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Investigating Route-Choice by Recreational Walkers in the English Lake District Nick Davies a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfil

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Investigating Route-Choice by Recreational Walkers in the English Lake District Nick Davies a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfil Investigating route-choice by recreational walkers in the English Lake District Nick Davies A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, at the University of Central Lancashire May, 2016 i Student Declaration Concurrent registration for two or more academic awards: I declare that while registered for the research degree, I was with the University’s specific permission, an enrolled student for the following award: 2011 – 2012: Post-graduate Certificate in Teaching and Learning in Higher Education Material submitted for another award: I declare that no material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award and is solely my own work: Signature of candidate: ________________ ____________________________ Award: Doctor of Philosophy School: School of Management ii iii Abstract Walking is the principal outdoor recreation activity in the UK, and a significant part of the tourism offer. However, tourism study has not previously given significant attention to match participation levels. Furthermore, the range of participation in evidence necessitates a closer investigation. Walkers vary widely in the frequency of their walks, how important walking is in their tourism activity, and their motivations and preferences in walking environments. A combination of data collection methods involved a qualitative programme of 23 interviews with walking practitioners and an extensive survey questionnaire of walkers in the English Lake District (n=518). The study was framed by a grounded theory approach. This research design methodology reflects the exploratory nature of the study. Additionally it addresses the fact that the UK walking market is at present, supplied by a nebulous collection of sectors, which are as yet, not as congruent in their approach to management as they could be. The study resulted in a number of important findings which add to the body of knowledge on walking in national parks and other rural tourism environments. The range of walking activity can be explained in part by individual levels of confidence in the activity. Participants are either ‘casual’ or ‘serious’ in their approach towards walking; and this distinction enables research to conceptualise an activity which spans more extreme recreational activities such as mountaineering, and the significant part of the market who will walk whilst on holiday, or on day visits, but elsewise not frequently. Route-choice was found to be related to, but not dependent on the casual-serious typology: one individual could be serious in their approach but undertake less iv demanding, ‘more casual’ walks at certain times. This can be built upon by future research, to understand the motivations of individuals in more depth. v Table of contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..iv Table of contents.........................................................................................................................vi Table of tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………xi Table of figures...........................................................................................................................xiv Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….xvi 1 Introduction: The importance of recreational walking in the present day……..………….1 1.1 Introduction to the subject area……………………………………..……………………….……..1 1.1.1. Walking for recreation………………………………………………………….……….…..……...…1 1.1.2. Walking locations: National parks, and the Lake District………………….…..….……4 1.1.3. Tourism research, the tourist typology and the rationale for this study……..….5 1.2 Introduction to the research and thesis…………………………………………………………..9 1.2.1 Aims of the thesis………………………………………………………………………………………….9 1.2.2 Scale and scope of the research…………………………………………………………………..10 1.2.3 Value of the research………………………………………………………………………………..…11 1.2.4 Breakdown of thesis chapters………………………………………………………………………13 1.3 Summary of the chapter………………………………………………………………………………..15 2 Literature Review: The academic context for recreational walking research……..……16 2.1 Introduction to the chapter…………………………………………………………………………..16 2.2 The academic niche: Appropriate literature areas for studying walking in tourist locations……………………………………………………………………………………………………….19 2.2.1 Introduction: walking as a tourist activity and a form of travel………………..…..19 2.2.2 Tourism Studies and their inter-disciplinary nature……………………………….….…25 2.2.3 Leisure, recreation and tourism……………………………………………………………………27 2.2.4 Adventure tourism studies………………………………………………………………………..…32 2.2.5 Transportation, geography and health studies…………………………………………....36 2.2.6 Summary of the section……………………………………………………………………………….40 2.3 How recreational walkers may differ: an exploration of segmentation and motivation in tourism study…………………………………………………………………………..41 2.3.1 Introduction to the section………………………………………………………………………….41 2.3.2 Segmentation: the differentiation of tourists using typologies…………………….41 2.3.3 Motivation theory………………………………………………………………………………………..50 2.3.4 Push and pull factors…………………………………………………………………………………...53 2.3.5 Grouping tourists and recreational walkers………………………………………………….55 2.3.6 Summary of the section……………………………………………………………………………….61 2.4 Exploration of walking route-choice and preference for location ………………...62 2.4.1 Introduction to the section………………………………………………………………………….62 vi 2.4.2 The factors which affect tourist travel choices: destinations and natural settings………………………………………………………………………………………………………..63 2.4.2.1 Route-choices at tourist destinations…………………………………………….63 2.4.2.2 Route-choices in natural settings……………………………………………………69 2.4.3 The factors which affect recreational walking choices………………………………...76 2.5 Initial conceptual model of route-choice and summary of the chapter………….83 3 Methodology.………………………………………………………………………………………………………..86 3.1 Introduction to the chapter ………..………………………………………………………………..86 3.2 Research philosophy of the thesis…………………………………………..…………………….88 3.3 Research approach of the thesis: grounded theory and combined data collection methods……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…95 3.4 Research method…..………………………………………………………………………………………99 3.4.1 Qualitative stage of data collection…..………………………………………………….………99 3.4.1.1 Sampling strategy…………………………………………………………………………101 3.4.1.2 Data collection approach…………………………………………..…………………103 3.4.1.3 Data management and analysis……………………………………………………104 3.4.2 Quantitative stage of data collection………………………………………………………...105 3.4.2.1 Sampling strategy…………………………………………………………………………106 3.4.2.2 Data collection approach…………………………………………………………..…107 3.4.2.3 Data management and analysis……………………………………………………108 3.5 Summary of chapter……………………………………………………………………………………111 4 Research Context: The supply and demand of recreational walking in the UK………113 4.1 Introduction to the chapter……………………………………………………………………..….113 4.2 The demand for walking in the UK………………………………………………………………114 4.2.1 Historical context……………………………………………………………………………………...114 4.2.2 Current situation……………………………………………………………………………………...116 4.2.2.1 Global perspective: The UK in context as a ‘walking nation’………...116 4.2.2.2 Walking participation in the UK in the current period……………….…119 4.2.2.3 Who walks in the UK?......................................................................121 4.3 The supply for walking in the UK………………………………………………………………….123 4.3.1 Historical context……………………………………………………………………………………….123 4.3.2 Current situation………………………………………………………….…………………………….127 4.3.2.1 Policy on rural tourism and walking………………..………………………….…127 4.3.2.2 Organisational context: stakeholders for the promotion of walking and protection of natural resources………………………………….………………….……130 4.3.2.3 Organisational context: commercial stakeholders………………….…....132 4.3.2.4 Organisational context: tourism………………………………………………..…133 4.2.3.5 Organisational context: management of resources………………………133 vii 4.4 The Lake District National Park…………………………………………………………………….134 4.5 Summary of the chapter………………………………………………………………………………138 5 Interview Findings: the practitioner view of recreational walking…………………………141 5.1 Introduction to the chapter…………………………………………………………………………141 5.2 Reflective summary of grounded process and emergent themes………………..142 5.2.1 NVivo coding………………………………………………………………………………….………….142 5.2.2 Breakdown of main themes…………………………………………………….………………….143 5.2.2.1 Research idea: related themes………………………………….………………….143 5.2.2.2 Emergent cross-cutting themes……………………………………………………143 5.2.2.3 Contextual themes……………………………………………………………………….144 5.2.2.4 Reflective themes……………………………………………………………………..…144 5.2.3 The sample and how personal experiences affected the data……………………145 5.2.4 Summary of the research process and sample…………………………………………..148 5.3 Towards a typology: Characteristics, behaviour and general motivations of recreational walkers…………………………………………………………………………………...149 5.3.1 General motivations for recreational walking…………………………………………….149 5.3.2 Characteristics of recreational walkers……………………………………………………...152 5.3.3 The role of confidence: a core theme in the analysis………………………………….154 5.3.4 General walking-related behaviour…………………………………………………………...158 5.3.5 Casual and serious walking or casual and serious walkers?..........................162 5.3.6 Summary of the section: building a typology by exploring the grouping characteristics of walkers…………………………………………………………………….….…169 5.4 Explaining route-choice……………………………………………………………………………….169 5.4.1 Introduction to the
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