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Plant-Damaging Pollutants in the Atmosphere, Vol.11, Issue 2

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Plant-Damaging Pollutants in the Atmosphere, Vol.11, Issue 2 Dr, James L. Green ORNAMENTALS Sept.-Oct. 1987 Horticulture Department Vol.11, Issue 2 NORTHWEST OSU Pages 4-9 ARCHIVES Corvallis, OR 97331 PLANT-DAMAGING POLLUTANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE Ethylene Ethylene is produced from many sources including industrial processes, exhaust from internal combustion engines, in propane gas mixtures and manufactured gas. It is a natural product of plants, especially damaged tissue and aging flowers and fruits and vegetables. The sensitivities of ornamental plants to ethylene, an air pollutant, throughout the life of the plant (production, storage, shipment, re-establishment) have been investigated by a number of researchers. Ethylene toxicity symptoms were described for 52 plant species that were tested and classified according to their ethylene (C2H4) sensitivity by Woltering (1987). In general, flowering plants appeared more sensitive to ethylene treatment than did foliage plants. Ethylene toxicity symptoms observed included abscission of flowers, flower buds, inflorescences, and leaves, flower wilting, bud blasting, leaf yellowing, epinasty, and greater susceptibility to fungal infection. Flowering plants exhibited abscission of flowers, flower buds or whole inflorescences after 24 hour exposure to ethylene (Woltering, 1987). Abscission of flowers, flower buds or of whole inflorescences occurred in about 65% of the species of flowering plants. In general, the mature flowers abscised at lower ethylene concentrations than did the flower buds; however, in Fuchsia the flower buds appeared to be more sensitive. Leaf abscission was observed by Woltering (1987) in about 50% of the foliage and in about 30% of the flowering plants. Abscission of leaves generally occurred after 72 hours of exposure to ethylene. However, Beloperone, Clerodendron and Solanum exhibited leaf abscission after only 24 hours exposure. The older leaves usually abscised first at the lower ethylene concentrations. However in Capsicum annuum the younger leaves abscised preferentially, and in Dizygotheca and Browallia the oldest as well as the youngest leaves first showed abscission. All fruit-bearing plants tested exhibited fruit-drop. Severe yellowing of leaves was only observed in Rhaphidophora aurea and Pelargonium zonale. Premature wilting of bowers was accompanied by bud blasting in some cases (i.e. Campanula, Kalanchoe, Pelargonium), and by abscission in the case of Cyclamen. A number of species showed an increase in fungal infections with increased ethylene exposure (i.e. Campanula, Chrysanthemum, Pelaronium, Saintpaulia). Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers, which are insensitive to ethylene from a physiological point of view, were severely damaged by fungal infection (i.e. Botrytis) when exposed to ethylene; it should be noted, however, that normal flower bud development does not occur when chrysanthemum is exposed to ethylene: Ethylene at concentrations as low as 0.018 to 0.072 ppm prevented flower bud development; crown buds did form, but were by-passed by vegetative shoots (Larson, etal., 1987). The 52 species tested by Woltering (1987) were classified according to their ethylene toxicity symptoms and ethylene-sensitivity (Tables 1 & 2). Fuchsia hybrids and Hibiscus rose-sinensis were among the most sensitive. As well as differences between species, considerable differences in ethylene-sensitivity occurred between cultivars of the same species. Additional classification of horticultural plants according to their ethylene-sensitivity is presented in Table 3 (Marousky and Harbaugh, 1986), Table 4 (Poole, 1986) and Table 5 (Hickman, etal., 1986). AVOID ETHYLENE EXPOSURE: Beware of confinement with fruits and vegetables: Because fruits and vegetables may produce high concentrations of ethylene, plants should not be confined with them, i.e. plants should not be stored or shipped with fruits and vegetables. Table 6 (Poole, 1986) obtained from the University of Norway gives comparative ethylene producing capabilities of some vegetables and fruits. If a grower decides to risk storage/shipment of plants with fruits or vegetables, temperatures should be maintained as low as possible without low temperature damage to the plants and frequent air exchange should be maintained Beware of faulty and unvented greenhouse heaters and C02 generators: Tight greenhouses and unvented heaters often resulted in ethylene damaged plants rather than cost savings in 1986 (Larson, etal. 1987; Hickman, etal. 1986). During the winter of 1986 five different operations in California suffered severe crop losses from ethylene symptoms (Hickman, etal. 1986). In all the operations, standard vented gas heaters had recently been replaced with direct-fired unvented heaters because of potential 20-30% savings in energy costs. Air in these greenhouses was found to contain ethylene concentrations as high as 500 parts per billion. Production of ethylene is not the only possible problem introduced by unvented heaters and C02 generators. Oxides of nitrogen may also be produced; high concentrations of oxides of nitrogen are more pernicious than ethylene because often the only symptom exhibited by plants is reduced vigor. Carbon monoxide, another product of incomplete combustion, is a gas that is extremely toxic to humans. Table 1 (Woltering, 1987). FOLIAGE PLANTS: Ethylene toxicity symptoms and sensitivity classification after exposure to 0-15 microlitersfliter ethylene (0-15 ppm ethylene) for 24 or 72 hours in darkness at 20°C. C2H4 Toxicity Symptoms Abcission1 y g t g i - ty v 2 i s t i t i f s on a aves u n e e r e Plant Species L Fruits L Yellowin F Ripenin Epina S Classifi cati Anthurium scherzerianum ...................................................................................................….0 Aralia, Fatsia japonica .................... C ..........................................................X .................... 2 Asparagus densiflorus 'Sprengeria' ......................... D .................................................................................. 1 Asplenium nidus .................................................................................................................... 0 Capsicum annuum .......................... C .... C ......................................................................... 2 Chamaedorea elegans .........................................................................................................0 Codiaeum variegatum ..........................................................................................................0 Cordyline fruticosa .............................................................................................................. 0 Dieffenbachia'Marianne' .............................................X .................................................... 1 Dizygotheca elegantissima ................... CD.................................................................................... 3 Dracaena marginata .................................................... X....................................................1 Dracaena sanderiana ....................................................X .................................................... 1 Eucharis grandiflora ....................................................X ................................................... 1 Euphorbia keysii ............................. D ..........................X ................................................... 3 Euphorbia pseudocactus .... D ......................................X .................................................. 6 Ficus benjamina ............................ C ..................................................................................1 Ficus deltoidea ............................. C .... C ................................X ................................... 3 Ficus pumila .................................. C ................................................................................... 2 Hedera canariensis 'Variegate' ........................... C .................................................................................. 1 Nephrolepis exaltata ............................................................................................................0 Philodendron scandens oxycardium .......................... C .................................................................................. 3 Rhaphidophora aurea ...................................................X ................................................... 3 Schefflera compacta ................ CD ...........................................................X ...................4 Scindapsus pictus ................................................................................................................. 0 Solanum pseudocapsicum .... C .... C ...........................................X ................................... 7 Yucca elephantipis ........................................................X .................................................. 1 1Letters refer to the position of the abscission zones: C, at base of petiole; D, at base of the leaf blade. 2See Materials and Methods and Fig. 1 - Higher the number, the more sensitive the plant. Table 2 (Woltering, 1987). FLOWERING PLANTS: Ethylene toxicity symptoms and sensitivity classification after exposure to 0-15 microliters/liter ethylene (0-15 ppm ethylene) for 24 or 72 hours in darkness at 20ºC. C2H4 Toxicity symptoms 1 Abscission k 2 g ower on win ti ting a al Attac & Fl cences s er wilting w aves e Flowers Buds Inflore L Flo Bud
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