OPAL A fish-eye view of the OPAL detector along the beamline direction of CERN's LEP elec­ tron-positron collider. Centre is the rear side of the pole-tip hadron calorimeter with the cables of the end-cap lead-glass detector passing through the hole where the mini- beta quadrupole is normally situated. The photograph, taken during a shutdown when the detector was open, shows, left and right, the two arrays of the barrel lead-glass counters.

(Photo CERN 343.4.89) ty of the Big Bang picture, this Great Uniformity is in itself a major cosmological result, providing sig­ nificant new limits on the dynamics and physical processes in the infant Universe. The third major COBE detector is looking for signs of another kind of cosmic background radiation. The Diffuse Infrared Background Experi­ ment (DIRBE) looks in the 1-300 micron band for radiation from gal­ actic evolution - signals not as old as the CMB, coming from the first formation of luminous objects. Although this radiation density could be comparable to that of its older microwave counterpart, it would inevitably be masked by bright foreground signals from our own Galaxy and from solar system dust, even with a cryogenic detec­ tor outside the Earth's atmosphere. Initial DIRBE scans show the ex­ pected character of the infrared sky, including patchy cirrus seen by IRAS. As well as searching for background infrared radiation, this detector will provide invaluable in­ formation on interplanetary and in­ terstellar dust. The kernel of the OPAL (Omni Pur­ sion of what is going on, while With its detectors improving pose Apparatus for LEP) collabora­ many other pieces have been ad­ their coverage of the sky, COBE's tion at CERN's LEP electron-posi­ ded to make a detector much more new insights will continue to shed tron collider came from the JADE flexible and comprehensive than new light on the innermost secrets (JApan, Deutschland, England) ex­ JADE ever was. of the Universe. Meanwhile with periment at the lower energy PE- By the time the OPAL technical the Hubble Space Telescope not as TRA electron positron collider at proposal was accepted in 1982 the badly handicapped as originally DESY, Hamburg. The name of a original JADE collaborators had feared for its surveys in the visible, semi-precious stone is a reminder been outnumbered by the rest, in­ ultraviolet and near-infrared re­ of the JADE tradition, while the cluding survivors from unsuccessful gions, and with the new Gamma spelled-out version conveys versa­ bids for LEP experiments. OPAL Ray Observatory now deployed, tility. had also developed its characteris­ satellite astronomy promises a new Three successful JADE ele­ tic way of taking decisions - very wide-angle view of the Universe. ments, the Jet Chamber, the lead- democratically, after long and ex­ glass calorimeter and the muon haustive debate. A CERN collabora­ From information supplied by drift chambers, were used as mod­ tion is not an industrial consortium George Smoot, Lawrence Berkeley els for OPAL. The Jet Chamber is a - there is no binding contract com­ Laboratory. pictorial drift chamber, 4 metres in pelling any of the more than twenty diameter and 4 metres long. In ev­ groups to obey spokesman Aldo ent display pictures the Jet Cham­ Michelini. We cooperate because ber tracks give a very vivid impres­ that is the only way to get results.

4 CERN Courier, June 1991 CRYSTAL BALLS? The unique answer to crystal = 3ns, anode pulse rise time for delta-function XP3462 ball requirements. Developed light pulse 57 for KfK's neutrino oscillation experiment, the 10% for Co and 3"x3" Nal (Tl) scintillator 6 XP3462 offers a combination of rise time and G = 10 at 1500 V Pulse linearity within 2% up to 100mA. energy resolution unequalled by other 3" PMTs. Plastic ball photo courtesy of LBL/GSI Philips Components, Building BAF2, 5600 MD Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Telex 35000 phtcnl/nl jeveo.

STILL SETTING THE STANDARD

PHILIPS PHILIPS A three-jet event as seen in OPAL. The emerging muon (top right) strongly suggests a quark jet, its companion being the bottom jet, tagged by its high energy (wide opening angle). The top left cluster is thus probably due to gluon radiation. Such events enabled the OPAL collaboration to make an early ac­ curate determination of the quark-gluon in­ teraction strength (alphas).

This is the third in the CERN Courier's series of articles on the four big experiments - Al- eph, Delphi, L3 and Opal - at CERN's LEP electron-positron collider. Data-taking started soon after LEP became opera­ tional in July 1989, and after a five-month run last year, the experiments are aiming in this year's run, which lasts until November, to substantially in­ crease their data samples. Be­ cause of the long lead times involved in today's major physics undertakings, these four experiments already have a decade of history behind them. For Aleph, see Janua­ ry/February, page 1; Delphi, November 1990, page 1. L3's decade will be covered in a forthcoming issue.

Everyone, from youngest student independence of the young CERN needed (and if someone will pay to oldest professor, can speak up. fellows, who may all decide to turn for it!). Since young students and post- up at the same meeting to repre­ Aleph and Delphi both use Time docs do a lot of the work it does sent themselves. Projection Chambers (TPCs) for no harm for them to be in on the We had two magnet coil de­ central tracking. The biggest ad­ debate. Some individuals learn how signs, both from the late Mario vantage of Opal's Jet Chamber is to get their own way whatever the Morpurgo of CERN. The collabora­ that it collects all the drifting decision-making process - one key tion wanted a superconducting coil charge from its tracks within 10 figure made sure that the physics but was overruled by CERN man­ microseconds, fast enough to use programme in the Technical Propo­ agement after the technical propo­ the information in a track-trigger to sal was to his liking by keeping the sal had been accepted, the idea be­ select interesting events before the discussion going until 11.30 at ing that one of the three experi­ next LEP electron-positron beam night, when all the younger mem­ ments with solenoid magnets crossing (within 22.5 microse­ bers of the editorial committee should start with a normally con­ conds). were worn out! ducting coil, in case the cryogenics Another curious difference be­ Sub-group culture in OPAL varies in Aleph and Delphi should prove tween OPAL and the other LEP ex­ widely. Some groups are highly di­ troublesome. We have now run for periments is its main control room, sciplined, rarely represented at any two years with the normal coil with 100 metres down, in the exper­ meeting by more than one mem­ great success, but the supercon­ imental cavern. We had planned to ber. At the other extreme is the ducting design is still available if have a control room on the sur-

6 CERN Courier, June 1991 A view of the 2-layer silicon microvertex de­ tector recently installed in OPAL. face, like everyone else, but the rush startup in August 1989 meant that we had to do everything downstairs, even writing output tapes direct from the data-analysis crates. With time, the computer room on the surface took over that task, as well as doing immediate offline reconstructions. But the downstairs control room is a much better place for monitoring equip­ ment and we kept delaying the transfer of main shift personnel to the surface. Now that most safety checks can be done by computer the number of people needed for a shift has been reduced, so we find it more efficient to keep them all downstairs - where the safety shift can see what the physics shift is doing, and the physics shift can back up the safety people in any emergency. From the outset, we were desig­ tector to reconstruct events con­ staff, some are from outside nated as the 'safe experiment', the taining short-lived particles such as groups. Most are based in CERN, one sure to work from the start, beauty mesons. for obvious reasons - although the and this judgement has motivated An effective democracy must coordinator of the simulation pro­ the collaboration ever since to have an executive arm as well as a gram for the detector manages to avoid being seen as 'safe but dull'. parliament. OPAL's coordinators handle his code by remote control. We were meant to and duly are the people who get things Groups have great freedom to were the first experiment to see Zs done. After lengthy policy debates choose their physics analysis to­ at LEP, and performance on central on the microvertex detector, one pics. Inevitably those who built the physics topics such as the line- small group was left to get on with muon detectors tend to specialize shape of the Z and pushing up the it - working intensely throughout in physics involving muons, elec­ mass limit on the Higgs boson has the winter to meet the installation tromagnetic calorimeter experts been sharply competitive. Quick- coordinator's deadline. spend some of their time on elec­ off-the-mark young OPAL physi­ Run coordinators define the tron and gamma-ray channels, etc. cists have also contributed pioneer­ short-term programme, organize But no topic is the property of any ing analyses - the first LEP meas­ underground shifts and 'choose vo­ one group, and a number of parallel urement of the quark coupling con­ lunteers' to get the best data from analyses of the same data will oft­ stant (alpha-s), deduced from the every run. The online coordinator en be going on, some at CERN, fraction of three-jet events signall­ has to be sure that every subdetec- some in the home laboratories. A ing radiation of hard gluons from fi­ tor will read out into the common single analysis team is unlikely to nal state quarks (using the tried event builder. The offline coordina­ be bigger than six people, often and tested 'JADE jet analysis tors organize parallel shifts to put just one PhD student with his su­ method'); and early results on hard data through the latest versions of pervisor, but all teams report regu­ photon bremsstrahlung from the reconstruction programmes larly to a 'working group' which re­ quarks. and release events for physics ana­ views progress and coordinates For 1991 OPAL's competitivity lysis. presentation of results. has been extended with the first OPAL coordinators are rarely Just as decisions on installing stage of a silicon microvertex de­ group leaders - some are CERN and running the detectors are ar-

CERN Courier, June 1991 7 Around the Laboratories

*A description of Cornell's B factory plans will appear in the next issue. rived at by consensus rather than though it is intimately related to a by executive order, so decisions on BERKELEY/ six-quark picture, the phenomenon publications are debated very op­ STANFORD has never been explained, and new enly. An analysis, before approval information could lead to important for publication, must first be pre­ B factory plans* advances in understanding. sented at an OPAL weekly meeting Capitalizing on recent advances at CERN. Then a draft will be circu­ For the past several years, acceler­ in detector technology and new in­ lated to every institute in the colla­ ator physicists at Lawrence Berkel­ formation on the properties of the boration, although it can be hard to ey Laboratory (LBL) and the Stan­ b quark, it is now widely accepted get all the illustrations for a meaty ford Linear Accelerator Center that such an asymmetric collider piece of work to all the outside lab­ (SLAC) have been involved in the offers a good platform for an in- oratories in time for everyone to design of an Asymmetric B Factory depth study of CP violation. This comment. Nobody's text is 'right' to be sited in the tunnel of the PEP was endorsed last year by the US until an 'editorial board', with at electron-positron collider at SLAC. High Energy Physics Advisory Pa­ least two people with no direct This effort comes from a sug­ nel (HEPAP) through the delibera­ hand in that particular piece of gestion by LBL's Deputy Director tions and recommendations of its work, has gone over the draft. In a Pier Oddone that a high-luminosity 1990 subpanel, headed by Frank final 'public reading' objectors must electron-positron collider with un­ Sciulli, on the US high energy phy­ 'speak now or forever hold their equal beam energies would open sics research programme for the peace'. Nevertheless there have up exploration of CP violation with 1990s (July/August 1990, page been 34 OPAL papers and letters B particles (containing the heavy 4). submitted to journals (as of 8 April 'beauty' or 'b' quark - s6 far CP The design effort was initiated in 1991), with two or three new ones violating studies have been limited early 1989, when a group of accel­ coming out each month. to the neutral kaon system.) erator and particle physicists from The collaboration is still growing. The combined violation of parti- Caltech, LBL, SLAC, and the Uni­ Two major new groups have joined cle-antiparticle (C) and mirror reflec­ versity of California began looking in the past year, bringing expertise tion (parity - P) symmetries was at the idea of an asymmetric elec­ and hardware to assist in the online discovered by V. Fitch and J. Cron- tron-positron collider based on an and offline data-analysis. And the in at Brookhaven in 1964. Al- upgrade of the PEP ring at SLAC. physics programme continues to advance. OPAL looks forward to lots more Zs as the luminosity of SLAC/LBL/LLNL B FACTORY the machine is increased and to the greater sensitivity to subtleties of the theory with polarized beams. Most of all we look forward to the next great energy threshold and studying the production of W pairs. Whatever the challenge, the Omni Purpose Apparatus for LEP will be ready.

By David Miller

Schematic of the proposed B Factory at Stanford, fed by the two-mile linac and us­ ing the existing PEP electron-positron ring.

8 CERN Courier, June 1991