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Sustainable City Singapore GGBP Case Study Series Sustainable City Singapore Related Chapter: Policy design and implementation Case developed by: Peter King Country: Singapore Sector(s): Cross-cutting Key words: Cities, water, air, climate, recycling, transport Singapore has established a series of long-term goals and 10-year plans to reconcile rapid economic development and environmental sustainability. It has pursued its vision of being a clean, green city using targeted policy portfolios and strong spatial planning. Context The first Singapore Green Plan was released in 1992 by the then Ministry of the Environment, Singapore is one of the world's leading followed in 2002 by a new 10-year national plan, commercial hubs, with the fourth-biggest developing a national approach of integrated financial center and one of the five busiest planning and close attention to detail. In 2009, ports. Singapore has made the rapid transition the Ministry of the Environment and Water from a developing to a developed country in five Resources and the Ministry of National decades by prioritizing the twin goals of Development (MND) released the Sustainable developing a competitive economy and pursuing Singapore Blueprint (SSB), which outlined five- environmental sustainability. Both are important year plans to make Singapore a liveable and in order to attract investors and enhance quality lively city-state, and key strategies for of life. Singapore is resource-constrained, and Singapore’s sustainable development in the long imports most of its food, water, and natural term. resources. As an island city-state, it has its own Singapore is also pursuing green growth actively. share of existing environmental challenges, The National Climate Change Strategy 2012 particularly with air quality levels, in part places emphasis on green growth opportunities. because of regional transboundary haze. Singapore is developing a Cleantech hub, and is harnessing opportunities in clean and green energy (e.g. solar), waste and water outlined in the Land Transport Master Plan technologies, urban management, green 2013. The plans outline measures to increase information and communications technology, connectivity, improve transport services, and and clean mobility, among others. create a more inclusive and liveable community. For Singapore to continue to grow and prosper, Singapore has a broad mix of regulations and it must continue to upgrade the ambition and standards, pricing systems, technology innovation of its approach to sustainability. demonstration projects, consumer awareness programs, information management, and other policies across environmental issues, including air quality, climate change, energy efficiency, water, waste, nature conservation, and public Approach health. In 2008 Singapore set up an Inter-Ministerial The policy portfolios generally consist of a Committee on Sustainable Development range of instruments and measures that target a (IMCSD), co-chaired by the Minister for number of goals, including: National Development and the Minister for the . Air quality – regulatory measures for Environment and Water Resources. The stationary and mobile sources of pollutants; Sustainable Singapore Blueprint which was co-regulation of pollutants by government, introduced in the following year sets out industry, and consumers; sustainable development goals to 2030. The SSB outlines strategies to achieve twin objectives of . Transport – electronic road pricing (a form economic growth and a good living of congestion charging in central city areas), environment. It includes ambitious targets for cycling networks and pathways, vehicle quota energy efficiency; water consumption; local air system (i.e. the auctioning of certificates of quality; use of public transportation; green and entitlement for vehicle ownership), and a blue spaces, including park space and water dense and integrated public transport system catchment areas; and green buildings. USD1 consisting of the mass rapid transit system billion was committed by the government over and bus network; five years from 2009 to support initiatives under . Climate change – demonstration projects on the SSB. The SSB is currently under review and renewable energy (e.g. testing of various the next SSB document will be released by the solar technologies in public housing end of 2014. precincts), research and development (R&D) investments and establishment of research Singapore’s land use plans for the next 40-50 institutes dedicated to energy research, years are outlined in a concept plan, which is climate studies and research, risk assessment, reviewed every decade. This long-term plan is and adaptation planning; then translated into a master plan, which guides development over the next 10-15 years. Energy efficiency – promotion of energy Singapore is currently also preparing an efficiency, setting minimum standards, 80 underground master plan to build percent of buildings in Singapore to achieve transportation links, shops, and other facilities Green Mark certification by 2030; under the existing surface developments so as . Water – sourcing water from local to ensure room for growth in the future. catchments; recycling and desalination of Singapore’s long-term transportation plans are 2 water; improvement of water efficiency coordination of Singapore’s domestic and through water efficient homes program; international policies, plans and initiatives on mandatory submission of water efficiency climate change. management plans for large water users; Singapore has many initiatives and programs to application of international water standards; address climate change, which are reflected in provision of education for those living in its National Climate Change Strategy 2012 water catchment areas; and long run document, including: marginal pricing to encourage water conservation, reflecting the scarcity value of . Carbon Emissions-based Vehicle Scheme to water; encourage the adoption of low-emission . Waste – incineration; encouragement of vehicles; participation in recycling; promotion of . Fuel Economy Labelling Scheme to enable innovative technologies to recycle and customers to make more informed decisions reduce waste; infrastructure support for on their vehicle purchase; recycling; and voluntary Singapore Packaging . Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme for Agreement; household appliances, namely air . Nature conservation reforestation and conditioners and refrigerators in 2008, outreach program for students; nature clothes dryers in 2009, and televisions in recreational master plan; and 10 percent of 2014; land area committed as green space, of which . Minimum Energy Performance Standards half is gazetted nature reserves; (MEPS) for refrigerators and air conditioners . Provision of green and blue spaces – in 2011, and clothes dryers in 2014; enhancement of Singapore’s physical . Tighter MEPS for household air conditioners environment through the provision of and refrigerators (2013); greenery and green spaces as well as cleaning and opening up water bodies for recreational . The Energy Conservation Act, which activities; requires energy-intensive companies in the industry and transport sectors to appoint . Public health – improvement of the energy managers, monitor and report their cleanliness and hygiene of public places; energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, control of vector-borne diseases; prohibition and submit energy efficiency improvement of smoking in public places; public education; plans; monitoring and improving indoor air quality; and researching healthy indoor environment. Reform in fuel mix to make the shift away from fuel oil to natural gas for power Singapore’s emphasis on sustainability includes generation (about 90 percent of electricity is efforts to address climate change, and a whole- generated from natural gas); of-government approach is taken. The Inter- Ministerial Committee on Climate Change is . R&D in innovation of energy technologies, chaired by Singapore’s Deputy Prime Minister. such as at the Energy Innovation Programme The Committee is supported by the National Office, the Energy National Innovation Climate Change Secretariat, which was Challenge, the Solar Energy Research established in 2010, as a dedicated set-up under Institute of Singapore, and the Energy the Prime Minister’s Office to ensure effective Research Institute at the Nanyang Technological University; 3 . Green Building Master Plan, which comprises . Energy Efficiency National Partnership regulatory requirements for minimum (EENP); environmental sustainability standards in . Public Sector Taking the Lead in buildings, the development of green rating Environmental Sustainability (PSTLES). tools, incentive schemes, research programs, capability development road maps and outreach efforts, and climate change studies to understand potential effects and impacts on the physical environment of Singapore. Outcomes Singapore has also provided test bed and The 2005 review of the 1992 Green Plan found demonstration platforms to support companies that targets on air and water quality, waste, and research institutes to validate new recycling, and conservation had been met. The technologies in a real-world setting (e.g., evidence suggests that the portfolio of policies Cleantech Park for green companies, Punggol and practices in place have made Singapore Eco-Town to test residential solutions, electric substantially greener than when it was first vehicle test bed, etc.). The first zero energy established. For example, the Singapore River building
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