Chicago Symphony Orchestra Riccardo Muti Zell Music Director
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PROGRAM ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-FIFTH SEASON Chicago Symphony Orchestra Riccardo Muti Zell Music Director Pierre Boulez Helen Regenstein Conductor Emeritus Yo-Yo Ma Judson and Joyce Green Creative Consultant Global Sponsor of the CSO Thursday, October 8, 2015, at 8:00 Friday, October 9, 2015, at 1:30 Tuesday, October 13, 2015, at 7:30 Semyon Bychkov Conductor Renaud Capuçon Violin Glanert Brahms-Fantasie United States premiere Brahms Violin Concerto in D Major, Op. 77 Allegro non troppo Adagio Allegro giocoso, ma non troppo vivace RENAUD CAPUÇON INTERMISSION Brahms Symphony No. 1 in C Minor, Op. 68 Un poco sostenuto—Allegro Andante sostenuto Un poco allegretto e grazioso Adagio—Allegro non troppo, ma con brio CSO Tuesday series concerts are sponsored by United Airlines. This program is partially supported by grants from the Illinois Arts Council, a state agency, and the National Endowment for the Arts. COMMENTS by Phillip Huscher Detlev Glanert Born September 6, 1960, Hamburg, Germany. Brahms-Fantasie, Heliogravure for Orchestra For Detlev Glanert, the Glanert has visited the world of Brahms’s great Germanic musical music before, with his 2004 orchestration of the tradition is not a burden Four Serious Songs, where he not only enhanced but an invitation to new Brahms’s songs with full orchestral colors realms of understanding. (without changing a note of Brahms’s scores) but Glanert, who began to added his own preludes between them—a perfect study composition at the demonstration of the balanced concern for both age of twelve in his native tradition and innovation that characterizes the Hamburg, moved to newer Brahms-Fantasie. “We hear Brahms, yet Cologne in the mid-1980s don’t hear him,” Glanert says of the piece. “We to work with Hans Werner Henze, the often hear my music, yet it isn’t entirely my music.” highly political German opera composer, who In that sense, this is one of his most advanced has remained a guiding spirit throughout his efforts yet in his quest to inhabit the musical career. Like Henze’s output, many of Glanert’s worlds of the past and the present at the same works are commentaries on the music of the past. time. Glanert subtitles the piece “Heliogravure His Symphony no. 1—one of his earliest compo- for Orchestra,” referring to the two-part photo- sitions, written in 1985—is an exploration of graphic process in which the original image is Mahler’s vast symphonic landscape and even painted over and transformed by the artist. The quotes from Das Lied von der Erde. “A symphony result is a kind of musical palimpsest, in which of today can only be a discussion of the sympho- strands of Brahms—the powerful opening of the nies of yesterday,” he once said. Mahler/Skizze, First Symphony, snatches of Hungarian waltzes, composed four years later, was inspired by a visit rigorous counterpoint, the composer’s signature to Mahler’s grave. three-against-two rhythmic patterns—weave The Brahms-Fantasie performed this week in and out of Glanert’s score. Glanert calls it “a offers another way of viewing the past in light picture puzzle, music about music, a mind game, of the present day. Although Glanert’s purely and a fantasy along alien, yet familiar paths.” orchestral works often are satellite scores related to his large music theater pieces— his Brahms-Fantasie reflects the compos- Theatrum bestiarum, given its U.S. premiere er’s career-long belief that all music has by the Chicago Symphony in May 2010, is “to be connected to the life of people.” intimately tied to his opera Caligula—his TheT fantasy is meant for listeners who have heard Brahms-Fantasie is an independent score. It is music that Brahms did not—the daring and one of four works commissioned by the BBC adventurous explorations of the twentieth cen- Scottish Symphony to serve as short companion tury that Arnold Schoenberg provocatively said pieces for Brahms’s four symphonies. Glanert’s were already latent in the seemingly traditional offering—the last of the four to be composed— music of Brahms himself. For Glanert, all music, was designed to be performed on the same including the revered classics, “must tell you program as Brahms’s First Symphony, as it is something about your life and something about this week in Chicago. what you are. If it does not, it will die.” COMPOSED These are the United States four horns, two trumpets, three 2012 premiere performances. trombones, timpani, strings FIRST PERFORMANCE INSTRUMENTATION APPROXIMATE March 22, 2012; Glasgow, Scotland two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, PERFORMANCE TIME two bassoons and contrabassoon, 12 minutes 2 Johannes Brahms Born May 7, 1833, Hamburg, Germany. Died April 3, 1897, Vienna, Austria. Violin Concerto in D Major, Op. 77 Joseph Joachim and The violin concerto was sketched during a sum- Johannes Brahms became mer holiday at Pörtschach in 1878, just across the instant friends when they lake from the country house where Alban Berg met in May 1853. Both would write his violin concerto nearly sixty years men were in their early later. Brahms picked the key of D major (the twenties, and although tonality of the Second Symphony he had recently Brahms was an unknown, finished) and planned the concerto in four with all his greatest music movements, an unprecedented scheme. While still to come, Joachim was composing, Brahms often turned to Joachim for already a celebrity—the technical advice about the solo part—Joachim most brilliant and promising violinist around. not only knew the instrument’s capabilities better Joachim described Brahms as “pure as a dia- than anyone, but also was a gifted composer mond, soft as snow,” reminding us that the himself. (When they met in 1853, Joachim was composer’s familiar portly figure and bushy beard the more accomplished composer; Brahms used were later acquisitions. With music as their bond, to let him see everything he wrote, seeking both they became close—confiding secrets, enjoying criticism and encouragement.) It was Brahms’s each other’s company, and sharing the things own decision to abandon the four-movement they loved. It was Joachim who insisted that design and to replace the two inner movements Brahms meet the Schumanns, a visit that with a single adagio. (The leftover scherzo may changed the young composer’s life—Robert have been salvaged for the four-movement B-flat wrote his last critic’s column to introduce Brahms piano concerto Brahms put aside in order to work to the public, and Clara became a confidante and on this concerto.) He was still making further a valued colleague, if not more. adjustments after the first performance, in It was simply a matter of time before Brahms Leipzig, on New Year’s Day, 1879. would offer to write a concerto for his best friend. The work was not a success. (At the premiere, (Brahms had overcome his fear of tackling the the applause was lukewarm, though many in the forms in which Beethoven triumphed and had audience were distracted by Brahms’s failure to completed two symphonies and a piano concerto.) hook up his suspenders properly.) When Clara COMPOSED MOST RECENT CADENZA 1878 CSO PERFORMANCES Joseph Joachim March 7, 8 & 10, 2012, Orchestra Hall. FIRST PERFORMANCE Pinchas Zukerman as soloist, Riccardo APPROXIMATE January 1, 1879; Leipzig, Germany. Muti conducting PERFORMANCE TIME Joseph Joachim as soloist, the 40 minutes March 9, 2012, Hill Auditorium, composer conducting University of Michigan. Pinchas CSO RECORDINGS Zukerman as soloist, Riccardo FIRST CSO PERFORMANCES 1955. Jascha Heifetz as soloist, Fritz Muti conducting January 19 & 20, 1894, Auditorium Reiner conducting. RCA Theatre. Henri Marteau as soloist, August 10, 2014, Ravinia Festival. 1976. Itzhak Perlman as soloist, Carlo Theodore Thomas conducting Miriam Fried as soloist, Bramwell Maria Giulini conducting. Angel Tovey conducting July 30, 1938, Ravinia Festival. 1997. Maxim Vengerov as soloist, Jascha Heifetz as soloist, Eugene INSTRUMENTATION Daniel Barenboim conducting. Teldec Ormandy conducting solo violin, two flutes, two oboes, two 2002. Rachel Barton as soloist, Carlos clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, Kalmar conducting. Cedille two trumpets, timpani, strings 3 Schumann heard it earlier, in a private perfor- Brahms opens the slow movement with one of mance, she commented that the orchestra and his finest melodies, given to the oboe against a soloist were “thoroughly blended,” but others saw woodwind accompaniment. The Spanish virtuoso that distinction differently. Hans von Bülow, a Pablo de Sarasate allegedly refused to play this man seldom without opinions, said that Brahms concerto because he didn’t care “to stand on the had written a concerto against the violin; the platform, violin in hand, to listen to the oboe violinist Bronislaw Huberman elaborated: “It is a playing the only real tune in the whole work.” concerto for violin against the orchestra—and the Sarasate would more easily earn our sympathy violin wins.” if Brahms didn’t Eventually, Brahms’s work was widely per- quickly turn formed and greatly admired; it was even deemed from the oboe worthy of standing beside Beethoven’s single vio- to the violin, lin concerto. Brahms had invited the comparison having saved for himself by picking the same key and by writing it an unbroken for the violinist who had recently put Beethoven’s outpouring of concerto back in circulation. song that car- ries us through rahms honors the classical model; in to the end of the first movement, he writes a double the movement. exposition—one for the orchestra alone, We don’t Bthe second led by the violin. This would be immediately unremarkable, except that most concertos written associate Brahms in the seventy-odd years since Beethoven’s with merriment, had struggled to find novel ways to proceed.