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Dracaena, Muchas De Allende El Mar Y Pocas De Aquí Desde el Herbario CICY 5: 10–12 (07/Febrero/2013) Herbario CICY, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. (CICY) http://www.cicy.mx/sitios/desde_herbario/ DRACAENA , MUCHAS DE ALLENDE EL MAR Y POCAS DE AQUÍ ROGER ORELLANA Unidad de Recursos Naturales Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. (CICY). Calle 43, No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, México [email protected] Dentro de las monocotiledóneas en el Otra rareza, aunque en su hábitat es Orden Asparagales, existe un conjunto de común, si no abundante es la endémica géneros que se caracterizan por ser de Dracaena cinnabari Balf. f. de la isla porte arborescente, ramificado, con follaje Socotra de Yemen, que llega a formar arrosetado y tener una corteza con creci- verdaderos bosques. Más raro aún, en el miento anómalo semejante al corcho. Este Neotrópico solo hay dos especies del gé- conjunto de taxa ha transitado por las Li- nero en zonas disjuntas. Dracaena ameri- liaceae, Agavaceae, Convallariaceae, cana Donn. Sm. crece en bosques húme- Xantorrhoeaceae, Asteliaceae, Ruscaceae, dos sobre sustratos de calizas desde los Dracaenaceae y Nolinaceae; la mayoría Tuxtlas en el norte hasta Chiriquí en Pa- actualmente se ubican en la familia Aspa- namá hacia el sur. La otra especie es la ragaceae, según los últimos reportes de la endémica Dracaena cubensis Vict. cuyo APG. Incluye géneros como Beaucarnea , hábitat son los bosque de pinos de las Nolina , Cordyline , Yucca , Xantorrhoea , Montañas de Moa, al norte de Guantána- Pleomele y Dracaena . mo en Cuba. Es notorio que las inflores- El género Dracaena comprende ac- cencias de ambas especies son muy distin- tualmente cerca de 118 especies recono- tas, la primera en panícula y la segunda en cidas y está relacionado con Pleomele y cabezuela, con lo que es muy probable Sansevieria , este último grupo con espe- que se hayan originado de linajes un tanto cies de porte mas herbáceo. A la fecha se distintos, lo cual nos hace hipotetizar que están realizando estudios para entender su diáspora se presentó en tiempos distin- las relaciones de Pleomele con Dracaena tos y por distintas vías. La distribución de ya que algunos autores las consideran un las especies tropicales de bosques húme- solo género. Es muy probable que el cen- dos, es muy compleja y comprende el tro de origen de Dracaena hayan sido las centro de África, Malasia e inclusive la porciones meridionales y orientales de Polinesia hasta Hawaii. África. La mayoría de sus especies habi- Una gran cantidad de estas especies tan regiones semiáridas y bosques secos tropicales, son ornamentales y se pueden en el Viejo Mundo (África y Asia), aun- confundir como especies nativas en cada que también hay especies en zonas más país donde se cultiven. Es el caso de Dra- aisladas como las islas Canarias (Macaro- caena fragrans (L.) Ker-Gawl. provenien- nesia), donde crece el famoso drago o te de Guinea y Nigeria; Dracaena dere- sangre de dragón Dracaena draco (L.) L., mensis Engl. de Africa Tropical; Dracae- al que se le atribuyen propiedades curati- na surculosa Lindl. del Congo; Dracaena vas e inclusive mágicas. En Canarias exis- goldieana Bullen ex Mast. & Moore pro- ten algunos individuos milenarios como el cedente de Nigeria; Dracaena sanderiana drago de Icod de los Vinos en la isla de Hort. Sander ex Mast. nativa de Camerún Tenerife. y Congo; Dracaena marginata Lam. de 10 Desde el Herbario CICY 5: 10–12 (07/Febrero/2013) Herbario CICY, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. (CICY) http://www.cicy.mx/sitios/desde_herbario/ Madagascar; así como Dracaena hooke- cuánto llegó al Neotrópico y en particular riana Koch nativa de Sudáfrica. Actual- a la Península? ¿Cuál puede ser su proba- mente es muy popular el cultivo de los ble especie ancestral? Estas son preguntas “bambúes de la suerte” que en realidad que aún no se han podido contestar. Nues- son tallos de Dracaena sanderiana , mis- tro interés por darla a conocer y conser- ma que se ha logrado cultivar con éxito varla ex situ , ha hecho que la hayamos FIGURAS. Diversas especies y cultivares de Dracaena . A. Dracaena americana , en las cercanías de Tres Garantías, Q. Roo, México (foto: R. Orellana). B. Dracaena cin- nabari , Yemen, Socotra (http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/06/socotra/melford- moffett-photography). C. Grupo de mujeres de día de campo en bosque de Dracaena cinnabari , en Socotra, Yemen, (http://dractax.myspecies.info/content/dracaena-and- sansevieria). por cultivo de tejidos. cultivado y que la tengamos en las colec- A través de estas breves líneas se ha ciones del Jardín Botánico Regional Xíit- visto que el grupo de Asparagales arbo- bal neek’ , en las cercanías de la cafetería. rescentes crecen naturalmente en muchas Si al lector le llama la atención, la podrá regiones del mundo. Entre estas plantas, encontrar junto con Dracaena draco , y destacan por su belleza, singular distribu- otras Dracaena así como con sus parien- ción e importancia económica las Dra- tas, las lenguas de vaca o Sansevierias . caena . Pero aún más, en la selva alta y Todas estas pueden ser halladas, entre mediana perennifolia y subperennifolia otros sitios, en las inmediaciones de la del sur de la Península, todavía podemos Palapa y la colección de agaves. detectar, aunque marginalmente, peque- ñas poblaciones de Dracaena americana , Referencias que es además parienta cercana de Beau- carnea pliabilis, la despeinada. ¿Hace 11 Desde el Herbario CICY 5: 10–12 (07/Febrero/2013) Herbario CICY, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. (CICY) http://www.cicy.mx/sitios/desde_herbario/ Bos, J.J. 1979. Complications in revising lato and related families (Asparagales) Dracaena L. (Liliaceae). Taxonomic based on plastid and nuclear DNA se- aspects of African economic botany: quences. Annals of Botany 106: 775– proceedings of the ix Plenary Meeting 790. of A.E.T.F.A.T., Las Palmas de Gran Pei-Luen, L. & C. Morden. 2010. Phylo- Canaria 18–23 March, 1978 genetics of the plant genera Dracaena Bos, J.J. 1998. The Families and Genera and Pleomele (Asparagaceae). Botanica of Vascular Plants, Monocotyledons, Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 7: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), Spring- 64–72 er-Verlag, Volume III, Berlin, Heidel- Patil, D.A & R.M. Pai. 2011. The Aga- berg, p. 238–241. vaceae: Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Joo-Hwan, K., K. Dong-Kap, F. Forest, Appraisal. Journal of Experimental M.F. Fay & M.W. Chase. 2010. Molec- Sciences 2: 20–24. ular phylogenetics of Ruscaceae sensu FIGURAS. Diversas especies y cultivares de Dracaena . D. Dracaena draco , Islas Ca- narias, nótese lo curioso del hábito (http://dractax.myspecies.info/content/dracaena- and-sansevieria). E. Dracaena cubensis en Moa, Cuba. (foto: Cécile Fugulin, JBMon- treal.). F. Dracaena deremensis , el bambú de la suerte o Dracaena deremensis , muy vendido actualmente (http://www.arbolesornamentales.es/Dracenas.html). G. Dracae- na marginata "tricolor", nativa de Madagascar y hoy ampliamente cultivada en el mundo ( http://lawnpatiobarn.wordpress.com/2010/02/03/red-margined-dracaena/). Palabras clave: Asparagales, Biogeografía, Conservación, Evolución, Horticultura. 12 .
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