International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
Coalition Government of PDP and BJP formation of government and Their Common Minimum Program in Jammu and Kashmir
Mohd Abass Bhat Research Scholar Political Science Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya Indore (M.P)
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present research paper attempts at independent representatives form a the understanding of the system of coalition government. and an evaluation of its implications for The coalition government in Jammu and society. Coalition politics is based on a Kashmir during 2014 Assembly elections, system of governance by a group of political generally acknowledged to be fair, and parties or by several political parties. When helped build some kind of confidence in the several political parties collaborate to form electoral institutions and processes. Till a government and exercise the political now, the formation of government and its power on the basis of a common agreed sustenance in power was more dependent on programme/agenda we can describe such a the support of the Centre rather than the system as coalition politics or coalition mandate of people. The electoral politics government. Such a government is usually therefore was quite distanced from the organized when no party is in a position to popular responses. Breaking the hegemony get a majority in the parliament or state of the single dominant party also brought an legislature and some parties form a alternative to the PDP-BJP coalition power. coalition group or an alliance and thus The reality on the ground, even if complex forms a government. A coalition government and complicated, needs to be faced is a collaborative or cooperative effort, in politically not numerically. That is the real which several political parties or some challenge the PDP and the BJP have political parties in association with some decided to bring together their common minimum program, political initiatives and
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 62
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
legislative resources to convert this complex Instead of being judgmental about these challenge into an opportunity. electoral results, the PDP and the BJP have made efforts to understand the verdict in all KEY WORDS: People’s Democratic Party, its complexity. Both parties have agreed on Bharatiya Janata Party, Coalition, Jammu a Common Minimum Programme (CMP) and Kashmir, Elections, Government, for the state. Here is the full text of the Common Minimum Program etc Common Minimum Programme. This document set out the Agenda of the INTRODUCTION Alliance between the J&K People’s The term coalition is derived from the Democratic Party (PDP) and the Bharatiya Latin word coalition which is the verbal Janata Party (BJP). It will be the guiding substantive of coalesce co-together and framework for governance of the coalition alesere to grow up which means to go or to government in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) for grow together. According to the Oxford the next six years. English dictionary, ‘the word coalition means an alliance for combined action of OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY distinct parties’ persons or state without To realize this goal that Jammu and permanent incorporation into one body. Kashmir People’s Democratic Party calls for In the recently concluded J&K State very specific action that must be taken and assembly elections, 2014, the people of the standard that must be set. State have voted overwhelmingly and in To examine the Common Minimum favour of the democratic system. This shows Programme policy. a growing recognition and acceptance among people that participating in the free METHODOLOGY and fair electoral process is the only option. The present study makes an attempt to The results of these elections have been examine the coalition government in Jammu judged as fractured and indecisive by and Kashmir during 2014. This study is everyone. The reality is that it is not the based on secondary sources of data which mandate of political parties that is fractured; includes, Assembly debates, Daily News it is the polity of J&K that is fractured. Papers, Internet, Manuals, Periodicals and
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 63
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
Articles published in Journals etc. Hence this study is based on the Descriptive and BOYCOTT CALLS Historical approach. Hardline separatist All Parties Hurriyat Conference leader Syed Ali Shah BACKGROUND AND CAMPAIGN Geelani had appealed to people of Kashmir The Jammu and Kashmir to boycott the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, 2014 was Legislative Assembly elections completely, held in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir arguing that "India has been holding in five phases from November 25 to elections in the Valley using the power of December 20, 2014. Voters elected 87 gun and so such an exercise is not members to the Jammu and Kashmir legitimate." He added, “My appeal to the Legislative Assembly, which ends its six- youth in particular is that the sacrifices year term on January 19, 2015. The results rendered by the people must be safeguarded were declared on December 23, 2014. and, hence, in no way should vote during Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) elections.” along with EVMs was used in 3 assembly Separatists were propagating the poll seats out of 87 in Jammu Kashmir elections. boycott campaign through video clips on Before the election„ Indian National social networking sites and applications, Congress broke its alliance with Jammu and including Face book and Whats App. Kashmir National Conference and contested A four-minute video clip has gone on all seats in the assembly. Campaigning viral on social sites with messages of before the elections was aggressive and chairmen of both hardline and moderate robust. Following the huge victory of factions of Hurriyat Conference and Bharatiya Janata Party in the Indian Dukhtaran-e-Millat chief Asiya Andrabi. parliamentary election, the BJP turned its The video message sent through WhatsApp attention towards J&K and campaigned on and shared on Face book and Twitter asked the promise of 'development'. This included the people to boycott the coming polls. a visit from the Prime Minister of India, Video also showed Hurriyat hawk Narendra Modi in support of the local BJP Syed Ali Shah Geelani addressing a campaign.
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 64
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
gathering via phone urging youth not to undermine the mission of ‘martyrs’. VOTING Moderate Hurriyat chairman The polls were carried out in five Mirwaiz Umar Farooq is seen posing for phases. Despite several boycott calls by the camera with the appeal those polls Hurriyat leaders, elections recorded highest must be boycotted ‘en masse’. voter’s turnout in last 25 years. Voter’s turnout was more than 65% which is higher than usual voting percentage in other states of India.
Date Seats Turnout 25 November 2014 15 71.28% 2 December 2014 18 71% 9 December 2014 16 58.89% 14 December 2014 18 49% 20 December 2014 20 76% Total 87 65.23%
Source: Electoral Commission of India
Voting
25-Nov-14 22%
14-Dec-14 27%
02-Dec-14 09-Dec-14 27% 24%
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 65
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
The European Parliament on the behalf Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Mufti of European Union welcomed the smooth Muhammad Sayeed said, "If God forbid the conduct of the State Legislative Elections in Hurriyat and the militants tried to disrupt the the Jammu and Kashmir. The EU in its elections these would not have been as message said that, "The high voter turnout participative as they had been. They figure proves that democracy is firmly (Pakistan) also allowed these elections to rooted in India. The EU would like to take place." Ruling Party president congratulate India and its democratic system Mehbooba Mufti also defended Mufti's for conduct of fair elections, unmarred by remarks while taking dig at Mufti's violence, in the state of Jammu and statement former Chief Minister of Jammu Kashmir". The European Parliament also and Kashmir and leader of opposition in takes cognizance of the fact that a large Rajya Sabha Ghulam Nabi Azad said that, number of Kashmiri voters turned out "In fact, Pakistan and militant groups tried despite calls for the boycott of elections by their best to destabilise the democratic certain separatist forces. However, elected process in the state. Summary of the Jammu and Kashmir state assembly election results 2014. Vote Party Flag Seats Previously +/– Vote % Share 28 21 +7 22.7% 10,92,203 People's Democratic Party.
25 11 +14 23.0% 11,07,194 Bharatiya Janata Party.
15 28 -13 20.8% 10,00,693 National Conference.
12 17 -5 18.0% 8,67,883 Indian National Congress.
Jammu & Kashmir People's 0 0 Conference.
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 66
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
1 1 0 0.5% Communist Party of India (Marxist).
Jammu and Kashmir People's 0 0 Democratic Front.
3 Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party.
People's Democratic Front. 1 1 - -
Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party 1 % Nationalist.
Independents. 4 11 %
Total (turnout 65.23%) 87 87 - -
Source: Electoral Commission of India PDP became the single largest party with 28 3. PDP + INC + Independents + Others = seats. BJP became the second largest party 28+12+3+2 = 45. with 25 seats. Omar Abdullah resigned as a 4. PDP + JKN + INC = 28+15+12 = 55. chief minister on 24 December 2014. Three days after the results, the JKN GOVERNMENT FORMATION approached the BJP for a meeting for The PDP was the single-largest party government formation. As part of the deal, with 28 seats, followed by the BJP with 25 Normal Kumar Singh was to be the CM, and seats. The assembly was hung in the evening JKN's senior most MLA Ali Mohammad of December 23; The INC announced its Sagar was to be his deputy, and the intention of supporting the PDP, which the government was slated to take oath on PDP refused. The following were the January 6. The deal fell through after a options for government formation: revolt in the JKN, following which Omar 1. PDP + BJP = 28+25 = 53. Abdullah left for London. The BJP also 2. BJP + JKN + JKPC + Independents = rejected this deal, citing morality issues. 25+15+2+3 = 45. In the following days, the JKN also announced its intention to support the PDP
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 67
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
from outside by submitting a letter to the a 3-year rotation of the CM's post, but later Governor, after the dialogue with the BJP agreed, with both parties getting 3-3 years fell through. The PDP refused. each. There were also issues related to the A week after the results, the PDP and joining of the government by separatist- the BJP officially started talks for turned-politician Sajjad Lone. In the run-up government formation. Both parties had a 2- to the elections, he met PM Narendra Modi, member team to form a Common Minimum and praised him by calling him "big Programme (CMP). The PDP was brother". The BJP reciprocated, by not represented by Naeem Akhtar and Haseeb launching a candidate against Lone on the Drabu, while Ram Madhav and Nirmal Handwara seat, from where he won, and got Kumar Singh represented the BJP. Minister elected to the assembly for the first time. of State in the PMO, Jitendra Singh, Both parties announced on February supervised the dialogue. 25 that the CMP was almost ready, and was The two parties are ideologically apart. being given final touches, in a joint press The BJP was for the removal of Article 370, conference called by BJP national president continuation of AFSPA, anti-Hurriyat and Amit Shah and PDP president Mehbooba against reconciliation with separatists and Mufti followed by their meeting at Shah's Pakistan, the PDP was the other way round. residence in Delhi. They also stated that the Critics of both parties feared compromise on ideological differences had been "ironed their principles. There were many out", and both parties were now working on controversial issues to be dealt with, like the Cabinet formation. The dialogue Article 370. Meanwhile, Omar Abdullah between both parties ended successfully on resigned on December 24. The Governor February 28 - two months and 5 days after accepted his resignation, but asked him to beginning of talks. continue as caretaker Chief Minister until The new PDP-BJP government took the formation of the government. President's oath in the afternoon of March 1, 2015, in rule was imposed on January 2, 2015. the Zorawar Singh Stadium of Jammu, with After dealing with issues, both parties Mufti Mohammad Sayeed as CM for the full turned their focus to the composition of the term of 6 years, and Nirmal Kumar Singh as Cabinet. The PDP was initially reluctant for his deputy. Prime Minister Narendra Modi
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 68
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
graced the occasion by his presence. 12 (Development for all, by everyone). cabinet ministers from each party were also Contentious issues like Article 370 and sworn-in. This also marked the first time in AFSPA would be referred to a high-power the history of the state that the BJP was a committee, with representation from both coalition partner in the state government. parties, and the civil society. The PDP also Sajjad Lone and independent MLA for agreed to join the NDA government at the Udhampur, Pawan Kumar Gupta was also Centre, with Mehbooba Mufti's induction sworn-in as cabinet ministers from the BJP's into the union Cabinet, at a later date, and quota. also support the Modi government in both The CMP was released in a press houses of Parliament. The PDP has 3 MPs in conference by the newly elected the Lok Sabha. It also contested the Rajya government, hours after the swearing-in Sabha elections in partnership with the BJP ceremony. The CMP gave a vision of "all- (this election took place before the round development of Jammu and Kashmir" government formation). The PDP won 2 and "Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas" seats, and the BJP won 1.
Elected Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Mufti Mohammad Sayeed with Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi after government formation in Jammu and Kashmir.
PDP-BJP COALITION GOVERNMENT programme (CMP). Amongst the key issues’ In forming a coalition government in dividing their constituents was the Jammu and Kashmir following the 2014 controversial Armed Forces Special Powers assembly elections, the Bharatiya Janata Act (AFSPA). While PDP representatives Party (BJP) and the People's Democratic vowed during the election season to work Party (PDP) resolved to reconcile key points towards the provisions revocation from the of divergence through a common minimum state as a whole the BJP suggested it would
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 69
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
allow the army to decide on the law's do proceed to explore AFSPA's phased continuation. Reconciling these positions in withdrawal, deliberations will inevitably be the CMP, the coalition partners offered to guided by factors beyond the state of “examine the need for de-notifying militancy over the past five years. In disturbed areas.” In other words, the parties deciding for or against AFSPA, the security resolved to consider removing the disturbed establishment is also likely to consider areas tag from relatively peaceful parts of future projections, asking whether patterns the state. Since AFSPA is only in force in an of disturbance in the state might change in area so long as it features in the disturbed the near to mid-term. For instance, some areas list the CMP essentially offers to fulfill observers have expressed concern that a a prerequisite for AFSPA's phased decreased demand for battle hardened withdrawal from parts of the state. Towards fighters west of the Durand Line in this end, the BJP and the PDP will have to Afghanistan might prompt an invigorated ask: Which disturbed areas in Jammu and militant campaign east of the Line of Kashmir are genuinely disturbed and where Control. The final section outlines some of is such designation less relevant. the factors complicating de-notification, This essay examines the extent, nature, even of Jammu and Kashmir. and distribution of militancy-linked This document set out the Agenda of the disturbance in Jammu and Kashmir, as Alliance between the J&K People’s expressed through data covering the five Democratic Party (PDP) and the Bharatiya year period from 2010 to 2014. It is Janata Party (BJP). It will be the guiding important to note at the outset that this is an framework for governance of the coalition exercise of potentially limited practical government in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) for utility. For one, there is no guarantee that the the next six years. BJP-PDP combine will act on its stated In the recently concluded J&K State intention to reassess conditions in the state. assembly elections, 2014, the people of the Its resolution could merely represent a State have voted overwhelmingly and in political tactic meant to enable coalition favour of the democratic system. This shows formation, without initiating any meaningful a growing recognition and acceptance movement on the issue. Even if the parties among people that participating in the free
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 70
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
and fair electoral process is the only option. The PDP and the BJP have entered into The results of these elections have been a “Governance Alliance” based on an judged as fractured and indecisive by agreement and agenda which is an effort everyone. The reality is that it is not the towards seeking a national reconciliation on mandate of political parties that is fractured; J&K. The purpose of this alliance is to form it is the polity of J&K that is fractured. a coalition Government that will be Instead of being judgmental about these empowered to catalyse reconciliation and electoral results, the PDP and the BJP have confidence building within and across the made efforts to understand the verdict in all Line of Control (LoC) in J&K thereby its complexity. The reality on the ground, ensuring peace in the state. This will, in even if complex and complicated, needs to turn, create an enabling environment for all be faced politically not numerically. That is round economic development of the state the real challenge. The PDP and the BJP and prosperity of the people. have decided to bring together their political In a situation where socio-political and legislative resources to convert this aspirations and grievances of the people complex challenge into an opportunity. have wide ranging differences, economic development on its own can neither bring COMMON MINIMUM PROGRAMME about peace nor prosperity. Nor can a After a two-month-long wait and political process get us where we want to be suspense, Jammu and Kashmir finally got a if it is unaccompanied by tangible material, People’s Democratic Party-Bharatiya Janata economic and financial initiatives, resulting Party government with Mufti Mohammad in sustainable economic development. As Sayeed being sworn in as the state Chief such, sequencing the two and striking the Minister for the second time. Both parties right balance between them will create a have agreed on a Common Minimum virtuous cycle of peace and prosperity that Programme (CMP) for the state. Here is the will accord a normal life to the coming full text of the Common Minimum generations, especially those regions who Programme: have lived in perpetual strife and conflict. While recognising the different positions PURPOSE OF THE ALLIANCE and appreciating the perceptions BJP and
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 71
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
PDP have on the constitutional status of delivery. The governance framework J&K, considering the political and envisaged will include institutional capacity legislative realities, the present position will building and people-public- private be maintained on all the constitutional partnership. This will enable the state to provisions pertaining to J&K, including the seek national and international financing for special status in the Constitution of India. its developmental plan and projects for foreign investments in sectors like power, TERMS OF ENGAGEMENT infrastructure, education, agriculture, To meet these objectives and deliver horticulture, tourism and medical services. economic growth with regional balance and Simplify doing business in the state by social justice in the state, it is important to reducing regulatory complexities and costs, create an environment of peace, certainty easing bureaucratic barriers and simplifying and stability within which development can registration processes and clearances. This be engendered. will also bring down the size, scale and spread of corruption in the state GOVERNANCE REFORMS significantly. The overall economic policy The State Government will be will align the economic structure of J&K transformed into a Smart Government which with its own resources, skills and society. will be proactive, transparent and The economic policy will not be formulated accountable. It will be reformed and for government’s own activities but for redesigned to be an enabler for business and private businesses and enterprises. a strategic partner for long term private It will be ensured that powers and sector growth. It shall be the mission of the decentralization of decision making is in coalition government to be the most ethical practice devolved to three tier Panchayats, state in the country from the present day Municipalities and Corporations. The third position of being the most corrupt state. For tier of governance will be empowered to this new governance systems shall be discharge their statutory functions introduced with national support and effectively and efficiently by giving them international expertise to provide honest, functional roles, fiscal responsibilities. effective inclusive governance and service Ensure genuine autonomy of institutions of
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 72
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
probity, which include: State Accountability initiate a sustained and meaningful dialogue Commission, Vigilance Commission, which with all internal stakeholders, which will will be re-designated as Transparency include all political groups irrespective of Commission, and an organization which their ideological views and predilections. deals with the Right to Information Act. This dialogue will seek to build a broad based consensus on resolution of all POLITICAL INITIATIVES outstanding issues of J&K. The Union Government has recently initiated several steps to normalise the SECURITY MATTERS relationship with Pakistan. The coalition The situation in the State has improved government will seek to support and vastly and to build greater public confidence strengthen the approach and initiatives taken in its sustainability, people of the State must by the government to create a reconciliatory be able to get the peace and normalcy environment and build stakes for all in the dividend. In this context, the coalition peace and development within the government will thoroughly review the subcontinent. The same will be pursued by security situation in the state with a view to taking confidence building measures, such examine the need and desirability of all the as, enhancing people to people contact on special laws being applied to the state in both sides of the LoC; encouraging civil view of the situation which is improving. society exchanges, taking travel, commerce, While both parties have historically trade and business across the LoC to the held a different view on the Armed Forces next level and opening new routes across all Special Powers Act (AFSPA) and the need three regions to enhancing connectivity. The for it in the State at present, as part of the earlier NDA government led by Shri Atal agenda for governance of this alliance, the Bihari Vajpayee had initiated a dialogue coalition government will examine the need process with all political groups, including for de-notifying ‘disturbed areas’. This, as a the Hurriyat Conference, in the spirit of consequence, would enable the Union “Insaaniyat, Kashmiriyat aur Jamhooriyat”. Government to take a final view on the Following the same principles, the continuation of AFSPA in these areas. All coalition government will facilitate and help lands other than those given to the security
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 73
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
forces on the basis of lease, licenses and plant with equity support from acquisition under the provision of the Land Government of India. Acquisition Act shall be returned to the E) Restructure and strengthen the rightful legal owners, except in a situation Chenab Valley Power Projects where retaining the lands is absolutely Limited as a holding company for all imperative in view of a specific security hydro power projects in the state. requirement. In any case, monetary F) Ensure J&K a share in one of the six remuneration, be it in the form of rents or Ultra Mega Thermal Power Projects. compensation should be made fairly at market rates. SOCIAL & HUMANITARIAN INITIATIVES DEVELOPMENTAL AGENDA Protecting and fostering ethnic and In order to address the real source of religious diversity by ensuring the return of J&K’s fiscal problem and pave the way for Kashmiri Pandits with dignity based on their making J&K a fiscally autonomous state, the rights as state subjects and reintegrating as State Government will work with the Union well as absorbing them in the Kashmiri Government to: milieu. Reintegration will be a process that A) Explore modalities for transfer of will start within the State as well as the civil Dulhasti and Uri hydro power society, by taking the community into projects to J&K as suggested by the confidence. For the deprived groups, the Rangarajan Committee Report and Coalition Government will: Work out a one- the Round Table reports. time settlement for refugees from Pakistan B) Secure a share in the profits of Occupied Kashmir of 1947, 1965 & 1971. NHPC emanating from J&K waters Take measures for sustenance and to the state government. livelihood of the West Pakistan refugees. C) Revise all royalty agreements. Extend all benefits accruing to the people D) Allot a dedicated coal mine in living on the LoC to the people living on the Madhya Pradesh to J&K with coal International Border. Make the families of reserves of not less than 150 MMT the victims in cross border firing qualify for for setting up a pit head thermal benefits given under SRO-43. Construct
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 74
International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2016
shelters in vulnerable areas on the LoC and Programme of both parties BJP and PDP the International Border to prevent loss of were only aiming to wining the hearts and life. Give ST status to Kollis, Chopans and minds of the people. For the better Paharis. Create a Scheduled Tribe Ministry development of the state all political parties for the welfare of the STs. Constitute a have to work according to wishes and Delimitation Commission for the delimiting aspirations of people of Jammu & Kashmir. of Legislative Assembly Constituencies as required by law. REFERENCES: [1.] Jammu and Kashmir Assembly CONCLUSION Elections 2014, Journal of Central Asian In the Legislative Assembly election of Studies, University of Kashmir Vol., XII, Jammu and Kashmir during 2014, the No.1 National Conference occupied the main [2.] Noorani A.G. A Fractured verdict, opposition benches. The People's frontline, 26 October, 8, November 2014 Democratic Party and Bharatiya Janata Party [3.] Economic and Political Weekly (New coalition Government led by Mufti Delhi) Mohammad Sayeed was in power. The [4.] Central Asia Survey (University Of Coalition culture is not alien to India. Kashmir) V.P.Singh ex-PM has rightly remarked, [5.] Institution of Peace and Conflict Studies “India herself is a coalition”. The above (New Delhi) analysis of coalition governments in Jammu [6.] Self-Rule document/PDP. and Kashmir clearly reflects that the [7.] The Times of India (India). emergence of regional parties in state has INTERNET: given birth to coalition politics. The rise of a [1.] www.greaterkashmir.com regional outfit like PDP has posed challenge [2.] www.kashmir- to one dominant party system led by information.com/legalDocs National Conference. The ideologies like [3.] www.kashmirtimes.com Autonomy and Common Minimum
Available online: www.edupediapublications.org/journals P a g e | 75