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Metoclopramide – Induced Extrapyrami- Dal Signs and Symptoms – Brief Review of Literature and Case Report http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2014206.539 Journal of IMAB Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 2014, vol. 20, issue 6 ISSN: 1312-773X http://www.journal-imab-bg.org METOCLOPRAMIDE – INDUCED EXTRAPYRAMI- DAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS – BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND CASE REPORT. Mirena Valkova1, Boyko Stamenov1, Dora Peychinska1, Ivanka Veleva2, Pepa Dimitrova2, Pavlina Radeva2. 1) Clinic of Neurology, UMHAT “Dr G. Stranski”, Pleven, Bulgaria 2) Psychiatric Department, Medical University - Pleven, Bulgaria ABSTRACT: Extrapyramidal side effects due to metoclopamide Introduction: Metoclopramide is a dopamine are the most common ones. Reported incidence is approxi- receptor agonist and well known antiemetic and mately 0.2%, but in aged and young patients this incidence gastrokynetic agent. Its usage has been restricted by Euro- increases up to as high as 25%, the risk in children is 6 pean Medicines Agency (EMA), because of acute and times higher than in adults [8, 9]. chronic neurological adverse events. Extrapyramidal syn- They may occur earlier after treatment (most often dromes, including parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, within the first 24-72 hours), but most likely after several akathisia and acute dystonias, are the most reported and dosages [8, 9, 10]. Risk factors for serious neurological most often drug side effects. events are high dosages, long treatment period, and treat- Contingent and methods: We present a case of 23 ment of children or elderly patients [8, 9, 10]. Tardive dys- years old woman with a 3-year history of Metoclopramide- kinesia and Parkinsonism are generally seen after long-term induced recurrent oculogyric crises. use, whereas dystonia and akathisia can occur after a sin- Results: The patient suffered from examinophobia, gle dose of metoclopramide [10]. with minimal benzodiazepine symptoms relief. She Although the possible reason of extrapyramidal side willfully took small dosages of oral Metoclopramide for effects presentation is a blockage of striatal D2 receptor, nausea relief before her examinations, which lead to recur- their exact mechanism remains unclear [9]. rent oculogyric crises, short after the drug intake. After a The most often types of extrapyramidal side effects detailed explanation of drug side effects and medicine dis- due to Metoclopramide usage are parkinsonism, tardive continuation, they disappeared. She had no significant dyskinesia, acute dystonias and akathisia. Metoclopramide- medical and family history of neurological and psychiat- induced parkinsonism is not uncommon, risk factors are ric conditions. Laboratory data were normal. long-term usage, female sex, advanced age, diabetes Conclusions: Metoclopramide could induce acute or mellitus and polypharmacy [10, 11]. Tardive dyskinesia is chronic neurological conditions and its usage should be a syndrome characterized by persistent, potentially irrevers- restricted in general population to some specific conditions. ible involuntary movements. Metoclopramide tardive dys- Some of its adverse reactions are often misdiagnosed and kinesia incidence is likely to be <1%. [12, 13]. Risk fac- improperly treated. Critical drug anamnesis with a focus tors are long term use of the medicine, increased age, fe- on Metoclopramide usage in some cases could enhance di- male gender, pre-existing abnormal movements, diabetes agnosis. mellitus, “organic” brain dysfunction and atrophy, psychi- atric disorders, family history of tardive dyskinesia, Key words: Metoclopramide side effects, dopamine polypragmasia [13]. Early syndrome recognition may im- antagonist, oculogyric crises. prove the likelihood of remission [14]; however the treat- ment in some cases may be unsuccessful. Several medicines, INTRODUCTION: though with variable effects could be used for the symp- Metoclopramide is well known antiemetic and toms relief; they are Amantadine, Tetrabenazine, Benzo- gastrokynetic agent, used for treatment of nausea, vomit- diazepines (limited results), Melatonin (high dosages at ing, gastroparesis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease and long treatment period could be effective), Vitamine E (lim- migraine [1, 2, 3, 4]. It is a dopamine (D2) receptor an- ited results) [14]. Surgical interventions and Deep brain tagonist with short life and mixed 5HT3 receptor antago- stimulation may be used in treatment resistant cases [14]. nist and 5HT4 receptor agonist [5, 6, 7]. Although its sig- Incidence of acute dystonias due to metoclopramide nificant effect on nausea and vomiting and widely usage is about 0.2% with female preponderance [15]. They are in practice, on 24 October 2013 European Medicines usually presented as buccolingual, torticollic, oculogyric Agency’s Committee on Medical Products for Human Use and opisthotonic forms [15]. Risk factors are unclear, al- recommended changes of metoclopramide containing though parenteral usage and high dosages are believed to medicines use, due to the potential risk of serious neuro- be more likely associated with acute dystonias [15]. The logical side effects. [8] mechanism of their development remains unclear, but the / J of IMAB. 2014, vol. 20, issue 6 / http://www.journal-imab-bg.org 539 duration of these symptoms corresponds to T1/2 of the drug scribed for her nausea; she refused benzodiapine treatment [15]. Intravenous diphenhydramine may be used for dys- and psychotherapy. The patient had no more oculogyric cri- tonia reversion [15, 16]. Sometimes the clinical picture may ses after the previously mentioned corrections and she imitate acute encephalitis or other brain diseases [15]. passed her exams session with success. The incidence of metoclopramide – induced akathisia is unknown, because of under recognition, al- DISCUSSION: though it is believed to be about 20-25% [17, 18]. It may Oculogyric crisis is an acute dystonic reaction [15], present with varying grades of severity [17, 18]. Benzodia- characterized by prolonged involuntary upward deviation zepines, betablockers, α2-agonists, opioids, and anti- of the eyes, which can be associated with some drugs us- cholinergics may be used for treating syndrome [17, 18]. age - neuroleptics and other dopamine antagonist (includ- ing Metoclopramide), carbamazepine, chloroquine, CONTINGENT AND METHODS: cisplatin, lithium, domperidone, nifedipine, pemoline, We present a case of 23 years old woman with Meto- phencyclidine, etc. or with brain diseases. It could be re- clopramide-induced oculogyric crises misdiagnosed as current and triggered by different factors (including stress panic attacks. History of disease, general, neurological and and drug exposure). The syndrome is often misdisgnosed. psychological examinations, laboratory data are applied. In many cases it can mimic some neurological and psychi- atric diseases, particularly in cases with short duration and RESULTS: mild severity, it is underdiagnosed [15]. Our patient had The patient (23 years old student) was presented at long history of recurrent acute Metoclopramide-induced our department with a 3- year history of unexplained ocu- oculogyric crises, misdiagnosed as panic attacks, with wors- logyric crises during some of her examinations. She suf- ening of signs that lead to severe, although short-time func- fered from long term examinophobia with anxiety and mod- tional disabilities and psychological distress. The signs erate autonomic signs, including nausea and vomiting, occurred early after taking medication and disappeared tachycardia and pallor. Small dosage of benzodiazepine without treatment, similarly to that notified by Arumugam (Rivotril) for acute symptom prevention was prescribed [15]. Our patient had other psychiatric illness – with minimal effect and she willfully stopped it. At first examinophobia, but no history of co-morbid neurological she complained of unexpected oculogyric crises with short and psychiatric conditions, no family history of dyskinesia duration (2 minutes), during her examination 3 years ago. or other neurological diseases and no polypragmasia. The This sign troubled her and she visited her outpatient psy- explanation of drug-side effects to the patient appeared to chiatrist, who diagnosed severe panic attack and sent her be of great importance, because, because she obviously to psychologist. Psychotherapy was not conducted, because took and stopped medications herself, without visiting phy- of patient’s refusal. The same syndrome she had many times, sician or reading drug instructions. In this clinical case we irregularly, during some of her examinations, however the diagnosed the Metoclopramide – induced adverse drug re- syndrome worsened with every appearance – the duration action after a 2- month clear period and no oculogyric cri- and severity of signs increased and she was unable to sit ses during the whole exams session. The patient remained for her exams. She had no symptoms between examinations, under medical observation and according to us should un- no other significant medical or family history. At first she dergo a psychological treatment. denied substance abuse and unprescribed medicine usage. Laboratory data were normal. She was kindly asked again CONCLUSIONS: for using unprescribed medications of all kinds, with a fo- Metoclopramide induces acute or chronic neurologi- cus on dopamine-agonists. The patient confessed that she cal side effects and its usage in general population should had taken 1 or 2 tablets (10-20 mg) Metoclopramide be- be restricted to some specific conditions. Some of its ad- fore examinations for nausea suppression.
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