Joint Service Small Arms TM ¾Third levelSystems Annual Symposium ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level

Lascelles A. Geddes III 9 May 2007 U.S Army ARDEC & U.S. Delegate to NATO NAAG AC/225 (LCG/1 – SG/1) Innovative Armaments Solutions for Today and Tomorrow 2 Innovative Armaments Solutions for Today and Tomorrow 1 NATO Sub-Group 1 Mission Click to edit Master title style ¾ The mission of SG/1 is to accomplish and ¾maintainClick to battlefieldedit Master interchangeability text styles of NATO small and medium caliber ammunition (and ¾ancillarySecond items) level through direct evidence testing at ¾NATOThird Certified level Test Centers ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level

2 Sub-Group 1 Structure Click to edit Master title style

Austria Belgium Canada Czech Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Republic ¾Click to edit Master text styles Chairman Colonel Dirk Hemeryck (BELGIUM) Hungary International¾Second level Military Staff Secretary SG/1 NATO Land ¾Third levelEuropean 26 Member North Armaments Regional Test National Delegates American ¾FourthCenter level - ERTC & Several PFP Regional Test United States (Pendine, National Delegates Center - NARTC Wales, UK) (Independence, ¾Fifth level Missouri, USA) ERTC National Support Italy United Kingdom Superintendent Staff & NARTC Ammunition/ Superintendent Weapon Manufacturers Turkey Iceland

Switzerland Sweden Spain Slovenia Slovakia Romania Norway Netherlands Lithuania 3 What is Interchangeability? Click to edit Master title style ¾ Interchangeability – Items possessing similar functional and physical characteristics that are equal in performance, and capable of being exchanged one for ¾theClick other to without edit Master alteration text styles ¾Second level – Interoperability – The ability of systems, units or forces to provide services to and accept services from other systems, ¾Thirdunits levelor forces and to use the services so exchanged to enable ¾Fourththem to level operate effectively together • Compatibility – Capability of two or more items or components of ¾Fifth equipmentlevel or material to exist or function in the same system or environment without mutual interference

Standardization - Within NATO, the process of developing concepts, doctrines, procedures, and designs to achieve and maintain the most effective levels of compatibility, interoperability, interchangeability and commonality in the fields of operations, administration and materiel

4 NATO Design Mark Click to edit Master title style

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level ¾Third level ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level The NATO Design Mark signifies that ammunition and ammunition in packages bearing this mark is manufactured to a design, which satisfies a NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG)

5 NATO Symbols of Interchangeability Click to edit Master title style

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level ¾Third level ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level Cartridge & Link Cartridge Only

The NATO Symbol of Interchangeability is the only symbol that denotes that the packaged ammunition is interchangeable 6 Accomplishing Battlefield Interchangeability Click to edit Master title style ¾ Guidance from higher levels within NATO (NAAG, LCG/1)

¾¾DevelopClick to technical edit Master requirements text styles

¾¾DevelopSecond test level and inspection methods ¾Third level ¾ Conduct direct evidence testing to: ¾Fourth- Qualify level ammunition designs - Monitor designs in production ¾Fifth- Check level designs in storage

¾ Authorize the use of the NATO Symbol of Interchangeability

¾ Develop solutions to technical and procedural problems within the ammunition community

7 Battlefield Interchangeability Requirements Click to edit Master title style ¾ Proper Weapon Function ¾¾ClickSafety to of edit Gunner Master text styles ¾¾SecondAdequate level Terminal Effectiveness ¾Third level Without The Need For : ¾Fourth level ¾¾FifthWeapon level Adjustments ¾ Sight or Fire Control Adjustments ¾ Range or Mission Limitations ¾ Ammunition Repack

8 NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) Click to edit Master title style ¾ A STANAG is an agreement among several or all NATO nations to standardize, for the use of the NATO Armed Forces, the essential characteristics of various small and ¾mediumClick caliberto edit linked Master ammunition text styles types to ensure ¾interchangeabilitySecond level on the battlefield ¾ ¾EachThird STANAG level contains performance requirements only, it does not address sample sizes or accept/reject criteria ¾Fourth level ¾ Each STANAG contains drawings outlining the exterior ¾cartridgeFifth leveland case dimensions and characteristics

¾ STANAGs are NOT intended to be utilized for acquisition

¾ STANAGs are NOT intended to take the place of a national specification 9 Standardization Drawing Click to edit Master title style

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level ¾Third level ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level

10 Manual Of Proof & Inspection (MOPI) Click to edit Master title style ¾ There is an accompanying MOPI for each STANAG (caliber) ¾ The MOPI details the type of testing to be conducted to ¾ensureClick that to the edit ammunition Master meetstext styles the requirements of the appropriate STANAG ¾ ¾TheSecond MOPI prescribes level the uniform test methods, inspection procedures and equipment needed to perform the subject ¾testing/inspectionThird level ¾ ¾TheFourth MOPI includes level sample sizes and accept/reject criteria for each test/inspection ¾Fifth level ¾ Sub-Group 1 is the only group within NATO to create and utilize these manuals to ensure functional interchangeability on the battlefield ¾ The NATO MOPIs are used throughout government/industry and have become THE standard for test procedures in the ammunition community 11 NATO Qualification Approval (QA) Click to edit Master title style ¾ Conducted once for each ammunition design (and link if applicable) to confirm compliance with the STANAG & MOPI ¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾¾TheSecond submitting level NATO nation shall have declared the ammunition design safe and suitable for use by their armed ¾forcesThird and level have already procured or produced the ammunition ¾Fourth level ¾ A NATO design number identifies the qualified design and ¾thenFifth the level submitting NATO nation is granted authority to apply the NATO Symbol of Interchangeability to the outer pack of all ammunition

¾ It is NOT possible for manufacturers or non-NATO nations to submit ammunition for NATO QA testing

12 Application Click to edit Master title style

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level ¾Third level ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level

13 NATO Production Test (PT) Click to edit Master title style ¾ Conducted yearly to ensure that production of qualified designs continues to comply with the STANAG ¾ ¾If aClick sample to is edit not submitted, Master textthen current/futurestyles production ¾cannotSecond be marked level with the NATO Symbol ¾ When more than one manufacturer produces the same ¾qualifiedThird design,level a sample from each manufacturer must be submitted for separate PTs ¾ ¾SG/1Fourth maintains level an official list of qualified designs which also shows if the design is active (in production) or passive (no ¾longerFifth in levelproduction) ¾ Each NATO nation must complete a National Activity Report which demonstrates their level of activity ¾ It is NOT possible for manufacturers or non-NATO nations to independently submit ammunition for NATO Production Testing 14 NATO Production Test Failures Click to edit Master title style ¾ Failure of the ammunition to meet the STANAG & MOPI requirements will result in the following: ¾–Click Suspend to theedit NATO Master qualified text status styles of the ammunition produced since the last successful PT ¾Second level – Prohibit the use of the NATO Symbol of Interchangeability ¾Thirduntil a levelnew sample has passed the PT – Remove the NATO Symbol of Interchangeability or ¾Fourthconstrain/ level quarantine the affected ammunition from issue to any NATO multi-national forces ¾Fifth level – Present the results of the failed PT to SG/1 for a decision on the acceptability of previous production and use of the NATO Symbol of Interchangeability on following production – Submit a new PT sample when issue has been resolved/corrected 15 NATO Surveillance Test Click to edit Master title style

¾ Conducted after specified storage intervals (10, 15, 20 years) ¾to Clickensure to that edit ammunition Master bearing text styles the NATO Symbol of ¾InterchangeabilitySecond level continues to meet NATO requirements ¾ ¾FailureThird of levelthe ammunition to meet the NATO requirements requires the NATO nation to remove the NATO Symbol of ¾InterchangeabilityFourth level or constrain/quarantine the affected ¾ammunitionFifth level from issue to any NATO multi-national forces

16 How SG/1 Proves Interchangeability Click to edit Master title style ¾ Interior Ballistics ¾–Click Chamber to edit& Port Master Pressure text / Velocity styles / Action Time ¾¾ExteriorSecond Ballistics level ¾–Third Precision level / Trace / Trajectory Match / Penetration ¾ Manufacturing Quality ¾–Fourth Waterproof level / Bullet Extraction / Residual Stress ¾¾EnergeticFifth level Materials – Propellant & Primer Analysis / Primer Sensitivity ¾ Weapon Function

17 Tests Conducted For NATO Small Caliber Ammunition Click to edit Master title style QUALIFICATION PRODUCTION SURVEILLANCE

PRECISION PRECISION PRECISION FUNCTION¾Click & CASUALTY to edit MasterFUNCTION &text CASUALTY styles FUNCTION & CASUALTY EPVAT EPVAT EPVAT TRACE¾Second level TRACE TRACE BULLET EXTRACTION BULLET EXTRACTION RESIDUAL¾Third STRESS level RESIDUAL STRESS PENETRATION PENETRATION WATERPROOF¾Fourth level WATERPROOF SALT SPRAY/CORROSION SALT SPRAY/CORROSION PRIMER¾Fifth SENSITIVITY level PRIMER SENSITIVITY TEMP (HIGH/LOW) TEMP (HIGH/LOW) PROPELLANT AND PRIMER PROPELLANT AND PRIMER ANALYSIS ANALYSIS BARREL EROSION TRAJECTORY MATCH CLIMATIC STORAGE 18 NATO Regional Test Centers Click to edit Master title style North American Regional Test Center (NARTC) ¾Click to edit Master text styles (Co-located at the Lake City Army ¾Second level Ammunition Plant, Independence, Missouri, USA) ¾Third level ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level European Regional Test Center (ERTC)

(Pendine, Wales, U.K.)

19 NATO RTCs Click to edit Master title style

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level ¾Third level ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level

20 NATO National Test Centers Click to edit Master title style ¾ National Test Centers (NTCs) are certified by caliber

¾¾NTCsClick are toinspected edit Master by the RTC text Superintendents styles & staff

¾¾NTCsSecond are approved level by SG/1 ¾Third level ¾ NTCs may conduct the following: ¾Fourth level – Range Standardization Testing – New/Replacement Equipment Evaluations ¾–Fifth New National level Design verification against STANAG & MOPI criteria – Existing design verification prior to PT submission to RTC – NATO Surveillance Testing ¾ There are currently 12 NATO Certified National Test Centers

21 Function & Casualty Test Click to edit Master title style ¾ One of the most important, informative tests for SG/1 ¾ ¾ProvesClick that to a edit foreign Master ammunition text designstyles will work in foreign ¾weaponSecond systems level ¾ Conducted with NATO Nominated Weapons (NNW) ¾Third level ¾ Test samples are fired through each NNW at -65oF, 72oF, and ¾+125FourthoF level ¾ ¾TestFifth samples level are fired in both semi-auto and automatic mode (where applicable)

22 9mm NATO Nominated Weapons Click to edit Master title style

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level

¾ThirdBelgium level – FN Browning Hi Power Pistol Italy – Beretta 92F Pistol ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level

Italy – Beretta 12S Sub Machine Gun 23 5.56mm NATO Nominated Weapons Click to edit Master title style

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level Belgium – FN Minimi Machine Gun Belgium – FN FNC Rifle ¾Third level ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level

Italy – Beretta AR 70/90 Rifle

24 5.56mm NATO Nominated Weapons (cont.) Click to edit Master title style

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level ¾Third level Germany – H&K G36 Rifle ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level

United States – Colt M16A2/A4 Rifle United Kingdom – H&K L85A2 Rifle

25 7.62mm NATO Nominated Weapons Click to edit Master title style

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level United States – M240B Machine Gun ¾Third level (Pending NNW Evaluation) ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level

United Kingdom – Enfield L7A2 General Purpose Machine Gun

26 12.7mm NATO Nominated Weapon Click to edit Master title style

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level ¾Third level ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level

United States – General Dynamics M2 Heavy Barrel Machine Gun

27 25mm NATO Nominated Weapons Click to edit Master title style

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level ¾Third level ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level Netherlands - Oerlikon KBA-B02AB United States – ATK M242 Bushmaster Automatic Cannon Automatic Canon

28 40mm High Velocity NATO Nominated Weapons

Click to edit Master titleNote: Allstyle pending NNW Evaluation

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level

Spain – Santa Barbara SB LAG-40 M2 ¾Third level Automatic Grenade Launcher ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level

United States – General Dynamics MK19 United States – General Dynamics MK47 MOD3 Automatic Grenade Launcher Advanced Lightweight Grenade Launcher

29 Potential NATO Nominated Weapons Click to edit Master title style

¾¾ClickOther potentialto edit NATOMaster Nominated text styles Weapons under discussion with ongoing standardization efforts ¾Second level ¾¾Third30mm levelx 173 – ATK MK44 Bushmaster II Automatic Cannon ¾Fourth– Mauser level MK30-2 ¾Fifth level ¾ 40mm x 46 LV – Colt M203 Launcher (12” Barrel) – Colt Canada M203A1 Launcher (9” Barrel) –H&K AG36 Launcher

30 SG/1 Current Thrusts Click to edit Master title style ¾ 30mm & 40mm Low Velocity Grenade Ammunition Standardization efforts underway ¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾ Development of a Multi-Caliber MOPI for 5.56mm, 7.62mm, ¾9mmSecond and 12.7mm level near completion ¾¾ResolvingThird level technical issues with 40mm High Velocity STANAG and MOPI ¾Fourth level ¾ RTC/NTC facilitization for 12.7mm and 40mm HV ongoing ¾Fifth level ¾ Each NATO nation completes a National Fielded Weapon Survey to ensure that the family of NATO Nominated Weapons is well represented with weapons currently in the field

31 Sub-Group 1 (SG/1) History Click to edit Master title style ¾ 1957 – 7.62mm ammunition STANAG 2310 ratified ¾ 1959 – 1st NATO Qualification of 7.62mm Ball (Canada) ¾¾1962Click – 9mm to ammunitionedit Master STANAG text 4090 styles ratified ¾ 1964 – 1st NATO Qualification of 9mm Ball (Belgium) ¾¾1969Second – 7.62mm level link STANAG 2329 ratified ¾¾1981Third – 5.56mm level ammunition STANAG 4172 ratified ¾ 1985 – 25mm x 137 ammunition STANAG 4173 ratified ¾¾1987Fourth – 1st NATO level Qualification of 5.56mm Ball (U.S.) ¾ 1993 – 1st NATO Qualification of 25mm HEI-T/TP-T (U.S.) ¾¾1997Fifth – 12.7mm level (Caliber .50) ammunition STANAG 4383 ratified ¾ 2002 – 40mm x 53 High Velocity Grenade Ammunition STANAG 4403 submitted for ratification ¾ 2006 – 30mm x 173 ammunition STANAG 4624 awaiting ratification ¾ 2007 – 40mm x 46 Low Velocity Grenade Ammunition STANAG being drafted

32 SG/1 Record Of Activity Click to edit Master title style ¾ To date 95 ammunition designs have been NATO Qualified submitted by 12 different NATO nations ¾Click to edit Master text styles 5.56mm – 24 Designs ¾Second 7.62mm –level 47 Designs ¾Third 9mm level – 22 Designs 25mm – 2 Designs ¾Fourth level ¾¾22Fifth NATO level nominated national weapon systems from 8 different NATO nations (many of these weapons are utilized in many other armed forces around the world)

33 SG/1 Designs by Caliber Click to edit Master title style ¾ STANAG 2310 – Small Arms Ammunition (7.62mm) – 9 Active Designs ¾–19Click Passive to Designs edit Master text styles – 19 Obsolete Designs ¾ ¾STANAGSecond 4090 –level Small Arms Ammunition (9mm Parabellum) – 5 Active Designs ¾–13Third Passive level Designs – 4 Obsolete Designs ¾ ¾STANAGFourth 4172 level – 5.56mm Ammunition Linked (Or Otherwise) – 12 Active Designs ¾–12Fifth Passive level Designs ¾ STANAG 4173 – 25mm x 137 Ammunition – 2 Active Designs ¾ STANAG 4383 – 12.7mm (0.50) Ammunition Packed As Linked Belts – 6 Pending Designs

34 Other SG/1 Accomplishments Click to edit Master title style ¾ Implemented 6215 Pressure Transducer, now industry standard ¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾¾HighlightedSecond designlevel problems with various weapon systems – UK L85A1 Rifle ejection problems led to mid-life ¾Thirdimprovement level program – Italy AR-70/90 Rifle magazine issues led to redesign of ¾FourthBeretta magazinelevel – Spanish CETME-L Rifle defects due to fluted chamber led ¾Fifthto NNW level withdrawal – French NF1 Machine Gun barrel design problems led to NNW withdrawal

¾ 5.56mm Minimi Machine Gun Dovetail Standardization for Linked Ammo Packs 35 NATO Small Arms Ammunition Interchangeability Benefits Click to edit Master title style ¾ Supports NATO and Coalition Warfare – Forces operate side by side more than ever before ¾ SupportsClick to the edit need Master for small text arms styles ammunition which is ¾integralSecond in levelcurrent operations ¾ Provides significant ammunition stockpile multiplier - The ¾availableThird level world market for small arms ammunition is becoming smaller every day ¾Fourth– Significant level participation from non-NATO nation ammunition ¾Fifthmanufacturers level ¾ Provides Logistic, Strategic and Tactical Advantages – NATO Nations Do Use Each Other’s Ammunition Successfully as Evidenced Through Experience in Bosnia / Afghanistan / Iraq ¾ Many nations only purchase NATO Qualified Ammunition Designs and NATO Nominated Weapon Systems

36 Conclusion Click to edit Master title style ¾ NATO Small Arms Ammunition – one of the most ¾importantClick to andedit widely Master used textitems styles on the battlefield and in peace-keeping operations ¾Second level ¾ ¾SG/1Third is levelthe only group within NATO which actually demonstrates the ability of a foreign weapon system to ¾functionFourth safely level and satisfactorily with another nation’s ammunition ¾Fifth level ¾ SG/1 offers continuous proof through direct evidence of the ability to interchange ammunition to NATO soldiers on the battlefield

37 Questions? Click to edit Master title style

¾Click to edit Master text styles ¾Second level ¾Third level ¾Fourth level ¾Fifth level