In cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Lands
Data Series 327
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Lands
By Daniel G. Galeone
In cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
Data Series 327
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director
U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008
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Suggested citation: Galeone, D.G., 2008, Data compilation and assessment for water resources in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 327, 65 p. iii
Contents
Abstract...... 1 Introduction...... 2 Purpose and Scope...... 2 Water Resources...... 5 Data Compilation...... 6 Water Quantity...... 6 Streamflow...... 9 Ground Water ...... 9 Precipitation...... 9 Water Quality...... 9 Available Data...... 11 Benthic Macroinvertebrates...... 11 Geographic Information Systems Coverages...... 11 Data Assessment...... 11 Water Quantity ...... 11 Streamflow...... 12 Ground water ...... 12 Precipitation...... 18 Water-Budget Summary...... 18 Water Quality...... 22 Streams...... 22 Lakes...... 28 Ground-Water Wells and Springs...... 28 Summary...... 47 Benthic Macroinvertebrates...... 47 Summary...... 59 Geographic Information System Coverages...... 59 Summary And Conclusions ...... 59 References Cited...... 63 Appendix 1 - List of all U.S. Geological Survey surface-water sites with water-quantity and continuous water-quality data for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 64 Appendix 2 - List of all U.S. Geological Survey ground-water wells with water-quantity (water-level elevation) data for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 64 Appendix 3 - List of active National Weather Service, Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency, and U.S. Geological Survey precipitation stations in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 64 Appendix 4 - List of parameter codes, parameter descriptions, and the water-quality group designated for each parameter...... 64 Appendix 5 - Water-quality data summary for stream sites in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database...... 64 Appendix 6 - Water-quality data summary for stream, acid mine drainage, and wastewater sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database...... 64 iv
Appendix 7 - Water-quality data summary for stream sites and springs in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Modernized STORET database...... 64 Appendix 8 - Water-quality data summary for stream sites in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania retrieved from the Susquehanna River Basin Commission database...... 64 Appendix 9 - Water-quality data summary for Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection water-quality network stream sites in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 64 Appendix 10 - Water-quality data summary for lake sites in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database...... 64 Appendix 11 - Water-quality data summary for lake sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database...... 64 Appendix 12 - Water-quality data summary for Pennsylvania Department Environmental Protection water-quality network lake sites in state park land in Pennsylvania...... 64 Appendix 13 - Water-quality data summary for ground-water wells located in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database...... 64 Appendix 14 - Water-quality data summary for springs located in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database...... 65 Appendix 15 - Water-quality data summary for ground-water wells in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database...... 65 Appendix 16 - Water-quality data summary for springs in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database...... 65 Appendix 17 - Water-quality data summary for ground-water wells in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and the Susquehanna River Basin Commission databases...... 65 Appendix 18 – Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database...... 65 Appendix 19 – Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations and dates retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy and Modernized STORET databases for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 65 Appendix 20 – Locations of benthic-macroinvertebrate samples collected by the Susquehanna River Basin Commission in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 65 Appendix 21 – Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania retrieved from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection database...... 65 Appendix 22 - Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample dates and locations obtained from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 65 v
Figures
1-24. Maps showing: 1. Location of state forest lands in Pennsylvania...... 3 2. Location of state park lands in Pennsylvania...... 4 3. Boundaries of the 35 resource-management watersheds used by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection...... 7 4. Location of continuous-record U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations with water-quantity data in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands...... 13 5. Location of partial-record U.S. Geological Survey surface-water sites with water-quantity data in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands...... 16 6. Location of U.S. Geological Survey ground-water sites with water-quantity data in state forest and park lands of Pennsylvania...... 17 7. Location of active National Weather Service, Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency, and U.S. Geological Survey precipitation stations in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands...... 19 8. Location of U.S. Geological Survey stream sites with water-quality data in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands...... 23 9. Location of stream and acid-mine drainage sites with water-quality data retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 24 10. Location of stream sites with water-quality data retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Modernized STORET database for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania ...... 25 11. Location of stream sites with water-quality data retrieved from the Susquehanna River Basin Commission for state forest lands in Pennsylvania ...... 26 12. Location of stream sites with water-quality data in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands that are part of the Water Quality Network of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection...... 27 13. Location of lake sites with water-quality data in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database...... 35 14. Location of lake sites with water-quality data retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 36 15. Location of lake sites with water-quality data in Pennsylvania state park lands that are part of the Water Quality Network of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection...... 37 16. Location of ground-water wells and springs with water-quality data in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database....43 17. Location of ground-water wells with water-quality retrieved from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 44 18. Location of springs with water-quality data retrieved from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 45 19. Location of ground-water wells with water-quality data retrieved from the Susquehanna River Basin Commission and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection databases for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...46 vi
20. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations retrieved from U.S. Geological Survey database for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 54 21. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations retrieved from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy and Modernized STORET databases for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 55 22. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations retrieved from the Susquehanna River Basin Commission database for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 56 23. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations retrieved from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection database for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania...... 57 24. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations obtained from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission for Pennsylvania state forest and park lands...... 58
Tables
1. The 35 resource-management watersheds used by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection...... 8 2. Groupings used for the summarization of water-quality data...... 10 3. List of continuous stream-gaging stations in state forest and park lands, amount of common area with state lands, and determination if stream station is representative of state lands...... 14 4. Summary of surface-water, ground-water, and precipitation sites where water-quantity data were collected in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands...... 20 5. Water-quality summary for stream sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from all available electronic databases...... 29 6. Water-quality summary for lake sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from all available electronic databases...... 38 7. Water-quality summary for ground-water wells in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from all available electronic databases...... 48 8. Water-quality summary for springs in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from all available electronic databases...... 52 9. Summary of benthic-macroinvertebrate samples in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from all available electronic databases...... 60 10. List of geographic information system (GIS) coverages with potential applications for development of water budgets and ecological-flow assessments...... 61 vii
Conversion Factors and Datums
Multiply By To obtain Length foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) Area square mile (mi2) 259.0 hectare (ha) Volume gallon (gal) 3.785 liter (L)
Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows: °F=(1.8×°C)+32 Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: °C=(°F-32)/1.8 Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29). Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).
Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Lands
By Daniel G. Galeone
Abstract type (streams, lakes, ground-water wells, and springs) of data compiled. The number of samples and number of detections As a result of a cooperative study between the U.S. Geo- for each analyte within each group also were summarized. A logical Survey and the Pennsylvania Department of Conserva- total of 410 stream sites and 205 ground-water wells in state tion and Natural Resources (PaDCNR), available electronic lands had water-quality data from the available data sets, and data were compiled for Pennsylvania state lands (state forests these sites were well-distributed across the state. A total of and parks) to allow PaDCNR to initially determine if data exist 107 lakes and 47 springs in state lands had water-quality data to make an objective evaluation of water resources for specific from the available data sets, but these data types were not basins. The data compiled included water-quantity and water- well-distributed across the state; the majority of water-quality quality data and sample locations for benthic macroinverte- data for lakes was in the western or eastern sections of the brates within state-owned lands (including a 100-meter buffer state and water-quality data for springs was primarily located around each land parcel) in Pennsylvania. In addition, internet in the central part of the Lower Susquehanna River Valley. links or contacts for geographic information system cover- The most common types of water-quality data collected were ages pertinent to water-resources studies also were compiled. major ions, trace elements, and nutrients. Physical parameters, Water-quantity and water-quality data primarily available such as water temperature, stream discharge, or water level, through January 2007 were compiled and summarized for typically were collected for most water-quality samples. site types that included streams, lakes, ground-water wells, Given the large database available from PaDEP for springs, and precipitation. Data were categorized relative to benthic macroinvertebrates, along with some data from other 35 watershed boundaries defined by the Pennsylvania Depart- agencies, there is very good distribution of benthic-macroin- ment of Environmental Protection for resource-management vertebrate data for state lands. Benthic macroinvertebrate sam- purposes. ples were collected at 1,077 locations in state lands from 1973 The primary sources of continuous water-quantity data to 2006. Most (980 samples) of the benthic-macroinvertebrate for Pennsylvania state lands were the U.S. Geological Survey samples were collected by PaDEP as part of the state assess- (USGS) and the National Weather Service (NWS). The USGS ment of stream conditions required by the Clean Water Act. has streamflow data for 93 surface-water sites located in state Data compiled in this report can be used for various lands; 38 of these sites have continuous-recording data avail- water-resource issues, such as basin-wide water-budget analy- able. As of January 2007, 22 of these 38 streamflow-gaging sis, studies of ecological or instream flow, or water-quality stations were active; the majority of active gaging stations assessments. The determination of an annual water budget in have over 40 years of continuous record. The USGS database selected basins is best supported by the available data. Much also contains continuous ground-water elevation data for 32 different and more extensive data are required for an ecolog- wells in Pennsylvania state lands, 18 of which were active as ical-flow study or water-quality assessment. The compilation of January 2007. Sixty-eight active precipitation stations (pri- and summary of data in this report allow for a quick initial marily from the NWS network) are located in state lands. determination of available data and whether more data may be The four sources of available water-quality data for required for the particular task at hand within a specific basin. Pennsylvania state lands were the USGS, U.S. Environmen- Methods of data estimation for basins that are lacking certain tal Protection Agency, Pennsylvania Department of Envi- types of water-quantity data also are presented. Data estima- ronmental Protection (PaDEP), and the Susquehanna River tion is of primary importance for streamflow data in ungaged Basin Commission. The water-quality data, which were basins. primarily collected after 1970, were summarized by catego- rizing the analytical data for each site into major groups (for example, trace metals, pesticides, major ions, etc.) for each 2 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land
Introduction ogy will be established to assess ecological flows for the state of Pennsylvania. Therefore, the compilation of all possible The management of water resources within or near state electronic data on water quantity and quality is prudent at this forests and parks is an important issue for the Bureaus of time until methods are established. Forestry and State Parks within the Pennsylvania Department The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with of Conservation and Natural Resources (PaDCNR). Data the PaDCNR Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey on water quantity and water quality and instream biological (PaTGS) performed a data-needs compilation to identify criti- data are needed to assist these bureaus in making informed cal and supporting data that will allow an objective evaluation water-resource-management decisions. Because of increas- of water resources for basins within state forest and park land ing demands for potable water in many areas near state forest holdings. For water quantity, the compilation determined the (fig. 1) and park (fig. 2) lands, PaDCNR needs to assess availability and adequacy of meteorological, hydrologic, and the availability of water resources and the quality of water geographic data needed to provide the results of an annual within Pennsylvania state forest and park lands. Developing mass-balance basin water budget. An annual basin-wide a water budget is typically a first step in determining whether water budget describes inputs to the basin (precipitation and a sufficient supply of water is available in a specific basin. imported water), outputs of water from the basin (streamflow, Water quality tied to the water budget helps to determine if exported water, leakage, consumed water, and evapotranspira- the available water is adequate for the designated uses, such tion), and changes in ground-water and surface-water stor- as recreation or consumption. Benthic-macroinvertebrate data age (Sloto and Buxton, 2005). Water-quality data are also can also be a very useful tool in assessing water resources, and compiled from available electronic sources to characterize this is one tool currently used by the Pennsylvania Department the water quality of streams, lakes, ground-water wells, and of Environmental Protection (PaDEP) to assess the quality of springs in state forest and park lands. Benthic-macroinver- waters across the state. tebrate sample locations also were compiled from available The quantity and quality of available water are important; electronic sources to provide a spatial representation of the however, maintaining instream flow to support or enhance data available. existing aquatic communities is equally important. Presently, information regarding instream-flow needs or ecological flows Purpose and Scope is not available for many areas of Pennsylvania state forest and park holdings. A growing need of many regulatory and con- This report compiles, summarizes, and presents electroni- servation agencies within Pennsylvania is the establishment cally available (from state and federal agencies) water-quantity of ecological flows. Ecological flows or instream-flow needs and water-quality data and sample locations for benthic are the amount of surface water in streams needed to support macroinvertebrates for state forest and park lands (including aquatic communities. The Susquehanna River Basin Com- 100-meter buffers around each land parcel) in Pennsylvania mission (SRBC) has developed a Pennsylvania Instream Flow and provides internet links to geographic information system Incremental Method (IFIM) model that can be applied to cold- coverages pertinent for water-resources studies. All available water fisheries of less than 100 mi2 with reproducing trout water-quantity data through January 2007 were compiled and populations (Denslinger and others, 1998). This method can summarized for stream, ground-water well, and precipitation only be applied to specific areas (Ridge and Valley Limestone stations in or adjacent to state lands so that overlapping time and Freestone, Unglaciated Plateau, and Piedmont Upland) of periods for different types of data could be determined. The the state. At this time, no other models or methodologies have adequacy of a stream-gaging station in representing the state been developed to address ecological-flow requirements in land where the station was located was also determined by other parts of the state or for other species except brook trout. reviewing drainage area boundaries and land use. All available Currently, PaDEP as part of the State Water Plan Update 2008 water-quality data primarily collected through January 2007 has established the 7-day 10-year low flow (Q7,10) stream- were compiled and summarized for streams, lakes, ground-wa- flow statistic as an initial criteria or surrogate for instream- ter wells, and springs in or adjacent to state lands. Water-qual- flow needs to identify potential conflict areas between water ity data were available from four different agencies and data usage and aquatic communities across the entire state except were grouped by the type of water-quality analyses (examples for areas where the SRBC IFIM model applies (Pennsylvania include trace elements, major ions, and nutrients). The number Department of Environmental Protection, 2006). The Q7,10 of samples and number of detections for each analyte within is defined as the discharge at the 10-year recurrence interval each group also were summarized in appendixes that were taken from a frequency curve of annual values of the lowest compiled for each agency and data type (streams, lakes, mean discharge for 7 consecutive days (U.S. Geological Sur- ground-water wells, and springs). The adequacy in the distri- vey, 2007). The establishment of a single streamflow statistic bution of water-quantity and water-quality data in state lands is antiquated and more appropriate criteria are currently being across the state was summarized in tables according to the 35 developed (such as the work done by Denslinger and others water-resource management watersheds defined by PaDEP. (1998)). However, at this time, it is not known what methodol- Introduction 3 N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° State Forest Land County Boundary State Boundary EXPLANATION 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 1. Location of state forest lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. 4 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n C e M a 77° State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary EXPLANATION 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 2. Location of state park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. Introduction 5
Water Resources mating recharge rates of precipitation into the ground-water system (Sloto and Crouse, 1996). The general equation for an annual mass-balance basin Ecological instream-flow requirements are a new water budget (Sloto and Buxton, 2005) is: concept based on determining how hydrologic alteration affects ecological assemblages that exist in the stream sys- Precipitation + Imported water = Streamflow + (Change in tem. Hydrologic alteration takes place when the magnitude, ground-water or soil-water storage) + Ground-water leakage + frequency, and within-year variability of streamflow are (Surface- and ground-water export) + Consumptive use + affected (Kiesling, 2003). Changes in streamflow variability Evapotranspiration (ET) (1) are determined using a series of hydrologic attributes, such as the frequency and duration of high- and low-flow pulses or On the basis of the above equation, the variables neces- medians of monthly water conditions (Kiesling, 2003). (See sary to develop water budgets for specific drainage basins Kiesling (2003) for other factors.) In general, instream-flow include streamflow, precipitation, human population, con- analysis requires statistical compilations of continuous-record sumptive uses in the basin (such as water for animals, crop and partial-record hydrologic data in gaged basins, surface- irrigation), water imported into the basin, and ground-water runoff modeling to simulate the unavailable hydrologic data storage. For an annual mass-balance basin water budget, in ungaged basins, meteorological data, and selected basin- the equation typically is solved for evapotranspiration (ET); characteristic data. therefore, ET does not have to be estimated. Also, the change An ecological-flow model to assess instream-flow in soil-water storage is usually set to zero because the annual requirements was developed by SRBC for native brook trout budgets start and end at the same time of year, and the change streams in noncarbonate terrain in Pennsylvania (Denslinger is assumed to be zero. and others, 1998). Because the method only applies to streams Estimates for human populations can be acquired from draining less than 100 mi2 with reproducing trout populations, the U.S. Census Bureau. These numbers can then be converted the SRBC model can only be applied to a limited percentage to a consumptive use per person. Currently, PaDEP assumes of the streams in state forest and park lands. The hydrologic one person consumes 80 gal per person per day (David Say- statistical parameters used to characterize different study ers, Delaware River Basin Commission, written commun., stream reaches for this method include (1) median monthly 2007). PaDEP also provides estimates for consumptive uses flows (e.g., the median flow for a selected period only for for industrial and commercial settings. PaDEP also maintains the month of January); (2) annual mean and median flows; a water-use database for the entire state that would provide (3) annual and seasonal flow duration; and (4) a time series information on imports and exports of water out of the basin. of median monthly flows (e.g., the median flow for each Precipitation stations within the study basin are not month in a selected year) (Denslinger and others, 1998). These critical in developing a water budget given the present-day types of parameters are also discussed as part of the limits availability of estimated amounts of precipitation derived from of hydrologic alteration (LOHA) approach presented by the radar; however, the cost of processing radar-derived estimates Nature Conservancy (The Nature Conservancy, written com- or interpolating precipitation from stations outside of the basin mun., 2007). In this approach, to apply regional results to an can be a problem. Changes in ground-water storage can be ungaged stream, gaged data were used in ungaged areas if the estimated on the basis of changes in ground-water elevations gaged and ungaged basins were underlain by similar geology. (water levels in wells). Documenting changes in ground-water The evaluation species for this method was brook trout, and levels to estimate changes in ground-water storage terms this method can not be transferred to other species. For each can be very site specific. It may be very difficult to estimate stream of concern, the species of most importance is selected changes in ground-water storage without monitoring wells and its instream-flow needs are determined. For each species within the study basin in question. Unless a detailed study is of any one system, the instream-flow needs could be quite conducted, it is assumed that ground-water leakage is zero. different, so target species help to clarify or focus the effort. Streamflow data are difficult to estimate without a Also, even for one species, the different life stages may dictate stream-gaging station in a specific basin, so identifying different flow requirements. For the SRBC method, they noted locations of continuous-recording stream-gaging stations in that redd (gravel deposit in stream where fish lay eggs) devel- any particular drainage basin is one of the first steps in any opment in one part of year, or fry, may have different flow water-budget study. Techniques that will be discussed later can requirements than adults. be used to generate hydrographs for ungaged streams using Other work is being done to develop methodology for reference (index) stations in other basins. The streamflow determining instream-flow requirements for the entire state component of the mass-balance equation can be separated into of Pennsylvania. The current impetus to establish statewide base-flow and surface-runoff components using a hydrograph instream-flow requirements stems from the use of Q7,10 separation model such as HYSEP (Sloto and Crouse, 1996). in order to establish some sort of flow protection level for Hydrograph separation allows for an estimate of the ground- instream biota (Denslinger and others, 1998). The problem water contribution to streamflow and also can be used for esti- with using a long-term statistic like Q7,10 is that it does not address the temporary effects of withdrawals on stream habitat 6 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land and, subsequently, stream biota. The basis of work by Kennen particular stream designation. PaDEP determines if a stream (Jonathan Kennen, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., segment should be included on an impaired stream list (303(d) 2005) requires continuous-record streamflow data to compute list) on the basis of the benthic-macroinvertebrate commu- many of the important variables relative to instream-flow nities identified within that particular stream segment. The requirements. Kennen notes that two of the most important criteria for impairment vary depending on the physiographic hydrologic variables affecting stream biota are the number setting (for example, limestone streams have different criteria of storms producing runoff and the flashiness of the stream than sandstone streams). Benthic-macroinvertebrate data and (as determined by the ratio of 25-percent to 75-percent the biological indices derived from the communities are a exceedance flows). useful tool in determining stream health. However, these com- Methods for estimating streamflow for ungaged basins munities are dynamic and can easily be changed as a result of are necessary because most stream reaches are not gaged. flood events, major droughts, mining activity, timber harvest Hydrographs for streams in ungaged basins can be estimated (and subsequent sediment loading to streams), and land devel- from gaged basins if minimum data requirements are met. opment; therefore, benthic-macroinvertebrate data can be used Those requirements include geology, topography, slope, land to get a general sense of the stream health at some point in the cover, and a daily time series of precipitation. One accepted past. approach to translate gaged data to an ungaged basin is the QPPQ method, which takes a streamflow (Q) record from a gaged basin, outputs a frequency duration curve (P) for that station, translates that to a frequency duration curve (P) for the Data Compilation ungaged basin, then outputs a streamflow (Q) for the ungaged basin (Waldron and Archfield, 2006). The compilation of data for state lands included a compi- Approaches to assess instream-flow requirements for lation of all existing electronic water-quantity, water-quality, future scenarios in a basin are more difficult to determine if and benthic-macroinvertebrate data from various sources: ground-water withdrawals are an integral part of the consump- the USGS, PaDEP, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency tive water use in a basin. In this case, methods that combine (USEPA), NWS, SRBC, and the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat the surface-water and ground-water components of a basin Commission (PaFBC). Using a geographic information system may be required to get an adequate idea of water quantity in a (GIS), point coverages of site locations from the different data basin. For basins such as this, conceptual models that integrate sources were overlayed on state forest and park polygon cov- ground-water and surface-water interactions are implemented, erages. A 100-m buffer encompassed each state park or forest and one such model is a ground-water/surface-water flow polygon, and any sites that were within the state forest or park (GSFLOW) model. GSFLOW is a model developed by the lands or within the 100-m buffered locations were identified. USGS that couples the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System For this report, if a site is said to be within a state forest or (PRMS) with the Modular Ground-Water Flow Model (MOD- park, the site is either inside the forest or park or within the FLOW). The coupling is made via a new soil-moisture zone 100-m buffer around that particular forest and (or) park. For module in PRMS and a new unsaturated-zone flow package in brevity, forest or park land and the associated 100-meter buf- MODFLOW. GSFLOW simulates spatial- and time-varying fer will hereafter be referred to as state lands. The sites also recharge on the basis of daily energy and mass balances were categorized relative to watershed boundaries (defined among precipitation, solar radiation, heat, evapotranspiration, as PABASIDs hereafter) used by PaDEP for resource man- runoff, infiltration, and storage in the snowpack and soil zone, agement (see fig. 3 for watershed boundaries and table 1 for and percolation and storage through the unsaturated zone watershed names). The total amount of state land within each (Stephen Markstrom, U.S. Geological Survey, written com- PABASID was determined so that the number of sites per unit mun., 2007). area of state land could be determined for each PABASID. Any compilation of data for a watershed should include a water-quality component because the potability of the water Water Quantity supply dictates the potential use of water in the basin, the potential for exporting water out of the basin as a drinking- Readily available water-quantity data for Pennsylvania water supply, and the adequacy of the chemical composition state lands were available from three sources: USGS, NWS, of the water for stream biota. Presently, methods developed by and the Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency Denslinger and others (1998) to assess ecological flows do not (PEMA). The USGS has a National Water Information System incorporate water-quality data; however, future methods devel- (NWIS) that stores all data collected by the Water Resources oped for ecological assessments may include a water-quality Discipline offices of the USGS. NWIS contains information component because adequate flow regimes do not necessarily for all active and discontinued sites that have been inventoried indicate adequate conditions for biota if contaminants in the by the USGS. Any site inventoried can have water-quantity stream cause stress and subsequent population declines. and (or) water-quality data associated with it, and, if so, these Across the state of Pennsylvania, rivers and streams are data can be retrieved from NWIS. Water-quantity data are assessed by PaDEP to determine if a water body is meeting a available from the USGS for surface-water, ground-water, Data Compilation 7 N 2 ° 4 n d 15 75° ° N a 22 10 4 0
s l e l 14 r a a 19 p r d 20 a 18 n d 11 13 N 9 ° 9 3 i c , s t a n g i n 17 r i C o o
a 21 f 7 o e - A r e l 12 u d a t i q u 8 l a , 16 r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e 4 j e 23 l m p r o t r a p n C e M a 6 5 77° 24 1 State Park Land County Boundary State Forest Land State Boundary Watershed Boundary Watershed 25 EXPLANATION 3 78° 26 2 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e 34 r a 33 t u a 79° d N n 27 a n t i o a 28 r v 8 0 31 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES u r v n t e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D 40 KILOMETERS a G e n i a 20 l v 35 80° y : U . S s t a n 29 20 32 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d 30 o n b a l n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 3. Boundaries of the 35 resource-management watersheds used by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. 8 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land
Table 1. The 35 resource-management watersheds used by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.
{mi², square miles]
Basin identifi- State lands Basin name Major drainage basin cation number Forest (mi²) Park (mi²) 1 Central Penn Susquehanna River Basin 257 9.91 2 Upper West Branch Susquehanna River Basin 250 16.4 3 Susquehannock/Genessee Susquehanna River Basin 1,540 15.9 4 Lower North Branch Susquehanna Susquehanna River Basin 3.13 12.1 5 Big Bend Susquehanna River Basin 322 2.43 6 Bradford/Tioga Susquehanna River Basin 54.3 2.69 7 Upper Susquehanna Susquehanna River Basin 0 10.7 8 Wyoming Valley Susquehanna River Basin 1.97 7.12 9 Lackawanna Susquehanna River Basin 1.78 .22 10 Upper Delaware Delaware River Basin 121 7.37 11 Brodhead/Toby/Tunk Delaware River Basin 20.0 37.7 12 Upper Schuylkill/Middle Lehigh Delaware River Basin 9.60 16.3 13 Lower Lehigh Delaware River Basin 0 1.65 14 Delaware River/Tohickon Creek Delaware River Basin 0 12.0 15 Delaware Common Tributaries/Neshaminy Delaware River Basin 0 7.93 16 Middle Schuylkill Delaware River Basin .11 1.91 17 French/Manatawny Delaware River Basin 0 9.79 18 Perkiomen Creek Delaware River Basin 0 5.17 19 Lower Schuylkill (Wissahickon Creek) Delaware River Basin 0 1.75 20 Ridley/Darby/Chester/Crum Creeks Delaware River Basin .15 4.08 21 Christina /Elk/North East /Brandywine Delaware River Basin 0 4.64 22 Pennypack/Tacony Delaware River Basin 0 .47 23 Lower Susquehanna East Delaware River Basin 24.6 8.05 24 Lower Susquehanna West Potomac River Basin 131 12.2 25 Potomac Potomac River Basin 136 1.94 26 Juniata Susquehanna River Basin 315 20.6 27 Kiski-Conemaugh Ohio River Basin 43.4 23.5 28 Youghioheny Ohio River Basin 40.8 44.1 29 Monongahela Ohio River Basin 25.0 .04 30 Ohio Ohio River Basin 0 20.2 31 Allegheny Ohio River Basin 0 .05 32 Moraine Ohio River Basin 4.98 66.8 33 Middle Allegheny Ohio River Basin 46.8 19.0 34 Upper Allegheny Ohio River Basin 17.8 1.72 35 Lake Erie/French & Oil Creek Ohio River Basin .03 13.2 Data Compilation 9 and precipitation sites. Location and names of active NWS Precipitation precipitation stations were obtained in a GIS data layer from the NWS. The GIS coverage acquired from NWS also con- Locations of continuous precipitation stations in state tained site information for a network of precipitation stations lands were retrieved from the NWS and the USGS. The maintained cooperatively between NWS and PEMA. PEMA GIS data received from NWS included site information for maintains these cooperative sites across the state as part of four different station types (including the IFLOWS network a flash-flood warning system known as the Integrated Flood maintained cooperatively by PEMA). The three types of sta- Observing and Warning System (IFLOWS). tions that are accessible on a real-time basis are Geostation- Site locations and data for all water-quantity sites were ary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), Limited summarized by PABASID so that each available data source Automated Remote Center (LARC), and IFLOWS. The and available data with overlapping collection periods could fourth precipitation station type is from the NWS coopera- be easily identified. Continuous-recording stream-gaging sta- tive program (COOP sites). Data from COOP sites are not tions in state lands that were available from USGS NWIS were available real time, but at some time after the observers have analyzed to determine how representative the station was for entered their data. Only daily precipitation values are avail- the state lands in which it was located. This was done by first able from the COOP sites. Data from GOES and LARC sites determining how much of the station drainage area (DA) was are available from the date that the site was established. Data within state lands and further analysis was done to determine from IFLOWS sites in Pennsylvania, accessible at http://www. land use in the station DA relative to state lands in that same afws.net/states/pa/pa.htm, are only available since 2004 from DA. the web site, but additional data can be retrieved by contacting PEMA. All USGS precipitation stations are GOES stations that are all available on a real-time basis. Real-time data from Streamflow precipitation stations are the most common form of precipita- tion data used to develop annual water budgets and for simple Existing data that quantifies streamflow were mostly modeling approaches. available from the USGS NWIS database. This includes streamflow data collected either continuously at a set record- ing interval, typically 15 minutes (these sites will hereafter be Water Quality referred to as “continuous” sites for any type of data col- lected), or streamflow that was measured using standard mea- Water-quality data were available from USGS, SRBC, surement techniques but only at discrete points in time (these PaDEP, and USEPA. Some sites were included in more than sites will hereafter be referred to as “partial” sites) for sites one database. All water-quality constituents associated with in state lands. Any continuous and partial streamflow sites the sites were retrieved and categorized according to the that were within the USGS NWIS database as of January 10, type of analysis (table 2). Examples of some types of data 2007, were retrieved. The data were then grouped depending are major ions (such as calcium, magnesium, potassium), on whether or not the site was active; date ranges for available nutrients, trace elements (such as arsenic, lead, selenium), data were then determined, and, if the site was not continuous, bedload and suspended sediment for streams, and alkalinity/ the number of streamflow measurements conducted at the site acidity parameters. Also, some data sources included data on was determined. concentrations of certain constituents in fish tissue, and these data were retrieved for both streams and lakes. Water-quality data from USGS were retrieved from the USGS NWIS system. Ground Water Most water-quality data retrieved from USGS and SRBC Ground-water-level data were available only from the were collected by those agencies. Data retrieved from PaDEP USGS NWIS database. All active (as of Jan. 10, 2007) and could have been collected by PaDEP but also could have discontinued continuous ground-water sites in state lands were been collected by USGS, SRBC, or the Delaware River Basin retrieved from the NWIS database. For any ground-water sites Commission (DRBC). PaDEP maintains an internal electronic in state lands, the time range of available data was retrieved database for all data collected as part of their water-quality from NWIS. For most ground-water wells in NWIS, physi- network (WQN). Sites in the WQN are either streams or lakes. cal characteristics typically include topographic setting, well PaDEP also had other internal electronic databases where depth, casing length, depth to bedrock, depth of water-bearing ground-water-quality data were stored. The ground-water- zones, water level, and driller-reported yield. Because some quality databases available from PaDEP were from the north- wells can have as many as 300-400 characteristics associated central and south-central regional PaDEP offices. PaDEP also with them, a table of all the physical characteristics for each maintains a ground-water-quality database for the Pennsylva- well is not included in this report. These data are available in nia Drinking Water System (PADWIS). Two databases were USGS NWIS. retrieved from USEPA, Legacy STORET (LEGACY) and Modernized STORET (MODERN). Data within the USEPA STORET system were primarily collected by other agencies 10 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land
Table 2. Groupings used for the summarization of water-quality data. Group abbreviation Description Selected examples acid/alk Acidity (pH) and alkalinity constituents bed-sed Bed sediments bio Biological constituents Biological oxygen demand, chlorophyll a bsed-bio Bed sediments and associated biological constituents bsed-hrb Bed sediments and associated herbicides bsed-ins Bed sediments and associated insecticides bsed-mjr Bed sediments and associated major ions bsed-nuts Bed sediments and associated nutrients bsed-rare Bed sediments and associated rare earth elements bsed-trc Bed sediments and associated trace elements bsed-voc Bed sediments and associated volatile organic compounds bsed-wst Bed sediments and associated waste compounds fish Fish-tissue concentrations fungi Fungicides Carboxin, dichlorprop herb Herbicides Atrazine, metolachlor insect Insecticides Endosulfan, chlordane ionic Ionic strength constituents Specific conductance, total dissolved solids major Major ions Calcium, sulfate micro Microbiological constituents Fecal streptococci, total coliform nuts Nutrients Nitrate, phosphorus phys Physical constituents Temperature, streamflow rads Radiological constituents Radon-222, potassium-40 rare Rare earth elements Cerium, erbium susp-sed Suspended sediment ssed-bio Suspended sediments and associated biological constituents ssed-ins Suspended sediments and associated insecticides ssed-mjr Suspended sediments and associated major ions ssed-nuts Suspended sediments and associated nutrients ssed-trc Suspended sediments and associated trace elements ssed-voc Suspended sediments and associated volatile organic com- pounds ssed-wst Suspended sediments and associated waste compounds trace Trace constituents Arsenic, lead voc Volatile organic compounds Benzene, toluene Data Assessment 11 such as USGS, PaDEP, SRBC, and DRBC. Any data collected Locations of sites with any benthic-macroinvertebrate data in by DRBC were only available electronically through retrieval these national databases were retrieved. Locations for benthic- of USEPA STORET or PaDEP data. macroinvertebrate samples available from other agencies Primarily, only water-quality data collected after 1970 also were compiled. Data were compiled from four sources: were incorporated into this summary report because of USGS, PaDEP, SRBC, and PaFBC. changes in analytical methods. The only water-quality data- Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations from each base from which data prior to 1970 were retrieved was the data source were compiled in separate appendixes that listed LEGACY database from USEPA. For the USEPA LEGACY site identifier, latitude, longitude, PABASID, and name of database, there were so few samples for any one site that state land associated with location. Benthic-macroinvertebrate samples collected prior to 1970 were included within this sample locations were summarized for all the different sources summary report. The USGS NWIS system has a substantial in a summary table according to PABASID. amount of data collected prior to 1970, but because of con- cerns with changes in analytical methods, these data were not retrieved. Data prior to 1970 from PaDEP and SRBC were not Geographic Information Systems Coverages available. The locations of GIS coverages of physical basin char- Water-quality data for streams, lakes, ground-water wells, acteristics were compiled. The physical basin characteristics and springs was compiled into separate appendixes and the (such as land cover, point-source discharges, population original water-quality data were summarized according to the density, soil type, etc.) compiled were only those applicable to water-quality types listed in table 2. The number of available conducting a water-budget or ecological assessment (instream- samples was totaled for each site by type and the number of flow) study. The sources and links to the data are compiled detections for each of those samples also was reported. This in this report, but the coverages will not be presented in map was done for each data source (USGS NWIS, LEGACY, format for this report. The primary sources of data included MODERN, PaDEP, and SRBC) and data type (streams, lakes, USGS, PaDCNR, NWS, the Natural Resource Conservation ground-water wells, and springs) in separate appendixes. Service (NRCS), and the Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access Redundant sites between data sets were noted in each appen- (PASDA) web site. dix. In addition, water-quality data for each data type were summarized in tables that combine all the data from the differ- ent sources. Data for redundant sites were removed so that no Data Assessment one sample (and its associated analytes) was counted into the summary table more than once. These summary tables were The water-quantity and water-quality data compiled are compiled by PABASID. summarized according to the basin designations by PaDEP (table 1 and fig. 3). Criteria are established to determine if the water-quantity data are sufficient for use in developing an Available Data annual water budget. Water-quality data, grouped into major Water-quality data for streams and lakes for Pennsylvania water-quality categories, are summarized by PaDEP basin state lands were available from USGS, USEPA (LEGACY and (PABASID) for each major site type (streams, lakes, ground- MODERN), PaDEP, and SRBC. MODERN did not contain water wells, and springs). any lake data for state lands. Water-quality data for ground- water wells and springs for state lands were primarily avail- Water Quantity able from USGS and USEPA (primarily LEGACY), but a few wells were available from PaDEP and SRBC. For some USGS The predominant form of water-quantity data available NWIS stream and ground-water-well samples, data retrieved for state lands in Pennsylvania was streamflow, including also included values for physical characteristics, such as water continuous and partial streamflow stations. Similar to stream- level, stream discharge, well depth, and well elevation. flow stations, available data for continuous precipitation and ground-water elevations were also relatively well-distributed Benthic Macroinvertebrates across state lands. Locations of continuous and partial stream- flow stations and continuous ground-water wells in state lands Two forms of benthic-macroinvertebrate data were were retrieved from the USGS NWIS database; the majority of compiled, data associated with the water-quality databases and locations for precipitation stations were available from NWS data compiled by agencies for sites specifically sampled for station locations. benthic macroinvertebrates. National water-quality databases such as USEPA LEGACY and MODERN and USGS NWIS have numerical parameter codes for input of benthic-macro- invertebrate communities (to either the family or genus level). 12 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land
Streamflow Continuous stream-gaging stations deemed not represen- tative of the state land where they are located (in table 3) does Thirty-eight USGS continuous streamflow-gaging sta- not necessarily mean that the stations could not be used to tions, some of which have been discontinued, were in state represent the state land, but further analysis would be required lands (appendix 1 and fig. 4). As of January 2007, 22 of these to verify their use. For example, the areas of the station DA streamflow stations were active, with 7 of the 22 continuous outside the state land would have to be studied in order to sites located in PABASID #3 (Susquehannock/Genessee). determine if point-source discharges occurred. Also, if the This is somewhat expected because PABASID #3 has about station DA outside the state lands included more residential or 1,550 mi2 of state land, which is over 1,000 mi2 more than any city land use, then that station may not be appropriate; how- other PABASID (table 1). The period of record (POR) for con- ever, similar land uses between the station DA and state lands tinuous-record stations varies from a few months to as much (even if the intersected land is less than 30 percent) may make as 75 years for Oil Creek at Rouseville in Venango County. that station appropriate for use in a water-budget study for that The majority of active streamflow stations have over 40 years particular state-land parcel. of continuous record. Active continuous USGS streamflow- Besides the 38 continuous streamflow sites in state gaging stations are lacking in the middle part of the Ridge and lands, there were an additional 56 streamflow sites where Valley Physiographic Province (PABASID #1 and #26 (the streamflow was measured at least 1 time (appendix 1 and fig. north east section of #26)), specifically from Perry County 5). Some of these 56 sites were originally established by the north to Centre County. USGS between 1970 and the mid-1990s to be included within Further analysis of the 38 continuous stations in state low-flow networks established across Pennsylvania. Twenty- lands was conducted in order to determine how representa- one of these low-flow sites were in state lands, with 9 to 40 tive (status) the drainage area of each station was relative to streamflow measurements made at any of these low-flow sites. the state land in which the station was located (table 3). In the Commonly, measurements at the low-flow sites are related table, status is equivalent to representation. The primary cri- to data from a continuous station in order to produce daily teria to determine status was intersected or common land area streamflow values for the low-flow site. Therefore, the useful- between the station DA and the state land within that DA: ness of these low-flow sites is dependent on proximity to a 1. If the DA of the stream-gaging station included less than continuous station of similar drainage area and physiography. 30 percent state land, the station was determined not to be Typically, a continuous station can be used as an index station representative (status equals ‘no’ in table 3) of the state for a partial (low flow) site if the index station drains 1/3 to 3 land; times the drainage area of the partial site (Edward H. Koerkle, U.S. Geological Survey, oral commun., 2007). 2. If the DA of the stream-gaging station contained between In addition to the streamflow sites that were part of past 30 and 90 percent state land, land-use comparisons low-flow networks, an additional 37 partial USGS surface- between the station DA and the state land were conducted. water sites are in state lands (fig. 5). Anywhere from 1 to 120 Land use was categorized into six groups (residential, city streamflow measurements were made at these other partial (commercial, industrial, and transportation), forest, min- sites. Although it has not been determined which of these ing, wetlands, and agriculture). If all land-use categories other partial sites could be related to an index station, there between the station DA and the state land were within is no apparent reason why any of them could not be used as a 10 percent, the station was determined to be representa- low-flow station if a continuous index station does exist. tive; 3. If the DA of the stream-gaging station contained 90 per- Ground water cent or greater state land, the station was determined to be representative. The USGS NWIS database contains 32 wells that have continuous water-quantity (water-level altitude) data and are Using the above criteria, 11 of the 38 continuous stream- located in state lands (appendix 2 and fig. 6). Eighteen of the gaging stations were determined to be representative of the 32 wells were actively recording data as of January 2007, state lands in which they were located (table 3). The two and these 18 active wells were located in 15 of the 35 basins stations in PABASID #5 are not active (see appendix 1). Five defined by PaDEP, indicating that the active wells are fairly of the active stations that are representative of state lands well-distributed across the state. Seven of 32 wells have less based on the criteria are located in PABASID #3. Three of the than 1 year of continuous data, but the majority of wells have representative stations in other PABASIDs were installed by record lengths exceeding 22 years (appendix 2). For all these USGS for PaDCNR specifically for reasons of quantifying wells, physical attributes such as topographic setting, well streamflows in state lands. These stations are Little Bushkill and casing depth, depth to bedrock, and depth to any water- Run at Edgemere in PABASID #10, Mountain Creek near Pine bearing zones are available from the USGS NWIS database. Grove Furnace in PABASID #24, and Linn Run at Linn Run In addition to continuous wells, there are many ground-water State Park near Rector in PABASID #27. wells in the USGS NWIS database that, similar to streamflow sites, have one or more instantaneous ground-water level mea- Data Assessment 13 N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n C e M a 77° EXPLANATION Basin Delineation State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary Continuous surface-water station in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) Inactive surface-water station in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) Continuous surface-water station in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) Inactive surface-water station in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 40 MILES 40 KILOMETERS 20 20 79° 0 0 l g i c a l o d o n
a a G e n n i a 80° t i o l v a 3 y : U . S s r v 0 t a 2 n , d a s n s e
e P e : r y r c f C o t a u d a o o n d a s 8 0 u n t d o e 1 9 n , l R e b a l y r t m
r a e a 42° n t y t e t u p u a e u r v S S t a D C o N 41° 40°
Figure 4. Location of continuous-record U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations (and basin delineations) with water-quantity data in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included). 14 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land reason for ‘no’ NA overlap insufficient overlap insufficient overlap insufficient overlap insufficient overlap insufficient overlap insufficient overlap insufficient overlap insufficient overlap insufficient NA NA NA NA land use difference NA overlap insufficient land use difference land use difference NA NA overlap insufficient NA overlap insufficient overlap insufficient 1 Status yes no no no no no no no no no yes yes yes yes no yes no no no yes yes no yes no no - 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 10 11 11 12 18 19 21 21 21 26 24 23 23 Basin identi number fication .07 .07 .06 .09 .00 .02 .07 .11 .14 .42 .75 .82 .89 .37 .16 .50 .44 .99 .07 .94 .03 .05 0.75 1.00 1.00 Inter/DA
) 2 .16 .05 5.43 5.97 4.61 1.33 1.21 2.17 4.93 1.14 3.64 8.52 21.4 23.0 46.0 17.7 13.1 (mi area 198 291 185 112 208 376 411 1110 Intersected
) 2 .32 7.27 4.9 DA 96.4 53.7 40.8 59.2 17.8 20.3 46.2 17.8 16.6 13.9 (mi 290 322 685 245 136 233 750 944 124 167 1,462 2,975 Longitude 745945 754357 754542 753846 752601 751313 754615 754338 754300 780633 780612 780128 774934 775227 774503 774128 771809 772245 771928 770431 770437 783555 771832 762724 763152 Latitude 411531 410617 410225 405044 400952 400726 394451 400358 400319 410703 411902 412406 412833 411910 411928 412322 413636 411845 411625 410317 410331 401621 400151 403129 402845 Continued —
, square miles; Inter, intersected area of stream-gaging station drainage area with state-owned land; NA, not applicable] land; NA, station drainage area with state-owned intersected area of stream-gaging , square miles; Inter, 2 Site name White Haven Pa. White Haven Pa. Pa. Pa. Deer, Little Bush Kill at Edgemere, Pa. near Reservoir Francis E. Walter below Lehigh River Pa. at Tannery, Lehigh River Beltzville Dam near Parryville, Pohopoco Creek below Pa. Skippack Creek near Collegeville, Pa. Washington, Creek at Fort Wissahickon Pa. White Clay Creek near Strickersville, Pa. Marsh Creek near Lyndell, Pa. Marsh Creek near Downingtown, at Karthaus, Pa. Branch Susquehanna River West Sinnemahoning Creek at Sinnemahoning, Pa. Sinnemahoning Creek near Sinnemahoning, First Fork Pa. Creek at Cross Fork, Kettle Pa. Creek near Westport, Kettle Pa. at Renovo, Branch Susquehanna River West Pa. Creek near Renovo, Womans Young Rattler Run near Morris, Pa. Pa. Pine Creek near Waterville, Pa. Waterville, near Creek Pine Little below Creek Pine Sand Spring Run near White White Deer Creek above Pa. Sand Spring Run near White Deer, Pa. Bobs Creek near Pavia, Furnace, Pa. Mountain Creek near Pine Grove Pa. Creek near Suedberg, Swatara Pa. Creek near Inwood, Swatara List of continuous stream-gaging stations in state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included), amount common area wi th lands, determination if
Site identifier 01439590 01447800 01448000 01449800 01473120 01473900 01478245 01480680 01480685 01542500 01543500 01544000 01544500 01545000 01545500 01545600 01548422 01549000 01549700 01553120 01553130 01559795 01571184 01572030 01572190 Table 3. Table stream station is representative of state lands. station; mi drainage area of stream-gaging [DA, Data Assessment 15 reason for ‘no’ NA overlap insufficient overlap insufficient land use difference overlap insufficient overlap insufficient NA overlap insufficient overlap insufficient overlap insufficient overlap insufficient overlap insufficient land use difference 1 Status yes no no no no no yes no no no no no no - 25 35 33 33 33 27 27 28 28 32 32 32 32 Basin identi number fication .03 .02 .50 .07 .07 .85 .05 .15 .20 .19 .47 0.82 0 Inter/DA
) 2 .17 .01 4.13 9.95 6.25 3.46 6.83 5.24 56.1 48.5 30.7 31.7 23.9 (mi area Intersected
) 2 5.1 8.0 8.0 9.3 DA 12.6 50.4 36 51.2 (mi 300 807 152 167 1,062 Longitude 772623 794144 783437 791250 791233 790217 791402 792941 792943 802815 802755 802737 800731 Latitude 395548 412854 413752 412016 411950 403447 401008 395157 395151 413045 412950 412953 405747 Continued —
, square miles; Inter, intersected area of stream-gaging station drainage area with state-owned land; NA, not applicable] land; NA, station drainage area with state-owned intersected area of stream-gaging , square miles; Inter, 2 Site name Conococheague Creek near Fayetteville, Pa. Conococheague Creek near Fayetteville, Pa. Oil Creek at Rouseville, Run near Rasselas, Pa. Sevenmile Pa. Run at Cooksburg, Toms Pa. at Cooksburg, Clarion River Creek near Penn Run, Pa. Yellow Pa. near Rector, Linn Run at State Park Pa. at Ohiopyle, River Youghiogheny Pa. Run at Ohiopyle, Big Meadow Pa. near Turnersville, Shenango River Run at Pymatuning Dam, Pa. Sugar at Pymatuning Dam, Pa. Shenango River Muddy Creek near Portersville, Pa. List of continuous stream-gaging stations in state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included), amount common area wi th lands, determination if
analyzed: If land use between stream drainage area and state land within that drainage area was within 10 percent for each of the six land-use categories, then the status for the stream gage is ‘yes’; then the status for stream gage within 10 percent for each of the six land-use categories, analyzed: If land use between stream drainage area and state within that was 2 Site Status of yes indicates that the stream gage is representative of the state-owned land. The criteria for ‘yes’ or ‘no’ status:Inter/DA greater than 0.90, status is ‘yes’;For Inter/DA between 0.30 and 0.90: Inter/DA greater than 0.90, status is ‘yes’;For land. The criteria for ‘yes’ or ‘no’ status:Inter/DA of the state-owned is representative Status of yes indicates that the stream gage into six land uses: Reseidential, city (commercial, industrial, and transportation), forest, mining, wetlands, agriculture. categorized Land use was 1 2 identifier 01614090 03020500 03026500 03029400 03029500 03042250 03044810 03081500 03081600 03100000 03101000 03101500 03106300 Land use less than 0.30, status is ‘no’. Inter/DA otherwise, status is ‘no’.For Table 3. Table stream station is representative of state lands. station; mi drainage area of stream-gaging [DA, 16 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION Basin Delineation State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary Low-flow site in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) Partial-record site in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) Low-flow site in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) Partial-record site in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a 79° t u a d N n a n t i o a 40 MILES r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o n t u r v 40 KILOMETERS e l S 20 r t m a g i c a p e l o o D 20 a G e n i a 80° l v y : U . S s 0 0 t a n d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u d o n b a l
42° n t y t e u S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 5. Location of partial-record U.S. Geological Survey surface-water sites (and basin delineations for low-flow network sites) with water-quantity data in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included). Data Assessment 17 N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n C e M a 77° Ground-water well located inside state park land (including 100-meter buffer) EXPLANATION Ground-water well located inside state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 6. Location of U.S. Geological Survey ground-water sites with water-quantity data in state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) of Pennsylvania. 18 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land surements. Data from these wells were not retrieved for this data include water use and estimates for ET. Assuming that assessment but are available for review. water-use data and estimates for ET are available or can be derived, water-quantity data available for each PABASID was summarized to assess the ability to conduct a water-budget Precipitation study within that basin using an active or recently active gag- Many of the precipitation stations in state-owned lands ing-station network (table 4). Seven of the 35 PABASIDs have are from the NWS station network. Thirty-seven active pre- a currently active gaging-station network with streamflow, cipitation stations from the NWS network were located in state ground-water altitude, and precipitation stations, with one lands, including 14 GOES, 13 COOP, and 10 LARC stations. PABASID (#26, Juniata) having a network of overlapping data For flash-flood forecasting purposes, PEMA has established from 1993 into 2001. For many PABASIDs, one or two types 21 IFLOWS precipitation stations in state-owned lands. An of data are available. Within the appropriate appendixes of this additional 10 GOES precipitation stations from the USGS report, locations (latitude, longitudes, PABASID, and state- network were located in state lands (appendix 3 and fig. 7). land name) of each station are given, and available POR are The 68 precipitation stations on state lands from the NWS, given. Even though data for different types of water-quantity PEMA (IFLOWS), and USGS networks are distributed across stations may not overlap for a specific PABASID, data from 18 PABASIDs, with PABASID #3 (Susquehannock/Genessee) many of the sites, including partial-record stream-gaging sites, having the most stations (24), followed by #5 (Big Bend) and may be very useful to a water-budget or other water-resource #26 (Juniata), which both had 10 stations. study for state lands in that specific PABASID. There may be instances where a specific drainage basin If the analysis for continuous stream-gaging stations in state lands does not have adequate precipitation station cov- (table 3) is applied to the summary presented in table 4, then erage for daily estimates, as would be required for any water only three PABASIDs (#3, #10, and #24) would have appro- budget or surface-water modeling exercise. This especially priate data to conduct a water-budget summary using an may occur in mountainous terrain where orographic effects active gaging-station network with stream, ground-water, and on precipitation amounts could occur. Next Generation Radar precipitation data available. These would be very restrictive (NEXRAD) uses the raw radar data and estimates time-series criteria; therefore, all the possible continuous stream-gaging precipitation totals. An improvement of NEXRAD data is stations were included in table 4. This does point out one multisensor precipitation estimates (MPE), meaning that the problem with assuming that PABASIDs listed in table 4 with raw radar estimates are modified on the basis of real-time data overlapping POR can automatically be used for a water-budget from the network of precipitation stations. Another modifica- study in that PABASID for state lands. The use of data from tion of raw radar data is a program called the Gridded Param- any stations listed in this report would depend on the specific eter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model basin to be studied in a particular PABASID. Once a study (PRISM), which also considers elevation gradients (Jeton and basin is selected, comparisons can be made to the data avail- others, 2006). These radar composite methods can be used to able within that PABASID to determine which stations may be estimate the total amount of precipitation that falls over any appropriate for use. Also, ground-water altitudes and precipi- given area. MPE or PRISM can be used to generate time-series tation totals can be greatly impacted by localized conditions, data of daily precipitation values for a specific area. NEXRAD so the location of a ground-water well with altitude data in a data are comprised of the actual reflectivity data from the PABASID may not be useful for a specific basin in state land. NWS radar network, so MPE values are good estimates of Full use of available data can not be determined until a study spatial variability, but processing time is costly. One of the basin is defined. methods for using NEXRAD data to determine spatial distri- However, on the basis of the spatial coverage of USGS butions of precipitation is given by Hay and others (2000). It is continuous surface-water stations and the USGS low-flow also possible to use PRISM, which would be a better method- networks, most ungaged stream reaches in state lands could be ology if the elevation gradient in the basin was relatively steep. tied to an index station and an adequate representation of the PRISM was used to determine daily rates of precipitation for hydrograph for the ungaged stream could be produced using the entire state of Nevada (Jeton and others, 2006). A pack- existing methodologies such as the QPPQ method (Waldron age such as GSFLOW can incorporate daily precipitation data and Archfield, 2006). compiled using radar composite methods. Also, given the availability of NEXRAD spatial data and the present coverage of precipitation stations in state lands of Pennsylvania, quantifying the amount of precipitation over any Water-Budget Summary area of concern is possible. This is assuming that resources are available to either process NEXRAD data or to use an interpo- Confidence in the estimates of a water budget increase lation method that includes all pertinent precipitation stations with the use of measured or simulated continuous data for over a given radius from a central point of interest. that particular study basin. Some of the necessary components The primary challenge in conducting a water-budget of an annual water budget include streamflow, ground-water study for a specific basin may be the availability of adequate altitude, and precipitation data (see equation 1). Other required ground-water data. Even though a ground-water well may Data Assessment 19
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State Forest Land State Park Land State Boundary County Boundary National Weather Service and Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency precipitation stations in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) U.S. Geological Survey precipitation stations in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) National Weather Service and Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency precipitation stations in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) U.S. Geological Survey precipitation stations in state park land (including 100-meter buffer)
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Figure 7. Location of active National Weather Service, Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency, and U.S. Geological Survey precipitation stations in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included). 20 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land min/max DA NA 1,462 - 0.32 - 2,975 NA 5 - 18 NA NA NA NA 7 - 290 - 322 96 - NA NA NA NA NA 54 -54 41 - NA 18 - 59 NA 124 - 167 14 - 5 - 17 - 50 - 36 - 1062 NA NA NA 9 - 167 8 - 807 NA 300 - 1 Streamflow POR NA 3/1/1940 - active 10/1/1907 - active NA 1/1/1968 - 3/31/1981 NA NA NA NA 11/4/2005 - active 10/1/1916 - active 8/1/1967 - active NA NA NA NA NA 5/1/1966 - 9/30/1994 9/1/1961 - active NA 8/1/1960 - 9/30/1969 & 6/1/1973 active NA active - 10/1/1988 & 9/30/1987 - 12/21/1984 11/5/2005 - active 9/1/1960 - 3/31/1981 6/1/1993 - 6/21/2001 10/1/1963 - 9/30/1967 2/2/1988 - 11/15/1988 & 10/1/2002 active NA NA NA 2/1/1912 - 9/30/1922 & 3/1/1934 active 10/1/1938 - present NA 10/1/1932 - active 0 1 9 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 2 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 4 3 0 1 #sites .47 .05 9.09 2.00 1.65 7.93 2.02 9.79 5.17 1.75 4.23 4.64 15.2 57.0 10.7 57.7 25.9 12.0 32.6 66.9 84.9 25.0 20.2 71.8 65.8 19.5 13.2 267 266 324 128 143 138 336 area (mi²) State land 1,560 Basin name Central Penn Branch Upper West Susquehannock/Genessee North Branch Susquehanna Lower Big Bend Bradford/Tioga Upper Susquehanna Valley Wyoming Lackawanna Upper Delaware Brodhead/Toby/Tunk Upper Schuylkill/Middle Lehigh Lehigh Lower Creek River/Tohickon Delaware Common Tributaries/Neshaminy Delaware Middle Schuylkill French/Manatawny Perkiomen Creek Creek) Schuylkill (Wissahickon Lower Creeks Ridley/Darby/Chester/Crum Christina /Elk/North East /Brandywine Pennypack/Tacony Susquehanna East Lower Susquehanna West Lower Potomac Juniata Kiski-Conemaugh Youghioheny Monongahela Ohio Allegheny Moraine Middle Allegheny Upper Allegheny Erie/French & Oil Creek Lake - Summary of surface-water, ground-water, and precipitation stations where water-quality data were collected in Pennsylvanaia state forest and park lands and precipitation stations where water-quality ground-water, Summary of surface-water,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 , square miles; #sites, number of sites; POR, period of record; min/max DA, minimum and maximum drainage area in square miles; NA, not applicable] minimum and maximum drainage area in square miles; NA, , square miles; #sites, number of sites; POR, period record; min/max DA, 2 Partial-record stations were not included. Partial-record 1 Basin identifi cation number Table 4. Table (100-meter buffers included). [mi Data Assessment 21 Common dates NA 8/29/2003 - present 10/11/1967 - present NA No overlap NA NA NA NA 11/4/2005 - present 1984 - present 7/1/1975 - present NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 11/5/2005 - present NA 6/1/1993 - 6/21/2001 NA 5/28/2003 - 9/30/2004 & 1/11/2006 11/29/2006 NA NA NA NA 3/1/1977 - present NA NA begin date 1984 8/29/2003 10/1/1962 NA 1983 4/1/1975 NA NA NA 10/1/1980 1984 2/1/1971 NA NA 1/1/1936 NA NA NA NA NA 1996 NA 1987 8/25/1970 11/1/1973 3/1/1975 3/1/1985 5/28/2003 NA NA NA NA 3/1/1977 NA 1985 Precipitation 3 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 24 10 10 #sites POR Ground water 8/9/1950 - active 11/17/1984 - 10/23/1985 & 7/19/1995 11/26/1995 9/18/2001 active 10/11/1967 - active 7/28/1919 - 7/14/1994 & 11/23/1994 active 10/10/1967 - active NA 9/21/2001 - active NA NA 9/20/2001 - active 10/19/1967 - active 7/1/1975 - active 5/3/2001 - active 11/22/1967 - active 3/25/1992 - 1/10/1993 NA NA NA 9/13/1956 - 11/15/2006 NA NA NA NA 6/20/1951 - active NA 7/7/1940 - active NA 4/17/1937 - 9/30/2004 & 1/11/2006 11/29/2006 NA 11/8/1967 - active NA NA 1/1/1970 - active 10/14/1987 - 10/22/1987 & 10/14/1988 10/22/1988 NA 2 3 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 3 0 #sites Summary of surface-water, ground-water, and precipitation stations where water-quality data were collected in Pennsylvanaia state forest and park lands (100- and precipitation stations where water-quality ground-water, Summary of surface-water,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Basin , square miles; #sites, number of sites; POR, period of record; min/max DA, minimum and maximum drainage area in square miles] , square miles; #sites, number of sites; POR, period record; min/max DA, number 2 identification Table 4. Table meter buffers included).—Continued [mi 22 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land be located in a PABASID in which a study is conducted, it site, only 2 constituents were detected over the 35 years (1970 may be difficult to transfer those data to another basin unless through 2005) when samples were collected. lithology and precipitation are similar. Again, this is a difficult It should also be noted that continuous water-quality data question to answer without discussing a specific basin. are also available for 16 continuous-recording stream sites within state lands (appendix 1). The parameters collected at some of these 16 sites include pH, water temperature, specific Water Quality conductance, dissolved oxygen, and suspended sediment. These data were collected sporadically from 1967 through The numerical parameter codes retrieved from all the 2006. water-quality databases, a description of the parameter codes, The USEPA LEGACY data set contained 154 stream and the water-quality group for each parameter code is pre- sites with water-quality data that were in Pennsylvania sented in appendix 4. For the USEPA MODERN and SRBC state lands (fig. 9 and appendix 6). Sites identified in the water-quality data sets, parameter codes were not included LEGACY database as acid mine drainage (AMD) (five sites) with the data; however, the constituents in these databases and waste (wastewater treatment outflows) (three sites) were were also retrieved from other databases (such as USGS also included (appendix 6). Although 1 site in Forest County NWIS and USEPA LEGACY), therefore, the parameter code (4CLA10049) had more samples (362) than any other stream list in appendix 4 is complete. site retrieved from LEGACY, the majority of sites with more Data retrieved from each water-quality data set are sum- than 250 samples (see appendix 6) from this database were marized in separate appendixes for each data set. Except for WQN site samples entered into LEGACY by PaDEP. The the USEPA MODERN data set, all other data retrieved had LEGACY data set was transmitted to the USGS as compressed remark codes (such as “<”) associated with the results. These files by county. All the data for any one site were used for the remark codes were used to summarize the number of detec- summary given in appendix 6. That is, data prior to 1970 were tions. For example, if a site had 50 analyses for trace con- not deleted from the database. The earliest data retrieved from stituents and only 20 of the analytes were detected, then the LEGACY was 1950 (for six sites). Only about 10 percent of appendix would list 50 trace-constituent samples for that site the sites have any data prior to 1970. with only 20 detections. For the USEPA MODERN data set, From the USEPA MODERN data set, the total number of threshold values were used to summarize the data. Thresholds stream sites retrieved for state lands was 52 (fig. 10 and appen- for each constituent were set and any values equal to this were dix 7). Sixteen of the sites retrieved from MODERN were identified as “not exceeding the threshold value.” Threshold sites established by DRBC and 14 other sites were part of the values were set by reviewing data in MODERN and mak- PaDEP WQN. The dates for all stream samples retrieved from ing an assumption on the basis of the “most common” value MODERN ranged from 1992 through 2004. Most samples in the database that the most common value was the method in MODERN were collected during or after 1999. Samples detection limit (MDL). For example, for dissolved arsenic, in MODERN collected prior to 1999 are samples also in the 4 micrograms per liter was the “most common” number, and LEGACY database that had the proper quality-assurance many samples had this value. Thus, this value was set as the documentation to allow the data to be stored in MODERN. threshold and the assumed MDL. Thresholds had to be set for Ninety-nine sites sampled by SRBC were in state lands each constituent on the basis of this approach for the MOD- (appendix 8 and fig. 11). Sites from SRBC were all within the ERN data set. The one potential problem with this method is Susquehanna River Basin, and most sites were in the north- that the data in MODERN came from many different sources, central part of Pennsylvania, primarily in Moshannon, Elk, and it is possible that detection levels were different for the Sproul, Susquehannock, and Tiadaghton State Forests. The same constituent; nevertheless, each constituent in MODERN sample dates for these SRBC data ranged from 1994 into mid- was reviewed to set a reasonable threshold value. 2006. Except for one site, all sites have less than 10 samples. Generally, sites were sampled for major ions, acidity/alkalin- Streams ity, and trace constituents (appendix 8). Data for 16 stream sites were retrieved from the PaDEP The majority of stream water-quality data retrieved for WQN database (fig. 12 and appendix 9). Some of these water- state lands was available from USGS NWIS and USEPA quality data also were available in either LEGACY or MOD- LEGACY data sets. From USGS NWIS, 151 sites with water- ERN. Appendix 9 contains footnotes associated with sites quality data for streams were retrieved (fig. 8 and appendix 5). that have data in these other data sets. MODERN did not have A total of 2,586 records (observations) were retrieved for these any data for the WQN sites beyond 2004. Data obtained from sites. A total of about 510 constituents were associated with PaDEP for WQN sites ranged from November 1998 through these records. The greatest number of samples (362) for any March 2007, with 38 to 77 samples collected at each of the one site was collected at Young Woman’s Creek near Renovo 16 sites. Similar to the WQN data compiled from USEPA in Sproul State Forest (station number 01545600). A wide STORET, this data set from PaDEP also contained constitu- range of constituents were sampled at this site, but the major ents for major ions and trace elements, along with fish-tissue finding is that for 269 trace-elements samples collected at the concentration data. Data Assessment 23 N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION Stream/River sites located in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) State Forest Land County Boundary State Park Land State Boundary Stream/River sites located in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 8. Location of U.S. Geological Survey stream sites with water-quality data in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included). 24 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° Acid-mine drainage sites located in state forest land Acid-mine drainage sites located in state park land sites located in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) Wastewater State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary EXPLANATION 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a Stream/River sites located in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) Stream/River sites located in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° C o S t a 41° 40°
Figure 9. Location of stream and acid-mine drainage sites with water-quality data retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database for state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. Data Assessment 25 N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION Stream/River sites located in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) Stream/River sites located in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 10. Location of stream sites with water-quality data retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Modernized STORET database for state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. 26 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION Stream/River sites located in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary Stream/River sites located in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 11. Location of stream sites with water-quality data retrieved from the Susquehanna River Basin Commission for state forest lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. Data Assessment 27 N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION State Forest Land County Boundary State Park Land State Boundary Stream/River sites located in state forest or park land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 12. Location of stream sites with water-quality data in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) that are part of the Water Quality Network of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. 28 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land
A total of 410 stream sites in state lands had water- PABASID with the most sites was #32 (Moraine) in the north- quality data available from the data sets compiled (table 5). west part of the state with 15 sites, followed by #10 (Upper The PABASID with the most sites was #3 (Susquehannock/ Delaware) with 11 sites and #33 (Middle Allegheny) with 10 Genessee) with 165 sites, followed by #33 (Middle Allegh- sites. eny) with 35 sites and #27 (Kiski-Conemaugh) with 32 sites. The most common types of water-quality data collected PABASID #3 has the most state land (about 1,550 mi2) of any for lake sites in state lands were nutrients and acidity/alkalin- PABASID (no other PABASID has more than about 320 mi2 of ity parameters with over 4,000 analyses for each at 93 of the state land), so the highest number of stream sites is expected. lake sites (table 6). Suspended-sediment data were collected at PABASID #5 (Big Bend) has the smallest number of sites per 93 sites and bed-sediment data at about 40 sites. Some form of unit area of state land, with only six stream sites over 320 mi2 biological data was available for 88 sites, with 20 sites having of state land. data on concentrations of constituents in fish tissue. The common types of water-quality data collected for stream sites in state lands were major ions with over 40,000 analyses at 347 sites, followed by about 35,000 analyses each Ground-Water Wells and Springs for trace constituents, nutrients, and physical parameters Water-quality data for ground-water wells and springs (table 5). Almost 300 sites had data available on suspended- in state lands were retrieved from the USGS NWIS, USEPA sediment concentrations. Bed sediments were also sampled at LEGACY and MODERN, PaDEP, and SRBC databases. about 35 sites. Samples from 17 of these sites were located in Data for 73 ground-water wells (appendix 13) and 11 springs PABASID #3 (Susquehannock/Genessee) and were analyzed (appendix 14) were retrieved from USGS NWIS (fig. 16). for trace metals associated with bed sediments. Thirty-one The wells are well-distributed across the state, but not many stream sites had data available for concentrations of constitu- samples were collected at any one location. The number of ents in fish tissue. samples collected at each site ranged from 1 to 22. The wells with the most samples were in Bucks County in Benjamin Lakes Rush State Park, located along the Delaware River. The PABASIDs with the most ground-water wells in state lands Water-quality data for lakes in state lands were retrieved were the Juniata Basin (#26) with nine wells, followed by from USGS NWIS, USEPA LEGACY, and PaDEP. A total Delaware River (#15 and #10) and Lower Schuykill Basins of 53 sites were retrieved from USGS NWIS (fig. 13 and (#19). Nutrients and major ions were the predominant types of appendix 10). Only 8 of the 53 sites in this database had data water-quality data collected for the wells from NWIS. Sample collected after the year 2000. Data for most of these lake sites dates ranged from 1970 to 2001. For springs, only one to two were collected in the 1970s. Nutrients and major ions were the samples were collected at any site; nine springs had data only predominant types of water-quality data. The majority of sites collected in the 1970s, and the other two springs had data only had only 1 sample collected, but 1 site (Howard Dam in Bald for the 1980s. Major ions were the predominant type of water- Eagle State Park) had 21 samples. quality data available for springs. The LEGACY database Fifty-eight lake sites in state lands were retrieved from contained additional water-quality data for 10 of the wells the USEPA LEGACY database (fig. 14 and appendix 11). (appendix 15) and 6 of the springs (appendix 16) retrieved Twenty-five of the 58 sites (43 percent) are in Crawford, Elk, from USGS NWIS. or Erie Counties, in the northwest part of the state. The sites The USEPA LEGACY database contained 133 wells with the most samples (3 sites each had over 180 samples) (fig. 17 and appendix 15) and 42 springs (fig. 18 and appen- were in Elk County. For the 58 sites, only 1 site had any data dix 16) with water-quality data for state lands. The sample collected prior to 1970; sample dates for the other sites ranged dates for wells ranged from 1933 to 1998. The wells from from 1970 through 1996. The predominant types of water- USEPA LEGACY were well-distributed across the state. Only quality data collected were analyses for nutrients and measure- 3 of the 133 wells had more than 10 samples collected; the ments of acidity/alkalinity. majority of wells had 1 to 3 samples. Nutrients, major ions, Data for five lake sites were retrieved from the PaDEP and physical characteristics were the predominant types of WQN database (fig. 15 and appendix 12). Data for these water-quality data for wells. For springs with water-quality five lakes also were in the USEPA LEGACY database but data in LEGACY, three of the springs in Forbes State Forest only data collected before 1996. The additional PaDEP data had samples collected as early as 1945; however, for all other provided a total of 12 discrete samples for all 5 sites rang- springs, the earliest sample date in LEGACY was 1967. All ing in date from July 1999 to September 2004. The five sites springs except 1 had less than 10 samples collected. Major were within state park boundaries and none of the five sites ions and trace elements were the predominant types of water- were located in state forest land. Major ions, trace elements, quality data for springs in LEGACY. and fish-tissue concentrations were the predominant types of Water-quality data for nine additional wells were water-quality data available. retrieved from the PaDEP and SRBC databases (appendix 17). A total of 107 lake sites in state lands had water-quality All of these wells were in state forest land except for one data available from the data sets compiled (table 6). The (fig. 19), and most are public-supply wells. One to 5 samples Data Assessment 29
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
74 16 19 124 analyses Number of
associated 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 Bed sediment and sites insecticide parameters Number of
4 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 2 6 0 0
32 60 analyses Number of associated 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 16 31 Bed sediment and sites biological parameters Number of 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 77 85 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Bed sediment sites Number of 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 7 88 42 34 20 11 93 17 804 359 400 291 181 167 552 550 212 243 415 analyses 1,131 1,514 1,114 1,412 3,775 1,092 Number of 12,657 27,185 6 0 6 6 3 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 2 3 2 0 7 0 7 3 5 2 0 5 1 4 25 10 20 10 13 26 14 35 Acidity (pH) and sites 164 386 alkalinity parameters Number of 6 0 6 6 3 2 0 0 2 5 0 0 2 3 2 0 9 0 7 3 5 3 0 5 1 5 26 14 24 11 13 32 15 35 165 410 Total sites Total Basin name Central Penn Branch Upper West Susquehannock/Genessee North Branch Susquehanna Lower Big Bend Bradford/Tioga Upper Susquehanna Valley Wyoming Lackawanna Upper Delaware Brodhead/Toby/Tunk Upper Schuylkill/Middle Lehigh Lehigh Lower Creek River/Tohickon Delaware Common Tributaries/Neshaminy Delaware Middle Schuylkill French/Manatawny Perkiomen Creek Creek) Schuylkill (Wissahickon Lower Creeks Ridley/Darby/Chester/Crum Christina /Elk/North East /Brandywine Pennypack/Tacony Susquehanna East Lower Susquehanna West Lower Potomac Juniata Kiski-Conemaugh Youghioheny Monongahela Ohio Allegheny Moraine Middle Allegheny Upper Allegheny Erie/French & Oil Creek Lake - Water-quality summary for stream sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 5. Table databases.—Continued Total 30 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 analyses Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 sites sociated wastewater Bed sediment and as compound parameters Number of - 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 39 63 analyses Number of 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 sites compound parameters ciated volatile organic Number of Bed sediment and asso - 6 0 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 7 0 9 14 21 28 28 27 139 315 analyses Number of parameters 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 3 0 1 17 35 sites Bed sediment and as sociated trace element Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 analyses Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Bed sediment and sites element parameters associated rare earth Number of 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Bed sediment and sites associated nutrient Number of 4 2 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 9 0 0 0 3 8 0 2 51 90 analyses Number of parameters 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 17 32 Bed sediment and sites associated major ion Number of - Water-quality summary for stream sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 5. Table databases.—Continued Total Data Assessment 31 - 0 0 0 9 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 50 17 16 17 75 65 13 432 247 255 184 184 379 291 154 622 180 338 1001 analyses 9,339 1,153 1,556 1,296 2,039 Number of 19,922 eters 6 0 6 6 3 2 0 0 1 4 0 8 0 2 3 2 0 7 0 7 3 5 2 0 5 1 4 21 17 10 12 26 14 34 sites 162 373 Ionic strength param Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 22 512 analyses 2,212 2,769 Number of 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 sites Insecticide parameters Number of 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 705 753 analyses 1,463 Number of 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 sites Herbicide parameters Number of 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 91 94 analyses Number of 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 sites Fungicide parameters Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 64 97 99 908 247 297 313 128 144 analyses 2,364 Number of 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 0 2 10 31 sites Fish tissue parameters Number of 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 3 0 0 10 83 81 12 42 58 36 38 45 303 748 171 129 114 167 141 213 234 242 analyses 1,891 4,772 Number of 5 6 0 5 3 3 2 0 0 0 4 0 6 7 0 0 1 2 0 6 0 2 3 3 2 5 1 3 0 2 4 0 1 79 11 sites 166 Biological parameters Number of - Water-quality summary for stream sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 5. Table databases.—Continued Total 32 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 50 83 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 sites Rare earth element Number of - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 56 60 68 16 50 56 53 575 988 analyses Number of eters 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 15 sites Radiological param Number of 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 9 26 55 16 40 43 100 907 410 437 643 299 187 142 577 601 146 927 211 555 analyses 2,409 2,046 2,212 3,492 2,302 Number of 15,331 34,126 6 0 6 6 3 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 1 3 2 0 9 0 6 3 3 5 3 0 5 1 5 25 13 20 13 26 15 35 sites 164 386 Physical parameters Number of 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 3 38 17 59 13 77 50 76 44 761 402 387 266 419 728 762 804 858 159 803 analyses 2,027 3,453 2,306 2,310 1,313 Number of 16,664 34,806 5 7 0 5 3 3 2 0 0 1 4 0 4 0 2 2 2 0 7 0 7 3 7 9 2 2 0 5 1 2 97 14 10 12 18 sites 236 Nutrient parameters Number of - 9 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 61 48 76 72 33 65 34 23 64 72 337 241 101 126 318 analyses 1,588 3,278 Number of eters 3 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 8 0 2 0 0 0 5 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 1 0 3 5 0 3 47 18 sites 110 Number of Microbiological param 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 42 36 10 12 49 18 171 938 943 571 174 182 306 355 996 442 724 792 analyses 1,497 2,642 1,326 2,312 2,354 2,792 1,190 Number of 22,933 43,857 6 0 6 4 2 2 0 0 1 4 0 3 7 0 2 1 2 0 7 0 7 3 5 2 0 5 1 1 25 10 13 26 14 25 sites 163 347 Major ion parameters Number of - Water-quality summary for stream sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 5. Table databases.—Continued Total Data Assessment 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 55 92 analyses Number of 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 sites element parameters Suspended sediment and associated trace Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 sites Suspended sediment and associated nutrient Number of 0 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 25 12 13 25 20 198 319 analyses Number of 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 ion parameters 17 29 sites Suspended sediment and associated major Number of - 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 analyses Number of 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 cide parameters sites Suspended sediment and associated insecti Number of - 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 22 analyses Number of 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 cal parameters sites Suspended sediment and associated biologi Number of 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 3 0 0 9 0 3 59 31 26 98 382 169 242 146 748 243 120 232 210 480 566 212 211 994 842 analyses 8,221 1,081 1,599 Number of 16,937 parameters 6 6 0 6 4 3 2 0 0 2 4 0 3 7 0 2 1 2 0 6 0 7 3 3 5 2 0 5 1 4 12 26 13 22 sites 138 295 Suspended sediment Number of - Water-quality summary for stream sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 5. Table databases.—Continued Total 34 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 54 40 69 41 67 284 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 14 sites Wastewater compound Wastewater Number of - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 52 61 82 12 85 13 59 24 98 96 118 709 analyses Number of 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 21 sites pound parameters Volatile organic com Volatile Number of - 0 3 4 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 4 0 12 13 29 13 51 23 430 902 163 298 285 229 365 426 analyses 1,404 3,983 2,116 1,187 2,221 1,441 1,985 1,265 Number of 16,230 35,089 eters 5 0 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 0 6 0 6 9 2 5 1 0 3 1 1 20 11 24 12 17 sites 139 284 Trace element param Trace Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 analyses Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 sites compound parameters associated wastewater Number of Suspended sediment and 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 sites organic compound Suspended sediment and associated volatile Number of - Water-quality summary for stream sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 5. Table databases.—Continued Total Data Assessment 35 N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION Lake/Reservoir sites located in state park land State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary Lake/Reservoir sites located in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 13. Location of lake sites with water-quality data in state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database. 36 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION State Forest Land County Boundary State Park Land State Boundary Lake/Reservoir sites located in state forest land Lake/Reservoir sites located in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 14. Location of lake sites with water-quality data retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database for state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. Data Assessment 37 N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION Lake/Reservoir sites located in state park land (including100-meter buffer) State Forest Land County Boundary State Boundary 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 15. Location of lake sites with water-quality data in Pennsylvania state park lands (100- meter buffers included) that are part of the Water Quality Network of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. 38 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land
2 5 2 4 2 4 5 0 9 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 8 0 0 0 8 0 3 0
18 13 13 10 17 138 analyses Number of
associated 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 6 2 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 4 1 2 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 38 Bed sediment and sites insecticide parameters Number of
0 0 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 analyses Number of associated 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Bed sediment and sites herbicide parameters Number of - 0 3 9 3 0 3 3 3 0 6 9 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 0 17 85 analyses Number of eters 0 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 6 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 29 sites Bed sediment param Number of - 4 4 4 7 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 8 0 4 0 4 59 27 50 16 30 44 13 28 12 53 12 52 90 153 analyses 3,369 4,063 Number of 3 4 7 1 1 1 2 2 0 2 7 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 7 1 7 2 2 0 1 0 1 2 10 11 10 93 linity parameters sites Acidity (pH) and alka Number of 3 5 8 2 1 1 2 2 0 2 8 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 7 1 7 2 2 0 1 0 1 6 11 15 10 107 Total sites Total Basin name Central Penn Branch Upper West Susquehannock/Genessee North Branch Susquehanna Lower Big Bend Bradford/Tioga Upper Susquehanna Valley Wyoming Lackawanna Upper Delaware Brodhead/Toby/Tunk Upper Schuylkill/Middle Lehigh Lehigh Lower Creek River/Tohickon Delaware Common Tributaries/Neshaminy Delaware Middle Schuylkill French/Manatawny Perkiomen Creek Creek) Schuylkill (Wissahickon Lower Creeks Ridley/Darby/Chester/Crum Christina /Elk/North East /Brandywine Pennypack/Tacony Susquehanna East Lower Susquehanna West Lower Potomac Juniata Kiski-Conemaugh Youghioheny Monongahela Ohio Allegheny Moraine Middle Allegheny Upper Allegheny Erie/French & Oil Creek Lake - Water-quality summary for lake sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 6. Table databases.—Continued Total Data Assessment 39 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 20 14 34 55 32 33 87 143 428 analyses Number of 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 2 20 sites Fish tissue parameters Number of 4 2 2 2 2 0 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 7 4 3 0 2 0 2 24 23 13 11 32 15 28 29 33 81 84 419 analyses Number of 2 5 8 2 1 1 1 2 0 2 8 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 7 1 6 2 2 0 1 0 2 1 3 10 11 88 sites Biological parameters Number of - 0 0 5 1 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 4 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 28 analyses Number of 0 0 5 1 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 4 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 28 sites compound parameters ciated volatile organic Number of Bed sediment and asso - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 16 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 sites Bed sediment and as sociated trace element Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Bed sediment and sites associated nutrient Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Bed sediment and sites associated major ion Number of - Water-quality summary for lake sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 6. Table databases.—Continued Total 40 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land - 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 10 132 158 analyses Number of eters 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 8 sites Number of Microbiological param 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 12 12 11 19 49 24 78 39 73 38 11 28 23 21 13 12 199 151 113 101 149 166 910 140 analyses 2,470 Number of 2 4 7 1 1 1 2 2 0 2 4 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 5 1 7 2 2 0 1 0 7 7 1 2 10 80 sites Major ion parameters Number of - 3 3 3 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 0 3 0 3 46 28 45 15 22 36 12 24 11 46 12 47 85 52 analyses 1,549 2,069 Number of eters 3 4 7 1 1 1 2 2 0 2 7 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 7 1 7 2 2 0 1 0 1 2 10 11 10 93 sites Ionic strength param Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 21 analyses Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 sites Insecticide parameters Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 analyses Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 sites Herbicide parameters Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 analyses Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 sites Fungicide parameters Number of - Water-quality summary for lake sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 6. Table databases.—Continued Total Data Assessment 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 sites organic compound Suspended sediment and associated volatile Number of 3 3 3 4 8 0 6 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 3 4 6 7 0 3 0 3 44 12 28 22 24 12 21 26 64 116 analyses 1,040 1,476 Number of parameters 3 4 7 1 1 1 2 2 0 2 7 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 7 1 7 2 2 0 1 0 1 2 10 11 10 93 sites Suspended sediment Number of - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 analyses Number of eters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 sites Radiological param Number of 5 2 3 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 3 0 1 0 2 30 39 83 24 40 82 22 34 10 83 18 75 168 214 analyses 2,190 3,152 Number of 3 5 8 2 1 1 2 2 0 2 8 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 7 1 7 2 2 0 1 0 1 6 11 13 10 sites 104 Physical parameters Number of 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 7 64 78 10 16 39 63 16 25 54 26 21 86 30 28 12 140 118 109 259 270 analyses 2,872 4,358 Number of 3 4 7 1 1 1 2 2 0 2 7 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 7 1 7 2 2 0 1 0 8 1 4 10 11 93 sites Nutrient parameters Number of - Water-quality summary for lake sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 6. Table databases.—Continued Total 42 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 9 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 sites Wastewater compound Wastewater Number of - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 33 129 analyses Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 sites pound parameters Volatile organic com Volatile Number of - 3 2 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 2 67 10 44 13 52 31 56 29 89 32 14 180 109 111 122 718 154 analyses 1,851 Number of eters 2 4 7 1 1 1 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 1 6 2 2 0 1 0 7 6 1 1 10 74 sites Trace element param Trace Number of - Water-quality summary for lake sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 6. Table databases.—Continued Total Data Assessment 43 N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° Springs located in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) Ground-water wells located in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary EXPLANATION 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s Springs located in state forest land t a Ground-water wells located in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 16. Location of ground-water wells and springs with water-quality data in state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database. 44 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° Ground-water wells located in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) EXPLANATION Ground-water wells located in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 17. Location of ground-water wells with water-quality retrieved from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database for state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. Data Assessment 45 N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION Springs located in state park land (including 100-meter buffer) State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary Springs located in state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 18. Location of springs with water-quality data retrieved from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database for state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. 46 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° 78° 3 EXPLANATION State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary PaDep North Central Regional Office ground-water wells in either state forest or park land (including 100-meter buffer) ground-water wells in either state forest or park land (including 100-meter buffer) PaDEP PADWIS Susquehanna River Basin Commision ground-water wells in either state forest or park land (including 100-meter buffer) 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 19. Location of ground-water wells with water-quality data retrieved from the Susquehanna River Basin Commission and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection databases for state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. Data Assessment 47 were collected at any 1 well, and very little water-quality data Benthic Macroinvertebrates were available for any of these wells; however, the 1 SRBC well in Clearfield County was sampled for volatile organic Benthic-macroinvertebrate sampling locations in state compounds (VOC), with 12 detections for 22 VOC analyses. lands were retrieved from USGS NWIS, USEPA LEGACY Data for these nine wells were collected from 1993 to 2005. and MODERN, SRBC, PaDEP, and the PaFBC. Benthic- A total of 205 wells (table 7) and 47 springs (table 8) macroinvertebrate sampling locations from USGS were either in state lands had water-quality data available from the data retrieved from the USGS NWIS (which has parameter codes sets compiled. The PABASID with data available for the most for entry of counts for specific benthic-macroinvertebrate ground-water wells was #3 (Susquehannock/Genessee) fol- fauna) or sites were identified externally (Robin Brightbill, lowed by the Juniata Basin (#26); however, wells with water- U.S. Geological Survey, oral commun., 2007) (appendix 18). quality data were very well-distributed in state lands across From USGS NWIS, all benthic-macroinvertebrate samples the state. Water-quality data for springs were not that well- were collected in 1979, and there were a total of 29 observa- distributed. There was a lack of water-quality data available tions at 26 locations (appendix 18). An additional five benthic- for springs in PABASID #3, with only one site in state lands. macroinvertebrate sampling sites were external from NWIS The large majority of the springs with water-quality data (fig. 20 and appendix 18). were located in the central part of the state in PABASIDs #24 Benthic-macroinvertebrate sampling locations were also (Lower Susquehanna West with 9 springs) and #26 (Juniata retrieved from USEPA LEGACY and MODERN (fig. 21 with 12 springs). The uneven spatial coverage of springs may and appendix 19). Ten benthic-macroinvertebrate sites were be a result of the naturally occurring uneven distribution of retrieved from STORET, eight from LEGACY and two from springs. MODERN. The eight sites from legacy STORET also were The most common types of water-quality data collected PaDEP WQN sites. The benthic-macroinvertebrate sites in for wells in state lands were primarily major ions with almost MODERN (in Clinton and Cameron Counties) were not in 3,400 analyses, followed by nutrients and physical parameters LEGACY. Benthic-macroinvertebrate samples in LEGACY with both over 2,000 analyses. Trace-element data were avail- were collected in either 1973 or 1974; the two sites in MOD- able for 92 sites and VOCs for 13 sites (table 7). ERN were sampled in 2004. The predominant types of water quality collected for Benthic-macroinvertebrate sampling locations were springs in state lands were major ions (748 analyses at all 47 retrieved from SRBC for some of the same locations for sites) and trace elements (566 analyses at 37 sites). Acidity/ which SRBC collected water-quality data. Fifty-five benthic- alkalinity, nutrients, ionic strength, and physical parameters macroinvertebrate sampling locations (with 89 total samples) were available at almost all spring sites (table 8). were retrieved from SRBC (fig. 22 and appendix 20). The benthic-macroinvertebrate samples from SRBC were collected from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s with 52 of the samples Summary collected in PABASID #3 (Susquehannock/Genessee). Water-quality data were compiled for streams, lakes, The largest number of benthic-macroinvertebrate sample ground-water wells, and springs located in state lands and locations retrieved from any one source was from a PaDEP adjacent 100-meter buffers for data available primarily through internal database that has a list of all the sites sampled across January 2007. The majority of water-quality data compiled the state for the purpose of determining whether streams are were for streams (410 sites), followed by ground-water wells impaired. The PaDEP internal database had a total of 980 and springs (205 and 47 sites, respectively), and lakes (107 benthic-macroinvertebrate samples collected in state lands sites). Data for stream sites and ground-water wells in state (fig. 23 and appendix 21). These benthic-macroinvertebrate lands were well-distributed across the state; however, data for sampling sites generally covered the entire state, and sample lakes and springs were more widely scattered, which may be a dates ranged from 1991 to 2006. Approximately 30 percent result of site availability. The most common types of water- (321 samples) were collected in PABASID #3 (Susquehan- quality data collected were major ions, trace elements, and nock/Genessee). The only three PABASIDs where PaDEP nutrients. Some physical parameters, such as water tempera- did not collect samples in state lands were #9 (Lackawanna), ture, stream discharge, or water level typically were collected #16 (Middle Schuylkill), and #31 (Allegheny), but these for most water-quality samples. PABASIDs have very limited amounts of state lands (see Some of these sites are currently under a sampling sched- table 1). ule by some agency, such as the stream and lake sites that are PFBC collected benthic-macroinvertebrate samples part of PaDEP WQN. Therefore, additional water-quality data across Pennsylvania from 1977 through 2001. The site infor- beyond these presented in this report are likely available for mation data retrieved electronically from PFBC contained 14 some sites. The original data that went into the water-quality widely-scattered locations in state lands (fig. 24 and appen- summaries for this report are currently being stored at the dix 22). USGS Office in New Cumberland, Pa., and are available as database format (dbf) files. 48 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 29 28 55 188 analyses Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 sites Herbicide parameters Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 analyses Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 sites Fungicide parameters Number of 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 5 9 5 0 4 1 1 6 3 4 0 1 0 2 0 7 0 0 15 48 110 232 analyses Number of 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 8 0 3 4 3 0 3 1 1 4 2 3 0 1 0 2 0 5 0 0 16 68 sites Biological parameters Number of - 7 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 0 0 0 70 96 81 10 18 26 14 10 11 18 18 56 24 34 35 14 67 11 39 34 10 33 513 140 analyses 1,400 Number of 7 2 7 4 4 0 0 0 6 3 1 0 4 0 5 4 5 3 1 4 3 3 3 0 6 0 4 5 0 32 17 15 16 21 16 linity parameters sites 201 Acidity (pH) and alka Number of 7 2 7 4 4 0 0 0 6 3 1 0 4 0 6 4 5 3 1 4 3 3 3 0 3 0 7 5 0 32 17 16 17 22 16 205 Total sites Total Basin name Central Penn Branch Upper West Susquehannock/Genessee North Branch Susquehanna Lower Big Bend Bradford/Tioga Upper Susquehanna Valley Wyoming Lackawanna Upper Delaware Brodhead/Toby/Tunk Upper Schuylkill/Middle Lehigh Lehigh Lower Creek River/Tohickon Delaware Common Tributaries/Neshaminy Delaware Middle Schuylkill French/Manatawny Perkiomen Creek Creek) Schuylkill (Wissahickon Lower Creeks Ridley/Darby/Chester/Crum Christina /Elk/North East /Brandywine Pennypack/Tacony Susquehanna East Lower Susquehanna West Lower Potomac Juniata Kiski-Conemaugh Youghioheny Monongahela Ohio Allegheny Moraine Middle Allegheny Upper Allegheny Erie/French & Oil Creek Lake - Water-quality summary for ground-water wells in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 7. Table databases. Total Data Assessment 49 4 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 78 25 23 22 33 17 29 40 17 27 35 14 14 14 50 50 48 92 239 123 638 132 112 132 analyses 2,020 Number of 5 2 7 4 4 0 0 0 6 3 1 0 4 0 5 4 5 3 1 4 3 3 3 0 6 0 4 5 0 27 17 16 16 22 16 sites 196 Physical parameters Number of 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 0 0 0 72 46 15 37 37 14 17 10 19 33 71 58 10 37 25 75 12 55 14 18 21 123 280 analyses 1,131 2,246 Number of 5 1 7 4 4 0 0 0 6 3 1 0 4 0 4 4 1 3 1 4 3 2 3 0 6 0 5 3 0 25 17 14 15 17 16 sites 178 Nutrient parameters Number of - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 7 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 18 42 analyses Number of eters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 10 sites Number of Microbiological param 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 27 77 72 51 26 30 69 80 18 83 13 30 46 18 78 38 218 304 338 726 147 145 210 129 109 288 analyses 3,381 Number of 5 1 7 4 4 0 0 0 6 3 1 0 4 0 5 4 4 3 1 4 3 3 3 0 6 0 6 5 0 28 17 15 15 21 16 sites 194 Major ion parameters Number of - 2 6 0 0 0 7 0 7 0 4 7 5 0 0 8 0 51 97 12 19 15 15 18 36 15 24 37 10 50 20 18 25 110 375 128 analyses 1,121 Number of eters 7 1 7 4 4 0 0 0 6 3 1 0 4 0 5 4 5 3 1 4 3 3 3 0 6 0 3 5 0 28 17 15 16 20 16 sites 194 Ionic strength param Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 19 34 32 118 analyses Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 sites Insecticide parameters Number of - Water-quality summary for ground-water wells in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 7. Table databases.—Continued Total 50 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land
4 1 9 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 53 92 21 33 40 11 65 24 51 14 26 41 179 503 113 121 analyses 1,417 Number of parameters 1 1 1 1 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 9 0 3 0 1 3 1 2 2 0 3 0 2 0 3 2 0 0 Trace element Trace 14 12 13 11 92 sites Number of
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
analyses Number of nutrient parameters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 and associated sites Suspended sediment Number of
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 64 75
analyses Number of major ion parameters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 and associated 11 sites Suspended sediment Number of 3 7 0 0 0 7 0 5 0 3 3 5 5 0 0 8 0 48 53 46 11 12 10 15 17 40 19 21 10 38 22 16 25 96 150 695 analyses Number of parameters 5 1 7 4 4 0 0 0 6 3 1 0 4 0 5 4 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 0 6 0 4 4 0 23 17 14 14 19 16 sites 178 Suspended sediment Number of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 sites Rare earth element Number of 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
12 17 13 63 analyses Number of parameters Radiological 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 15 sites Number of - Water-quality summary for ground-water wells in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 7. Table databases.—Continued Total Data Assessment 51
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 analyses Number of
Wastewater Wastewater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 sites compound parameters Number of
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 83 83 28 10 136 102 464 analyses Number of compound parameters 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 Volatile organic Volatile sites Number of - Water-quality summary for ground-water wells in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 7. Table databases.—Continued Total 52 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 14 19 14 90 40 29 65 32 43 32
141 176 748 analyses Number of Major ion parameters 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 3 4 6 0 0 0 1 2 0 1
12 47 sites Number of
9 4 6 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 0 0 0 20 34 38 20 12 12 12 190 analyses Number of parameters 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 3 4 6 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 Ionic strength 11 45 sites Number of 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 6 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
10 17 18 59 analyses Number of
Biological parameters 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 2 9 0 5 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 30 sites Number of
4 4 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8 17 20 32 10 42 15 28 12
208 analyses Number of alkalinity parameters 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 3 4 6 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 12 46 Acidity (pH) and sites Number of 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 3 4 6 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 12 47 Total sites Total Basin name Central Penn Branch Upper West Susquehannock/Genessee North Branch Susquehanna Lower Big Bend Bradford/Tioga Upper Susquehanna Valley Wyoming Lackawanna Upper Delaware Brodhead/Toby/Tunk Upper Schuylkill/Middle Lehigh Lehigh Lower Creek River/Tohickon Delaware Common Tributaries/Neshaminy Delaware Middle Schuylkill French/Manatawny Perkiomen Creek Creek) Schuylkill (Wissahickon Lower Creeks Ridley/Darby/Chester/Crum Christina /Elk/North East /Brandywine Pennypack/Tacony Susquehanna East Lower Susquehanna West Lower Potomac Juniata Kiski-Conemaugh Youghioheny Monongahela Ohio Allegheny Moraine Middle Allegheny Upper Allegheny Erie/French & Oil Creek Lake - Water-quality summary for springs in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 number tification Basin iden Table 8. Table databases. Total Data Assessment 53
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 16 15 80 34 13 17 36 17 28 136 147 566 analyses Number of parameters 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 3 2 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 Trace element Trace 10 37 of sites Number
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 trace element and associated of sites Number Suspended sediment 3 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 5 0 0 0 6 7 0 8 10 20 34 41 153 analyses Number of parameters 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 12 41 of sites Number Suspended sediment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Rare earth element of sites Number 3 4 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 5 9 0 4 18 30 42 10 40
180 analyses Number of Physical parameters 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 3 4 6 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 12 46 of sites Number 7 2 0 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 21 40 68 16 83 15 28 19 17
337 analyses Number of Nutrient parameters 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 2 4 5 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 12 44 of sites Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 analyses Number of parameters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Microbiological of sites Number Water-quality summary for springs in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic Water-quality
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Basin identi number fication Table 8. Table databases.—Continued Total 54 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations within state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations within state park land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 20. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations retrieved from U.S. Geological Survey database for state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. Data Assessment 55 N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations within state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations within state park land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 21. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations retrieved from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy and Modernized STORET databases for state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. 56 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations within state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations within state park land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 22. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations retrieved from the Susquehanna River Basin Commission database for state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. Data Assessment 57 N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations within state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations within state park land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 23. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations retrieved from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection database for state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) in Pennsylvania. 58 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land N 2 ° 4 n d 75° ° N a 4 0
s l e l r a a p r d a n d N 9 ° 3 i c , s t a n g i n r i C o o
a f o e - A r e l u d a t i q u l a , r s E 76° W e 8 ° A l b n 7 n : i a i o t r i d c e j e l m p r o t r a p n M a C e 77° EXPLANATION State Forest Land State Park Land County Boundary State Boundary Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations within state forest land (including 100-meter buffer) Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations within state park land (including 100-meter buffer) 78° 3 0 2 , s e r c u o s l R e r a t u a 79° d N n a n t i o a r v 8 0 n s e 1 9 , y f C o e o 40 MILES n t u r v e l S r t m a g i c a p e l o o D a 40 KILOMETERS G e n i a 20 l v 80° y : U . S s t a n 20 d a
P e : r y t a d a n d a u 0 0 d o n b a l
n t y t e u 42° S t a C o 41° 40°
Figure 24. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations obtained from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission for Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included). Summary And Conclusions 59
Summary Site-specific data on channel characteristics (such as wet- ted width, average water depth, etc.) and the biological fauna Given the large database available from PaDEP for will be necessary in order to develop instream-flow needs for benthic macroinvertebrates, along with the other data from the specific species. The required methodology to look at just one other agencies (USGS, SRBC, USEPA, and PaFBC), there is species was presented by Denslinger and others (1998) for very good distribution of benthic-macroinvertebrate population brook trout. This methodology is very field intensive, even data for state lands. A total of 1,077 benthic-macroinvertebrate if the stream reach is continuously gaged. If the reach is not samples were collected statewide with 391 samples collected gaged, then, initially, using index stations to mimic stream in PABASID #3 (Susquehannock/Genessee) (table 9). The hydrographs would be required. Following that step, the pro- only other PABASIDs with more than 70 benthic-macroinver- cedure by Denslinger for brook trout could be applied after the tebrate samples were #24 (Lower Susquehanna West with 81 hydrograph (daily values for stream discharge) for the study samples), #26 (Juniata with 78 samples), and #5 (Big Bend reach has been estimated. with 73 samples). No benthic-macroinvertebrate samples The physical attributes in table 10 are a general list of were available in PABASIDs #9 (Lackawanna), #16 (Middle some of the physical attributes that may be pertinent for water- Schuykill), and #31 (Allegheny), but each of these PABASIDs resource management and decision making; however, other has no more than 2 mi2 of state lands, with #31 having only GIS coverages could be necessary, especially for studies that 0.05 mi2, the lowest of all PABASIDs (table 1). are focused on ecological-flow requirements. One example As with the water-quality data, the benthic-macroinver- would be tree cover along a riparian zone, which could be tebrate data were compiled in early 2007, and it is likely that used to indirectly determine the amount of incoming solar additional data are available for state lands, especially because radiation reaching the stream channel. PaDEP is continually assessing waters across the state to determine if impairment has occurred or improved. However, it is unclear how useful benthic-macroinvertebrate data may be in the context of any ecological-flow assessment because Summary And Conclusions its value would be determined by the type of flow assessment. Ancillary data typically collected with benthic-macroinverte- Electronically available data were compiled for Pennsyl- brate samples such as stream habitat characteristics also could vania state lands (state forests and parks) for the Pennsylvania be useful, and these data may be available from the collecting Department of Conservation and Natural Resources so that the agency. agency could initially determine if data exist to make an objec- tive evaluation of water resources for specific basins within state lands. Although many data are available, the required Geographic Information System Coverages data for a specific analyses will be dictated by the type of evaluation. An annual water-budget determination would Depending on the methodology to develop a water budget require much different data than an ecological-flow or a water- or assess instream-flow needs, a number of different GIS quality assessment. Therefore, in this report, various types of coverages are required. Coverages that may be pertinent in electronic data were retrieved, including water quantity, water assessing water availability and the ecological implications quality, benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations, and geo- are listed in table 10. Presently, data accessed at the link to the graphic information systems coverages. The compilation and USGS DEM (digital elevation model) website can be used to summary of data in this report allow for quick determination generate elevation contours (see link in table 10); however, the of available data and whether more data may be required for state of Pennsylvania is currently funding a program to gener- the particular task at hand. ate LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data for the entire The water-quantity, water-quality, and benthic-macroin- state. These data will be available at the PASDA site once the vertebrate sample location data compiled were well-distributed project is complete. LiDAR data are expected to give better across the state; however, selected areas of interest in state resolution elevation data than the DEM data currently avail- lands may not have adequate data for a specific task, such as able; however, processing costs of LiDAR data may outweigh developing a water budget. Data-estimation techniques can be the benefits associated with using LiDAR data. used to generate some of the necessary streamflow and pre- Three links for drainage-basin delineations are given cipitation data for a water-budget study if measured data for a in table 10. One source, StreamStats (http://water.usgs.gov/ specific area are not adequate. Data-estimation techniques are osw/streamstats/pennsylvania.html), can be used to delineate discussed in this report. For other tasks, such as an ecological- the drainage area for any point in any stream in the state of flow or water-quality assessment, data provided in this report Pennsylvania. This may be very advantageous for PaDCNR provide an initial source of information. The available data as points of interest in state forests and parks are identified. described in this report would not be sufficient for a specific StreamStats can provide a relatively quick basin delineation basin-wide water-quality or ecological-flow assessment. that would help to identify the area of the basin of interest. Determination of annual water budgets in selected basins is the Once delineated, a shape file of the basin can be saved in task best supported by the data currently available. StreamStats and can be used to identify any existing sites with water quantity and quality data for that area. 60 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land
Table 9. Summary of benthic-macroinvertebrate samples in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands (100-meter buffers included) retrieved from all available electronic databases. Basin iden- Number of tification Basin name samples number 1 Central Penn 45 2 Upper West Branch 51 3 Susquehannock/Genessee 391 4 Lower North Branch Susquehanna 6 5 Big Bend 73 6 Bradford/Tioga 27 7 Upper Susquehanna 14 8 Wyoming Valley 10 9 Lackawanna 0 10 Upper Delaware 24 11 Brodhead/Toby/Tunk 22 12 Upper Schuylkill/Middle Lehigh 24 13 Lower Lehigh 5 14 Delaware River/Tohickon Creek 12 15 Delaware Common Tributaries/Neshaminy 11 16 Middle Schuylkill 0 17 French/Manatawny 4 18 Perkiomen Creek 9 19 Lower Schuylkill (Wissahickon Creek) 8 20 Ridley/Darby/Chester/Crum Creeks 3 21 Christina /Elk/North East /Brandywine 9 22 Pennypack/Tacony 1 23 Lower Susquehanna East 12 24 Lower Susquehanna West 66 25 Potomac 26 26 Juniata 65 27 Kiski-Conemaugh 12 28 Youghioheny 24 29 Monongahela 9 30 Ohio 17 31 Allegheny 0 32 Moraine 38 33 Middle Allegheny 43 34 Upper Allegheny 9 35 Lake Erie/French & Oil Creek 7 Total 1,077 Summary And Conclusions 61 Date Verified 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 8/31/2007 8/14/2007 9/5/2007 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 8/31/2007 8/14/2007 8/14/2007 NA 8/31/2007 8/14/2007 NA 8/14/2007 8/31/2007 8/14/2007
Source
bedmap.aspx#entirestate aspx#entirestate show_data.php?code=PA&state=Pennsylvania DDS-62-F) ofr96395_eva.xml ofr96395_pre.xml ftp://www.pasda.psu.edu/pub/pasda/pafish/Dams_RunofRiver.zip http://ned.usgs.gov http://www.pasda.psu.edu/access/doq99list.cgi http://www.pasda.psu.edu/access/doqlist.cgi http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/pennsylvania.html ftp://www.pasda.psu.edu/pub/pasda/watersheds/ http://pa.water.usgs.gov/pa_digit.v2.html http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/map1/ ftp://www.pasda.psu.edu/pub/pasda/floodpln/floodpln.zip http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/map1/bedmap. http://nhd.usgs.gov http://www.mrlc.gov/mrlc2k_nlcd.asp http://landcover.usgs.gov/ http://gisdata.usgs.net/website/MRLC/viewer.php ftp://www.pasda.psu.edu/pub/pasda/nlcd/ http://www.mrlc.gov/mrlc2k_nlcd.asp and USGS databases & spatial data PaDEP http://www.epa.gov/enviro/geo_data.html http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/bdy_files.html Global GIS Database: Digital Atlas of North America (USGS, http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ http://www.ocs.oregonstate.edu/index.html http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ Description mean) Dams are not included in hydrography coverage Dams are not included in hydrography and elevation Topography maps Topographic maps Topographic size watershed Areal delineations - any size watershed Areal delineations - any Areal delineations - small watersheds identified Geologic faults 100-year floodplains and underlying geology provinces Physiographic bodies Water includes just roads, not parking lots Typically Data, 1993 National Land Cover Data, 2001 National Land Cover Mosaicked Land cover Location of mines and quarries treatment plants Industrial/commercial dischargers, 1990 census block info. (U.S. Census Bureau) (1:1,000,000 scale data) Annual average only) (glaciated regions Annual average Precipitation and temperature (maximum, minimum, only) (glaciated regions Annual average Continued — List of geographic information system (GIS) coverages with potential applications for development water budgets and ecologi cal-flow Coverage
model) Table 10. Table assessments. not applicable] [NA, Dams/impoundments DEM (Digital elevation Digital ortho quarter quads Digital ortho quarter quads Drainage basins Drainage basins Drainage basins Faults Floodplains Geology and physiography Hydrography Impervious surface Land use/cover Land use/cover Land use/cover Land use/cover Mines and quarries Point sources Population density Potential evapotranspiration Potential evapotranspiration data Weather Precipitation
62 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land
Date Verified Date
8/14/2007
NA
8/14/2007
8/14/2007
8/14/2007
8/14/2007
NA
8/14/2007
8/14/2007
8/14/2007
8/14/2007
8/14/2007
Source
(Delaware River Basin) River (Delaware
(Susquehanna River Basin) River (Susquehanna
chap93toc.html
9/17/1999
default.htm
http://wetlandsfws.er.usgs.gov/NWI/download.html
USGS database USGS
http://www.srbc.net
http://www.state.nj.us/drbc
ftp://www.pasda.psu.edu/pub/pasda/pafish/ClassA_Streams.zip
http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/
PA Ground Water Information System, version 3.0, CD-ROM, CD-ROM, 3.0, version System, Information Water Ground PA
http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/SSURGOMetadata.aspx
ftp://www.pasda.psu.edu/pub/pasda/soils/
http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/County.aspx?State=PA
http://www.soilinfo.psu.edu/index.cgi?soil_data&index.html
http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wc/Act220/
Description
hydroelectric, and agricultural categories agricultural and hydroelectric,
supply, commercial, industrial, mining, thermoelectric, thermoelectric, mining, industrial, commercial, supply,
National wetland inventory wetland National
Source- surface or ground or surface Source-
Withdrawals, discharges, and imports to basin to imports and discharges, Withdrawals,
Withdrawals, discharges, and imports to basin to imports and discharges, Withdrawals,
Class A designations A Class
Stream use (example, cold-water fishery) cold-water (example, use Stream
Spring locations Spring
Soil Survey Geographic database Geographic Survey Soil
County data County
Soil Survey Geographic database: data by county by data database: Geographic Survey Soil
Various coverages such as porosity, depths, etc. depths, porosity, as such coverages Various
Withdrawals, interconnections, and discharges for public public for discharges and interconnections, Withdrawals,
Continued
—
cal-flow cal-flow ecologi and budgets water of development for applications potential with coverages (GIS) system information geographic of List
Coverage
Wetlands
Water type Water
Water imports/exports Water
Water imports/exports Water
Streams Streams
Stream classification Stream
Springs
Soil grouping (hydrologic) grouping Soil
Soil grouping (hydrologic) grouping Soil
Soil grouping (hydrologic) grouping Soil
Soil
Public water supplies water Public
[NA, not applicable] not [NA,
assessments. Table 10. Table References Cited 63
References Cited
Denslinger, T.L., Gast, W.A., Hauenstein, J.J., Heicher, D.W., Henriksen, D.R., Jackson, D.R., Lazorchick, G.J., McSpar- ran, J.E., Stoe, T.W., and Young, L.M., 1998, Instream flow studies Pennsylvania and Maryland: Susquehanna River Basin Commission Publication 191, May 1998, 293 p. Hay, L.E., Wilby, R.L., and Leavesley, G.H., 2000, A com- parison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 387-397. Jeton, A.E., Watkins, S.A., Lopes, T.J., and Huntington, J., 2006, Evaluation of precipitation estimates from PRISM for the 1961-90 and 1971-2000 data sets, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005- 5291, 25 p. Kiesling, R.L., 2003, Applying indicators of hydrologic altera- tion to Texas streams–Overview of methods with examples from the Trinity River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 128-03, 6 p. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 2006, Guidelines for identification of critical water planning areas: Document 392-2130-014, 17 p. Sloto, R.A, and Buxton, D.E., 2005, Water budgets for selected watersheds in the Delaware River Basin, Eastern Pennsylvania and Western New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5113, 37 p. Sloto, R.A., and Crouse, M.Y., 1996, HYSEP: A computer program for streamflow hydrograph separation and analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4040, 46 p. U.S. Geological Survey, Water resources glossaries— Water resources data: accessed Dec. 4, 2007, at http://water.usgs.gov/glossaries.html
Waldron, M.C., and Archfield, S.A., 2006, Factors affect- ing firm yield and the estimation of firm yield for selected streamflow-dominated drinking-water-supply reservoirs in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investi- gations Report 2006-5044, 39 p. 64 Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Land
Appendixes
Appendix 1. List of all U.S. Geological Survey surface-water sites with water-quantity and continuous water-quality data for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania
Appendix 2. List of all U.S. Geological Survey ground-water wells with water-quantity (water-level elevation) data for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania
Appendix 3. List of active National Weather Service and U.S. Geological Survey precipitation stations in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania
Appendix 4. List of parameter codes, parameter descriptions, and the water-quality group designated for each parameter
Appendix 5. Water-quality data summary for stream sites in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database
Appendix 6. Water-quality data summary for stream, acid mine drainage, and wastewater sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database
Appendix 7. Water-quality data summary for stream sites and springs in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Modernized STORET database
Appendix 8. Water-quality data summary for stream sites in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania retrieved from the Susquehanna River Basin Commission database
Appendix 9. Water-quality data summary for Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection water-quality network stream sites in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania
Appendix 10. Water-quality data summary for lake sites in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database
Appendix 11. Water-quality data summary for lake sites in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database
Appendix 12. Water-quality data summary for Pennsylvania Department Environmental Protection water-quality network lake sites in state park land in Pennsylvania
Appendix 13. Water-quality data summary for ground-water wells located in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database Appendixes 65
Appendix 14. Water-quality data summary for springs located in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database
Appendix 15. Water-quality data summary for ground-water wells in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database
Appendix 16. Water-quality data summary for springs in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy STORET database
Appendix 17. Water-quality data summary for ground-water wells in Pennsylvania state forest and park lands retrieved from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and the Susquehanna River Basin Commission databases
Appendix 18. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey database
Appendix 19. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations and dates retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Legacy and Modernized STORET databases for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania
Appendix 20. Locations of benthic-macroinvertebrate samples collected by the Susquehanna River Basin Commission in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania
Appendix 21. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample locations in state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania retrieved from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection database
Appendix 22. Benthic-macroinvertebrate sample dates and locations obtained from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission for state forest and park lands in Pennsylvania
Galeone— Data Compilation and Assessment for Water Resources in Pennsylvania State Forest and Park Lands—Data Series 327