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Great Lakes Beach Hazards: Developing a Risk Communication Strategy for Dangerous Waves and Currents

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Great Lakes Beach Hazards: Developing a Risk Communication Strategy for Dangerous Waves and Currents FINAL REPORT Great Lakes Beach Hazards: Developing a Risk Communication Strategy for Dangerous Waves and Currents March 2014 Eastern Research Group Lexington, Massachusetts Written under contract for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Storms Program National Weather Service Great Lakes Sea Grant Network Great Lakes Coastal Zone Management Programs EAJ33C-09-CQ-0034 Task Order: 37 NOAA Coastal Services Center (843) 740-1200 www.csc.noaa.gov Eastern Research Group, Inc. 110 Hartwell Avenue Lexington, MA 02421 www.erg.com March 31, 2014 Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Coastal Storms Program and Beach Hazards in the Great Lakes .............................................................. 1 Selected Survey Results ............................................................................................................................ 1 Information Sources .............................................................................................................................. 2 Risk Perception ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Hazard Identification ............................................................................................................................. 4 Messages ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Key Findings and Guidance for the Strategy From Interviews, Literature Search, and Team Discussions ... 7 Overall strategy ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Message content ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Other issues to consider ........................................................................................................................... 8 Recommendations for a Risk Communication/Social Marketing Strategy ................................................... 9 Community of practice ............................................................................................................................. 9 Goals and objectives of the strategy....................................................................................................... 10 Objectives/Timeline ............................................................................................................................ 10 Target audiences for the strategy ....................................................................................................... 11 Messaging ............................................................................................................................................... 11 NWS Beach Hazard Statements .......................................................................................................... 11 Strategies/tactics and dissemination mechanisms ................................................................................. 12 Appendix A: Expert Interview Summaries .................................................................................................. 20 Christine Manninen, Great Lakes Commission ....................................................................................... 20 Dr. Guy Meadows, Great Lakes Research Commission .......................................................................... 22 Ron Kinnunen, Michigan State University .............................................................................................. 24 Professional Surfer Focus Group Discussion ........................................................................................... 26 Jim Gallie, Ludington State Park ............................................................................................................. 29 Matt Warner, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ............................................................ 31 Jesse Schomberg, Minnesota Sea Grant ................................................................................................. 33 Appendix B: “Staying Safe at the Beach”—Great Lakes Beach Hazards Web-based Survey—Results Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 36 Great Lakes Beach Hazards Web-based Survey—Selected Cross-tabulations ....................................... 64 i Appendix C. Great Lakes Beach Risk Messaging Intercept Survey—Results Summary .............................. 83 Appendix D: Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 119 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 119 Current & Wave Research ..................................................................................................................... 119 NOAA Great Lakes Current Incident Database ................................................................................. 119 Brander—The RIPSAFE Project ......................................................................................................... 120 WPI— Enhancing Rip Current/ Beach Safety Awareness Among Teenagers ................................... 121 Hatfield—Intervention Study ............................................................................................................ 122 Brighton—Rip current related drowning deaths in Australia 2004-2011 ......................................... 123 Sherker—Beachgoers’ beliefs and behaviours ................................................................................. 124 Leatherman and Fletemeyer—Rip Currents ..................................................................................... 124 Demographics and Statistics (non-current-specific) ............................................................................. 125 Carl—Wisconsin drowning demographics ........................................................................................ 125 Driscoll—Alcohol and drowning ....................................................................................................... 125 Peden—Drowning in children and adolescents (Australia) .............................................................. 125 Risk Perception and Beach Messaging (any hazard) ............................................................................. 126 White—Swimming between the flags .............................................................................................. 126 McCool—Risk perception.................................................................................................................. 126 EPA BEACH Act Assessment .............................................................................................................. 127 EPA BEACH Act Assessment Case Study: Chicago Park District ........................................................ 128 EPA BEACH Act Assessment Case Study: Orange County, CA ........................................................... 129 EPA BEACH Act Assessment Case Study: Newport Beach, CA .......................................................... 130 Works Cited ........................................................................................................................................... 131 ii Introduction Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG), under contract to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) Coastal Storms Program (CSP), has developed a risk communication strategy to address the problem of dangerous waves and currents on the Great Lakes, and the loss of life these hazards can cause. The project was designed to: Identify how beachgoers perceive the risk of dangerous currents and waves in the Great Lakes. Evaluate existing messages and delivery mechanisms (such as National Weather Service [NWS] Surf Zone Forecasts). Translate complex beach conditions into understandable, actionable messages for specific beachgoer audiences. Identify effective delivery mechanisms for specific audiences. This report presents the findings of ERG’s research, including: Summaries of interviews conducted in July-October 2013 with experts and practitioners with knowledge about various aspects of the problem and potential solutions. These interviews included a focus group with surfers active in education and rescue activities (Appendix A). Results of two surveys conducted in summer 2013: a web-based survey and beach intercept survey (Appendices B and C). A summary of a literature search conducted at the beginning of the project (Appendix D). The report then lays out recommendations for the risk communication strategy, including overall goals, audiences, dissemination mechanisms, and potential objectives to be tracked over time. Coastal Storms Program and Beach Hazards in the Great Lakes CSP initiated scoping of issue-based focus areas in the Great Lakes in 2011. Beach hazards (wave- and current-focused) detection and risk communication were selected as a focus area. Beach hazards were a major issue of concern identified by numerous partners and aligned
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