Chinese Ceremonial Music in Mahayana Buddhism in Southern Thailand

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Chinese Ceremonial Music in Mahayana Buddhism in Southern Thailand Chinese Ceremonial Music in Mahayana Buddhism in Southern Thailand Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie (Dr. Phil.) vorgelegt der Philosophischen Fakulät der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Fachbereich Musikwissenschaft/Musikethnologie von Frau Rewadee Ungpho geb. am 07.06.2010 CONTENT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG i THAI ORTHOGRAPHY: CONSONANTS 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 THAI-CHINESE IN SOUTHERN THAILAND: AN OVERVIEW 8 2.1 Chinese Society 8 2.2 Buddhism in Thailand 10 2.3 Buddhist Temple and Chinese Life 13 2.4 The Teaching of Buddha in Sutras 15 3 BUDDHISM IN SOUTHERN THAILAND 22 3.1 The Dvaravati Period 22 3.2 The Srivijaya Period 23 3.3 The Sukhothai Period 24 3.4 The Ayutthaya Period 26 3.5 The Thonburi Period 27 3.6 The Rattanakosin Period 28 3.7 Mahayana Buddhism in Thailand Today 31 4 CHINESE CEREMONIES AND MAHAYANA BUDDHISM 33 4.1 The Chinese Calendar System 33 4.2 Ceremonies in the Cycle of the Year 34 4.2.1 Chinese New Year 35 4.2.2 Dispelling Misfortune Ceremony 36 4.2.3 Ancestor Worship 37 4.2.4 Paying the Respect to the Deity Ceremony 38 4.2.5 The Festival of Leaving the Basket for Charity 45 4.2.6 The Moon Festival 52 4.3 Ceremonies in the Cycle of Life 52 4.3.1 Ordination Ritual 53 4.3.2 Funeral Ceremony 55 4.3.3 Merit-Transferring Ceremony 55 5 THETSAKAN KIN CHE (fl∏…¢”∆¢’∫fl©): THE VEGETARIAN 63 ۿ FESTIVAL 5.1 The Character Symbol of Thetsakan kin che 65 5.2 Five Pungent Herbs 67 5.3 Pak Tao: The Northern Dipper 69 5.3.1 The Incarnation of Nine Stars in a Buddhist Sutra 74 5.3.2 The Incarnation of Nine Stars in Taoist Belief 75 5.4 Tao Bo: The Mother of Nine Stars 76 5.5 The Nine Planets in the Thetsakan kin che in the Annam Nikaya 78 5.6 Various Arrangements of the Thetsakan kin che 82 5.6.1 The Mahayana Buddhist Festival of the Associations 83 5.6.2 The Mahayana Buddhist Festival of the Monks in the Annam nikaya (Wat Thawon) 88 5.6.3 The Taoist Festival 91 5.7 The Most Important Prayer of the Thetsakan kin che: the “Pak Tao Sutra” 97 5.8 White Dresses and Conditions of the Festival 102 5.9 The Black and Yellow Flag for Spirit Mediums (Ma Song) 103 5.10 Trance in the Procession Ceremony 104 6 THE MUSIC OF MAHAYANA BUDDHISM IN SOUTHERN 108 THAILAND 6.1 Chinese Music 108 6.2 Ritual/Ceremony and Music 109 6.3 History of the Music Ensemble in Southern Thailand after World War II 110 6.4 Thepphachaodontri (fl∏øfl©ç”µ∫∂ƒ)÷: The God of Music 116 6.5 The Traditional Repertories 117 6.6 Musical Instrument 121 6.7 New Genres 133 7 MUSIC IN MAHAYANA BUDDHISM CONTEXTS 134 7.1 “The Heart Sutra” in the Context of Music 137 7.2 “The Great Compassion Sutra” in the Context of Music 152 7.3 “The Smaller Sukhavativyuha Sutra” in the Context of Music 158 7.4 Music and Worship 164 7.5 Sounding and Dharma 167 7.6 Music and Repetition 170 8 MUSICAL INFORMATION AND MUSIC ANALYSIS 174 8.1 Textual Analysis 174 8.1.1 Verse Structure of Chang (Buddhist Anthem) 175 8.1.2 Verse Structure of Geng (Sutra): Structure for Chants 177 8.1.3 Verse Structure of Chio (Dharani/Mantra) 181 8.1.4 Verse Structure of Ki (Gatha) 183 8.2 Musical Structures 184 8.2.1 The Melodic Structure 184 8.2.2 Tempo and Rhythmic Patterns 198 8.2.3 Chui technique in Southern Thailand 204 8.2.4 Sound Qualities and Timbre 207 8.2.5 Transposition and Model Change 209 8.2.6 Variation and Heterophony 211 8.2.7 Setting Arrangements of Ensemble 213 8.2.8 The Structure of Chanting Practice 214 8.2.9 Musical Accompaniment 216 8.2.10 Thai Musical Accompaniment 219 9 CONCLUSIONS 222 10 APPENDICES 229 10.1 Appendix 1: Legend 229 10.2 Appendix 2: Texts and Melodies’ transcriptions 230 10.3 Appendix 3: Texts and Translations 249 10.4 Appendix 4: Pictures 270 11 LIST OF FIGURES 276 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 298 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In dieser Arbeit wird die Rolle der chinesischen Musik im Mahayana- Buddhismus Südthailands untersucht. Ziel dieser Studie ist die Erforschung der Zusammenhänge zwischen der Zeremonialmusik des Mahayana-Buddhismus und den chinesischen Traditionen in Thailand während der letzten 50 Jahre. Für die Untersuchung wurde die entsprechende wissenschaftliche Literatur herangezogen und mit ethnomusikologischen Methoden gearbeitet. Neben der teilnehmenden Beobachtung wurden Interviews mit Musikern und Verantwortlichen für die Zeremonialmusik gemacht sowie audio-visuelle Feldaufnahmen. Ausgehend von einem kurzen Überblick über die Geschichte der Einwanderung von Chinesen, ihrer Stellung in der thailändischen Gesellschaft und ihres religiösen Lebens (Chapter 2) wird kurz die historische Entwicklung des Buddhismus in Thailand dargestellt. Die Bevölkerung des Landes ist überwiegend buddhistisch und folgt der Lehre des Theravada-Buddhismus. Diese kurzen Ausführungen zur Entwicklung des Buddhismus sollen verdeutlichen, dass der Mahayana-Buddhismus aufs engste mit den chinesischen Immigranten in Verbindung steht, denn nur in den von Chinesen besiedelten Gebieten des Südens wird diese Form der buddhistischen Lehre praktiziert (Chapter 3). Im folgenden Abschnitt werden die chinesischen Zeremonien im Mahayana- Buddhismus ausführlicher dargestellt, und es zeigt sich wie in China die Vermischung von Elementen aus dem Theravada-Buddhismus Thailands nicht vorhanden ist. Von Beginn an hat der Mahayana-Buddhismus vielfältige Einflüsse aus anderen religiösen Richtungen Chinas aufgenommen, ganz besonders auffallend ist die Integration von Gottheiten aus dem Taoismus. Auch in Thailand ist die Anbetung der verschiedenen Buddhas, Bodhisattvas und der taoistischen Gottheiten (wie z. B. der Neun Kaiser) stets Teil der Zeremonien des Mahayana-Buddhismus (Chapter 4). Als Fallstudie für die Zeremonien des Mahayana-Buddhismus im südlichen Thailand dient hier das Thetsakan Kin Che, das sogenannte „Vegetarische Festival“, das heute als größtes und wichtigstes Ereignis des Mahayana-Buddhismus angesehen wird. In den Zeremonien dieses Festes lassen sich besonders deutlich die Einflüsse und Übernahmen aus den verschiedenen religiösen Glaubensrichtungen erkennen (Chapter 5). Anschließend an dieses für das Verständnis des religiösen Lebens der Chinesen in Südthailand bedeutsamen Festes wird die Musik, ihre Ausübung durch chinesische Musikensembles und ihr traditionelles Repertoire im Mahayana-Buddhismus vorgestellt. Die Basis für die musikalische Gestaltung der Zeremonien bildet die Musik, die mit den chinesischen Immigranten nach Thailand kam. Die größte Anzahl von Chinesen stammt aus dem südlichen Chaozhou im Grenzgebiet der Provinzen Guangdong und Fujian. Die Musik dieser chinesischen Region bestimmt bis heute die Musik der Thai-Chinesen, so wie sie in den religiösen Zeremonien verwendet wird, auch wenn es einige Veränderungen gibt. Die Musik wird für vier verschiedene Textarten mit einer besonderen poetischen Form eingesetzt. Die Texte sind die buddhistische Hymne (chang), die Sutras (geng), Dharani/Mantra (chio) und Ghatha (ki). Das normale Tempo für diese Gesänge ist ein gemäßigtes Tempo (yipang), immer verbunden mit melismatischem Gesang, dessen Tempo sich allmählich steigert und schließlich in einem schnellen Tempo (chuipang) endet. (Chapter 6). Diesen Ausführungen folgt die Untersuchung der drei für alle Zeremonien wichtigsten Sutras. Der Aufbau der Sutras steht immer in Verbindung mit den Musikensembles und den teils rezitatorisch, teils musikalisch gestaltenden Gebetsgruppen, Die detaillierten Ausführungen zu den einzelnen Sutras werden abgeschlossen durch Untersuchungen zur Musik ausserhalb der Sutras, zur Rolle der Musik für die Verehrung, zur Interpretation des musikalischen Klanges für Buddhisten und zu den wesentlichen Merkmalen der musikalischen Gestaltung für den Glauben (Chapter 7). Das abschliessende Kapitel enthält die Analysen der Texte und der Musik. Herausgearbeitet wurden vor allem die Besonderheiten der strukturellen Merkmale der chinesischen Musik und ihrer Praxis im Mahayana-Buddhismus in Thailand, denn die traditionelle Musik des Landes ist bestimmt von ganz anderen Merkmalen, einem unterschiedlichen Aufbau der verwendeten Skalen mit anderen Intervallgrößen und einem dieser Praxis angepassten, anderen Instrumentarium (Chapter 8). Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf drei wesentliche Punkte, auf den Mahayana- Buddhismus in Südthailand, auf die chinesischen Traditionen der dazu gehörenden Zeremonien und auf die Zeremonialmusik selbst. Als Ergebnis dieser Untersuchung ist festzustellen, dass die Chinesen sehr gut in die thailändische Gesellschaft integriert sind, dass der Mahayana-Buddhismus mit all seinen Erscheinungsformen als chinesisch einzuordnen ist, dass sich aber hinsichtlich der aus den Tonsprachen resultierenden textlich-klanglichen Verschiedenheiten und damit auch der melodischen Ausführung Veränderungen ergeben haben. Die Übersetzungen aus dem Sanskrit/Pali in Chinesisch, in Thailand ausgesprochen im Taechew-Dialekt (Guangdong) und neuerdings auch die Übertragung in die Thaisprache haben Auswirkungen auf die musikalische Gestaltung. Musikalisch hat sich vor allem in den Tempi eine andere Verwendung eingebürgert. Das normale Tempo für die Ritualmusik ist ein gemäßigtes Tempo (yipang), immer verbunden mit melismatischem Gesang, das sich allmählich steigert und schließlich in einem schnellen Tempo (chuipang) endet. In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich auch die instrumentale Besetzung für die Begleitung der buddhistischen Zeremonien verändert, sei es durch Hinzunahme von westlichen Instrumenten, sei es durch Neukompositionen und Übernahme vorhandener Melodien aus ganz anderen Bereichen, die aber „im chinesischen Stil“ gestaltet werden. Insgesamt
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