O’LENO STATE PARK AND RIVER RISE PRESERVE STATE PARK

UNIT MANAGEMENT PLAN

APPROVED

STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Division of Recreation and Parks

APRIL 18, 2003 Department of Environmental Protection

Jeb Bush Marjorie Stoneman Douglas Building David B. Struhs Governor 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, MS 140 Secretary Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000

April 18, 2003

Ms. BryAnne White Government Operations Consultant II Office of Park Planning Division of Recreation and Parks

O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Lease Number: #3638

Dear Ms. White:

On April 18, 2003, the Acquisition and Restoration Council recommended approval of the Land Management Plan for O’Leno and River Rise Preserve State Parks. Therefore, the Office of Environmental Services, acting as agent for the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund approves this plan. Pursuant to Section 253.034 and 259.032, Florida Statutes, and Chapter 18-2, Florida Administrative Code the plan’s five-year update will be due in April 2008.

Approval of this land management plan does not waive the authority or jurisdiction of any governmental entity that may have an interest in this project. Implementation of any upland activities proposed by this management plan may require a permit or other authorization from federal and state agencies having regulatory jurisdiction over those particular activities.

Sincerely, Delmas T. Barber Delmas T. Barber, OMC Manager Office of Environmental Services Division of State Lands

“More Protection, Less Process”

Printed on recycled paper.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF PLAN 1

MANAGEMENT PROGRAM OVERVIEW 3

Management Authority And Responsibility 3

Park Goals And Objectives 4

Management Coordination 8

Public Participation 8

Other Designations 8

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COMPONENT

INTRODUCTION 11

RESOURCE DESCRIPTION AND ASSESSMENT 11

Natural Resources 11

Cultural Resources 28

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 32

Special Management Considerations 32

Management Needs And Problems 33

Management Objectives 35

Management Measures For Natural Resources 38

Management Measures For Cultural Resources 42

Research Needs 43

Resource Management Schedule 44

Land Management Review 44

i LAND USE COMPONENT

INTRODUCTION 45

EXTERNAL CONDITIONS 45

Existing Use Of Adjacent Lands 45

Planned Use Of Adjacent Lands 46

PROPERTY ANALYSIS 46

Recreation Resource Elements 46

Assessment Of Use 48

CONCEPTUAL LAND USE PLAN 53

Potential Uses And Proposed Facilities 53

Facilities Development 58

Existing Use And Optimum Carrying Capacity 58

Optimum Boundary 59

TABLE

TABLE 1 - Existing Use And Optimum Carrying Capacity 59

LIST OF ADDENDA

ADDENDUM 1

Acquisition History and Advisory Group Report A 1 - 1

ADDENDUM 2

References Cited A 2 - 1

ADDENDUM 3

Soil Descriptions A 3 - 1

ADDENDUM 4

Plant And Animal List A 4 - 1

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ADDENDUM 5

Designated Species List A 5 - 1

ADDENDUM 6

Florida Master Site File List of Cultural Sites A 6 - 1

ADDENDUM 7

Timber Management Analysis A 7 - 1

ADDENDUM 8

Priority Schedule and Cost Estimates A 8 - 1

MAPS

Vicinity Map 2

Soils Maps 14—15

Natural Communities Maps 18—19

Base Maps 49—50

Conceptual Land Use Plans 54—55

Optimum Boundary Maps 60—61

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INTRODUCTION O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park are located in northern Alachua County and southern Columbia County. The main entrance to the parks is about five miles north of High Springs on U.S. Highway 441 (see Vicinity Map). The Vicinity Map also reflects significant land and water resources existing near the parks.

At O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park, public outdoor recreation and conservation is the designated single use of these parks (see Addendum 1). There are no legislative or executive directives that constrain the use of these properties. The parks contain ± 6,212.28 acres. For this plan, park acreage has been calculated based on the composition of natural communities, in addition to ruderal and developed areas.

O’Leno State Park is significant in the twentieth century history of Florida as one of nine elements of the New Deal-inspired Florida state park system and as one of the physical expressions of early-twentieth century recreation planning. In 1933, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was the first New Deal agency to begin operations in Florida. From 1933 to 1942, the CCC and the Works Progress Administration (WPA) programs constructed an impressive collection of facilities throughout Florida. A considerable portion of the public recreation facilities created by these programs is preserved in the state park system’s New Deal era parks: Florida Caverns State Park, Torreya State Park, Fort Clinch State Park, O’Leno State Park, Gold Head Branch State Park, Ravine State Gardens, Hillsborough River State Park, Highlands Hammock State Park and Myakka River State Park.

The site of O’Leno State Park was initially chosen as the location of a Florida Forestry Service Camp to provide forestry training and education. Development of the Camp started as a WPA project using unemployed labor from the High Springs area. In July 1935, the CCC installed workers from Company 418, Camp P-67, to assist WPA workers at O’Leno. Development of the site progressed rapidly, and between 1935 and 1936 the CCC cleared land, built roads, trails and constructed the dining hall, pavilion, Museum/Tower building and suspension bridge. In late 1936, the CCC enrollees were withdrawn as the project neared completion and WPA labor became available. Once completed, the Florida Forestry Service Camp at O’Leno operated for only two summers. In October 1940, the Camp was transferred to the park service for the purpose of public recreation and enjoyment. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE PLAN This plan serves as the basic statement of policy and direction for the management of O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park as units of Florida's state park system. It identifies the objectives, criteria and standards that guide each aspect of park administration, and sets forth the specific measures that will be implemented to meet management objectives. The plan is intended to meet the requirements of Sections 253.034 and 259.032, Florida Statutes, Chapter 18-2, Florida Administrative Code, and intended to be consistent with the State Lands Management Plan. With approval, this management plan will replace the current approved plan of May 29, 1997. All development and resource alteration encompassed in this plan is subject to the granting of appropriate permits; easements, licenses, and other required legal instruments. Approval of the management plan does not constitute an exemption from complying with the appropriate local, state or federal agencies. This plan is also intended to meet the requirements for beach and shore preservation, as defined in Chapter 161, Florida Statutes and Chapters 62B-33, 62B-36 and 62R-49, Florida Administrative Code.

The plan consists of two interrelated components. Each component corresponds to a particular aspect of the administration of the parks. The resource management component provides a

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The land use component is the recreational resource allocation plan for the units. Based on considerations such as access, population, and adjacent land uses, an optimum allocation of the physical space of the parks is made, locating use areas and proposing types of facilities and volume of use to be provided.

In the development of this plan, the potential of the parks to accommodate secondary management purposes (“multiple uses”) was analyzed. These secondary purposes were considered within the context of the Division’s statutory responsibilities and an analysis of the resource needs and values of the park. This analysis considered natural and cultural resources, management needs, aesthetic values, visitation and visitor experiences. For these parks, it was determined that timber harvesting for the purpose of natural community restoration could be accommodated in a manner that would be compatible and not interfere with the primary purpose of resource-based outdoor recreation and conservation. This compatible secondary management purpose is addressed in the Resource Management Component of the plan. Uses such as, water resource development projects, water supply projects, stormwater management projects, linear facilities and sustainable agriculture and forestry (other than those forest management activities specifically identified in this plan) are not consistent with this plan or the management purposes of the parks and should be discouraged.

The potential for generating revenue to enhance management was also analyzed. Visitor fees and charges are the principal source of revenue generated by the park. It was determined that timber harvesting in the context of natural community restoration activities would be appropriate at these parks as an additional source of revenue for land management since it is compatible with the parks’ primary purpose of resource-based outdoor recreation and conservation.

The use of private land managers to facilitate restoration and management of this unit was also analyzed. Decisions regarding this type of management (such as outsourcing, contracting with the private sector, use of volunteers, etc.) will be made on a case-by-case basis as necessity dictates. MANAGEMENT PROGRAM OVERVIEW Management Authority and Responsibility In accordance with Chapter 258, Florida Statutes, and Chapter 62D-2, Florida Administrative Code, the Division of Recreation and Parks (Division) is charged with the responsibility of developing and operating Florida's recreation and parks system. These are administered in accordance with the following policy:

It shall be the policy of the Division of Recreation and Parks to promote the state park system for the use, enjoyment, and benefit of the people of Florida and visitors; to acquire typical portions of the original domain of the state which will be accessible to all of the people, and of such character as to emblemize the state's natural values; conserve these natural values for all time; administer the development, use and maintenance of these lands and render such public service in so doing, in such a manner as to enable the people of Florida and visitors to enjoy these values without depleting them; to contribute materially to the development of a strong mental, moral, and physical fiber in the people; to provide for perpetual preservation of historic sites and memorials of statewide significance and interpretation of their history to the people; to contribute 3

to the tourist appeal of Florida.

The Trustees have also granted management authority of certain sovereign submerged lands to the Division under Management Agreement MA 68-086 (as amended January 19, 1988). The management area includes a 400-foot zone from the edge of mean high water where a park boundary borders sovereign submerged lands fronting beaches, bays, estuarine areas, rivers or streams. Where emergent wetland vegetation exists, the zone extends waterward 400 feet beyond the vegetation. The agreement is intended to provide additional protection to resources of the park and nearshore areas and to provide authority to manage activities that could adversely impact public recreational uses.

Many operating procedures are standard system wide and are set by policy. These procedures are outlined in the Division Operations Procedures Manual (OPM) and cover such areas as personnel management, uniforms and personal appearance, training, signs, communications, fiscal procedures, interpretation, concessions, camping regulations, resource management, law enforcement, protection, safety and maintenance.

In the management of O’Leno State Park, a balance is sought between the goals of maintaining and enhancing natural conditions and providing various recreational opportunities. Natural resource management activities are aimed at management of natural systems. Development in the park is directed toward providing public access to and within the park, and to providing recreational facilities, in a reasonable balance, that are both convenient and safe. Program emphasis is on interpretation on the park's natural, aesthetic and educational attributes.

In the management of River Rise Preserve State Park preservation and enhancement of natural conditions is all important. Resource considerations are given priority over user considerations and development is restricted to the minimum necessary for ensuring its protection and maintenance, limited access, user safety and convenience, and appropriate interpretation. Permitted uses are primarily of a passive nature, related to the aesthetic, educational and recreational enjoyment of the preserve, although other compatible uses are permitted in limited amounts. Program emphasis is placed on interpretation of the natural and cultural attributes of the preserve. Park Goals and Objectives The following park goals and objectives express the long-term intent of the Division in managing the state parks. At the beginning of the process to update this management plan, the Division reviewed the goals and objectives of the previous plan to determine if they remain meaningful and practical and should be included in the updated plan. This process ensures that the goals and objectives for the park remain relevant over time.

Estimates are developed for the funding and staff resources needed to implement the management plan based on these goals, objectives and priority management activities. Funding priorities for all state park management and development activities are reviewed each year as part of the Division’s legislative budget process. The Division prepares an annual legislative budget request based on the priorities established for the entire state park system. The Division also aggressively pursues a wide range of other funds and staffing resources, such as grants, volunteers, and partnerships with agencies, local governments and the private sector, for supplementing normal legislative appropriations to address unmet needs. The ability of the Division to implement the specific goals, objectives and priority actions identified in this plan will be determined by the availability of funding resources for these purposes.

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Natural Resources 1. Restore natural communities within the parks. A. Continue the aggressive burning program within the remnant upland pine forest. Target additional upland pine forest areas for restoration. Increase girdling and chemical treatment of offsite hardwoods in overgrown upland pine forest areas. Give priority to restoring degraded areas that are adjacent to higher quality upland pine forest already under an established prescribed fire regime. B. Continue to burn sandhills and flatwoods regularly, with an emphasis on growing season burns. Winter burns may be used in fire-suppressed areas to reduce fuels or in overgrown areas where low humidity is needed to achieve good burn results. Plant additional, local seed source longleaf pines in some areas to supplement natural reproduction. Remove loblolly and slash pines from areas where they do not naturally occur. C. Continue to monitor southern pine beetle populations and respond quickly to outbreaks. Continue, and expand, the large-scale replanting of areas clear-cut during southern pine beetle suppression activities, using appropriate pine species, especially longleaf pine. In some cases, groundcover restoration will also be required. D. Continue the exotics control program within the parks. Conduct follow-up treatments of exotics after their initial treatment via contract. Continue to monitor the parks for new infestations of exotic plants. Map and treat infestations as needed. Remove ornamental bamboo clumps from the shop area. E. Prioritize restoration of fire-dependent communities based in part on the condition of the native groundcover. Give sites that retain their characteristic dominant groundcover species a higher priority for restoration. Consider restoring former agricultural areas to the natural fire-dependent community type where feasible. Remove off-site pines and hardwoods unless needed to provide fuel for prescribed fires. 2. Restore natural hydrology within the parks. A. Design a surface water management system for Bible Camp Road sufficient to maintain natural flows between Buzzard Roost Prairie and its historic flow way that meanders south through O’Leno. B. Identify existing roads and causeways in the parks that disrupt natural sheet flow and surface water flows, and seek funds to remove or retrofit these structures to restore or mimic natural hydrology. C. Investigate the potential for using mitigation funds to repair damage to wetlands caused by activities to control southern pine beetle. 3. Design and implement erosion control measures. A. Discourage excessive foot traffic along riverbanks and sinks through education and the construction of elevated access points and restrictive barriers, when necessary. B. Design a stormwater treatment system for the approach road, parking area and boat ramp at Bible Camp Road. Work in cooperation with county and state agencies to fund implementation of the design. 4. Protect designated species and manage them appropriately. A. Continue to record all road kills on major roads within and adjacent to the park. Consider installing wildlife crossing signs or requesting a reduction in speed limits. B. Continue the southeastern kestrel nest box program. C. Locate populations of rare plant and animal species and map them to prevent inadvertent impacts. 5. Enhance resource protection by securing boundaries of the parks, and by delineating

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boundaries for and organizing use in the equestrian use area. A. Arrange for a survey of park boundaries where the location of the property line may be unknown or in dispute. B. Pursue funding for additional boundary fencing and for repair of existing boundary fences in both parks. C. Establish boundaries and organize use for the equestrian use area. D. Establish guidelines for the disposal of animal wastes generated at the equestrian use area. Cultural Resources 6. Identify unrecorded cultural resources within the parks. A. Seek funding to plan and implement a phased sequence of historical, architectural and archaeological surveys from the Group Camp outward in order to establish sequences of events and designs throughout the history of O’Leno State Park. B. Seek funding to undertake comprehensive historical and archaeological surveys to encompass all of O'Leno, and seek funding to undertake thematic surveys within River Rise Preserve. 7. Preserve the New Deal Era cultural resources and other historic resources by restoring and maintaining the historic structures to their original condition and appearance, to the extent possible. A. Continue to seek funding for the stabilization and maintenance needs of historic structures. B. Create and implement cyclical maintenance programs for all New Deal Era resources. C. Consider treatment of the park as a cultural landscape. D. Acquire funding for restoration and rehabilitation design studies of all New Deal Era resources in the park. The historic Recreation Hall should be studied first. E. Conduct architectural and/or engineering evaluations of the historic structures. F. Produce design drawings and budget estimates to accomplish restoration or adaptive rehabilitation projects, including necessary modifications to provide universal accessibility, where feasible. Assure that all work on the historic buildings complies with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. G. Review maintenance, storage and recreation uses of existing structures and devise methods for minimizing harm to the buildings while maximizing their usefulness for their present-day purposes. Emphasis should be placed on identifying appropriate uses for the historic Recreation Hall, with consideration given to using this facility for interpreting the natural and cultural resources of the parks. H. Acquire funding for restoration and rehabilitation and undertake the necessary work. 8. Recognize and publicize the unique nature of the New Deal Era parks. A. Develop a nomination for Florida’s New Deal Era parks to the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district. B. Promote public visitation to New Deal Era parks as visits to a family-oriented past. C. Develop interpretive programs that explain the origin of the New Deal Era parks, relating these earliest public conservation and stewardship efforts in Florida to current environmental concerns and land use or land management issues. D. Develop technical curricula for historic preservation training in cooperation with the Florida Trust for Historic Preservation, state and federal agencies, local educators and local trades. 9. Preserve and protect archaeological and historic sites. A. Reconstitute the cultural resource management files for O'Leno and River Rise Preserve

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and use a file organization system similar to that recommended by the Division. B. Develop and maintain a file and map system that enables identification and location of cultural resources throughout both parks and supports tracking of management activities. C. Seek funding to retain a qualified archaeological surveyor to locate, mark, and supply GPS coordinate information for all recorded archaeological sites. D. Continue to monitor archaeological sites. E. Delineate and maintain boundaries of the equestrian trailhead and camping area in River Rise Preserve to avoid cultural resource impacts. F. Post both mill sites as restricted areas and continue to monitor them to discourage potential vandalism. 10. Maintain park collections in accordance with Division procedures. A. Develop a formal Scope of Collections Statement for each unit. B. Inventory all objects used for interpretive exhibits and for interpretation, and catalog them. Where objects are not park property, locate lenders and encourage them to formalize their loans with appropriate documentation. Assume active management of the objects in park buildings. C. Maintain accession and catalog records and formalize loan and/or donation records for interpretive objects. D. Develop a collection management plan that addresses needs for improved casework and periodic evaluation of collection objects' state of preservation. 11. Continue to develop and maintain the cultural landscape along Bellamy Road. A. Continue to monitor and maintain the landscape restoration area and investigate alternatives to burning for vegetative management during periods of prolonged drought. B. Seek funding to execute the unfinished replica corduroy road element of the Historic Bellamy Road project. Recreational Goals 12. Continue to provide quality resource-based, outdoor recreational and interpretive programs and facilities at the state parks. A. Design park facilities to facilitate and appropriately manage visitor use of the parks. B. Continue to provide opportunities for swimming, canoeing, picnicking, camping, primitive cabin accommodations, hiking, biking, horseback riding, nature study and natural and cultural resource interpretation. C. Maintain the trail system of the parks, including routine maintenance of trail markers and interpretive materials. 13. Seek funding to expand recreational and interpretive opportunities through the improvement of programs and the development of new use areas and facilities, as outlined in this management plan. A. Develop a Statement for Interpretation and an Interpretive Master Plan to guide interpretive programming at the parks. B. Provide interpretive signage at significant natural and cultural features. C. Periodically evaluate park interpretive programs and tours to ensure up-to-date quality programming. D. Repair, upgrade or renovate park facilities as needed. This includes improvements necessary to comply with ADA standards. Park Administration/Operations 14. Provide efficient and effective management of park resources and facilities while maintaining a high level of visitor service. A. Seek funding for a Biological Scientist position to assist park management in natural

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community and hydrological restoration, prescribed burning, control of exotics, and cultural resource protection, interpretation and management. B. Assure compliance with Division, state and federal safety guidelines and training requirements by providing training in visitor services, park information and emergency procedures. C. Maintain high maintenance standards and conduct routine safety inspections to provide clean and safe facilities and use areas. D. Recruit and maintain volunteer support to assist park staff with the maintenance of park facilities, protection of park resources and implementation of park programs. E. Maintain effective park boundaries through fencing and posting. Patrol park boundaries to monitor and discourage trespassing. F. Maintain an active public relations program that increases public awareness of and support for the resource management objectives of the park. G. Monitor activities outside the parks that may impact park lands and promote public awareness of outside threats to park resources. H. Investigate methods and feasibility of tick control measures within visitor use areas of O’Leno State Park. Management Coordination The park is managed in accordance with all applicable Florida Statutes and administrative rules. Agencies having a major or direct role in the management of the park are discussed in this plan.

The Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Forestry (DOF), assists Division staff in the development of wildfire emergency plans and provides the authorization required for prescribed burning. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FFWCC), assists staff in the enforcement of state laws pertaining to wildlife, freshwater fish and other aquatic life existing within park boundaries. In addition, the FFWCC aids the Division with wildlife management programs, including the development and management of Watchable Wildlife programs. The Department of State, Division of Historical Resources (DHR) assists staff to assure protection of archaeological and historical sites. The Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), Office of Coastal and Aquatic Managed Areas (CAMA) aids staff in aquatic preserves management programs. The DEP, Bureau of Beaches and Wetland Resources aids staff in planning and construction activities seaward of the Coastal Construction Line. In addition, the Bureau of Beaches and Wetland Resources aid the staff in the development of erosion control projects. Emphasis is placed on protection of existing resources as well as the promotion of compatible outdoor recreational uses. Public Participation The Division provided an opportunity for public input by conducting a public workshop and an advisory group meeting. A public workshop was held on November 12, 2002. The purpose of this meeting was to present the draft management plan to the public. A DEP Advisory Group meeting was held on November 13, 2002. The purpose of this meeting was to provide the Advisory Group members the opportunity to discuss the draft management plan. Addendum 1 contains a list of advisory group members and the advisory group meeting staff report. Other Designations O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park are not within an Area of Critical State Concern as defined in section 380.05, Florida Statutes. Currently they are not under study for such designation. The parks are a component of the Florida Greenways and Trails System.

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All waters within these parks have been designated as Outstanding Florida Waters, pursuant to Chapter 62-302 Florida Administrative Code. Surface waters in these units are also classified as Class III waters by DEP. These units are not within or adjacent to an aquatic preserve as designated under the Florida Aquatic Preserve Act of 1975 (section 258.35, Florida Statutes).

9 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COMPONENT INTRODUCTION The Division of Recreation and Parks has implemented resource management programs for preserving for all time the representative examples of natural and cultural resources of statewide significance under its administration. This component of the unit plan describes the natural and cultural resources of the park and identifies the methods that will be used to manage them. The stated management measures in this plan are consistent with the Department’s overall mission in ecosystem management. Cited references are contained in Addendum 2.

The Division’s philosophy of resource management is natural systems management. Primary emphasis is on restoring and maintaining, to the degree practicable, the natural processes that shape the structure, function and species composition of Florida’s diverse natural communities as they occurred in the original domain. Single species management may be implemented when the recovery or persistence of a species is problematic provided it is compatible with natural systems management.

The management goal of cultural resources is to preserve sites and objects that represent all of Florida’s cultural periods as well as significant historic events or persons. This goal may entail active measures to stabilize, reconstruct or restore resources, or to rehabilitate them for appropriate public use.

Because park units are often components of larger ecosystems, their proper management is often affected by conditions and occurrences beyond park boundaries. Ecosystem management is implemented through a resource management evaluation program (to assess resource conditions, evaluate management activities, and refine management actions), review of local comprehensive plans, and review of permit applications for park/ecosystem impacts. RESOURCE DESCRIPTION AND ASSESSMENT Natural Resources Topography O'Leno State Park lies within the Northern Highlands physiographic zone of Florida, while River Rise Preserve State Park straddles three zones: the Northern Highlands, the Western Valley and the High Springs Gap. The varied topography within the two contiguous units includes gently rolling to broadly flattened uplands that slope downward to a lower, flatter floodplain. The maximum elevation in the units, about 95 feet above mean sea level (msl), occurs on the isolated section of River Rise Preserve east of NW 227th Drive. Some uplands in the northwestern corner of the Preserve attain elevations of about 80 feet above msl. Elevations along the river floodplain may be less than 35 feet above msl. Limestone outcrops are common, particularly along the upper edge of the floodplain and portions of the riverbank. Much of the topographical relief of the park is attributed to the presence of a feature called the Cody Scarp, situated at the erosional edge of the Hawthorn Group (Martin and Dean 2001).

O’Leno and River Rise Preserve contain numerous topographic features characteristic of karst areas. Among these features are sinkholes, ponds, karst windows, springs, a disappearing and reemerging stream and a natural land bridge. Underground conduits are prevalent in the karstic transition area between the Northern Highlands and the Western Valley. The Santa Fe River flows into one such conduit at the River Sink, within the boundaries of O’Leno State Park. The river reemerges several miles downstream at the River Rise, within River Rise Preserve State Park. The expanse between the River Sink and the River Rise forms a natural land bridge that is punctuated with numerous sinkholes and lakes.

11 A large, abandoned limerock mine in O’Leno just north of Bible Camp Road is the most noticeable topographic alteration in the two parks. Another significant alteration is a deep, 1250-foot long ditch with an associated high berm located just within the River Rise Preserve boundary north of Columbia Spring. Based upon historic aerial photography, this ditch was apparently constructed between 1951 and 1960. Other topographic alterations in the parks include several abandoned limestone quarries (each reclaimed through natural succession); borrow pits, firebreaks, roads and causeways. In addition, historic aerial photographs indicate that the Santa Fe River channel, at a point approximately 2.5 miles above the River Sink, was dredged and redirected in the 1960s, perhaps to facilitate construction of Interstate Highway 75. Geology Underlying the O’Leno/River Rise region of north-central Florida, in descending order (youngest to oldest), are the following deposits: unnamed and undifferentiated surficial marine terrace deposits, the Alachua Formation, the Hawthorn Group, Ocala Limestone, Avon Park Limestone, Lake City Limestone, Oldsmar Limestone and Cedar Keys Limestone (Hunn and Slack 1983). Suwannee Limestone usually occurs between the Hawthorn Group and the Ocala Group throughout this region; however, it is absent locally because of solution processes, stratal collapse or erosion (Scott 1991).

The upper surficial material consists of Recent Age deposits mixed with Pleistocene Age sediments that were deposited as terraces when sea levels fluctuated during successive glacial periods. These deposits consist primarily of fine-grained sands, which are clayey at the surface and become coarser with increasing depth, containing large pebbles of phosphate and quartz near the base. A freshwater marl deposit occurs sporadically along the Santa Fe River, reaching a thickness of up to six feet. Recent and Pleistocene deposits may total 40 feet in thickness (Meyer 1962).

The Alachua Formation, of Miocene or Pliocene Age, consists of sandy clay and sand beds that are generally less calcareous and phosphatic than those are found in the Hawthorn Group. The clays of the Alachua Formation normally appear light green to gray, however they may turn white, red, pink, brown or buff with oxidation. Phosphate ore deposits encountered near the base of the Alachua Formation are commonly mined in the region. The Alachua Formation ranges to 150 feet in thickness (Meyer 1962).

The Miocene Age Hawthorn Group is composed of sandy clay interbedded with hard phosphatic or dolomitic limestone layers and fine to coarse phosphatic sands. This deposit may reach 150 feet in thickness. The high clay content and relatively low permeability of the Hawthorn Group create a semi-confining unit to the Floridan aquifer. Beds of this nearly pure, light green clay are often exposed along the Santa Fe River. Permeable, water-bearing limestone layers within the clay are a common source of small-scale domestic water supply. For this reason, where it occurs, the Hawthorn Group is designated as an intermediate aquifer, between the surficial and the Floridan (Meyer 1962). The Hawthorn Group is absent in much of west-central Florida because of erosion, and remarkable topographic relief occurs along its erosional edge, a feature named the Cody Scarp. Streams that cross the Cody Scarp commonly disappears into the subsurface there, or sinks into the subsurface and reemerges downstream (Martin and Dean 2001).

The Ocala Limestone, an Eocene deposit 150 to 250 feet thick, varies in consistency from a cream-colored composition of coquina and shells to a brown limestone dotted with solution chambers and echinoid remnants. In some places, chert overlies the top of the limestone.

Other Eocene deposits include the Avon Park Limestone, the Lake City Limestone and the Oldsmar Limestone. Avon Park Limestone, deposited during the Middle Eocene, consists of 12 chalky limestone containing numerous foraminiferan fossils. This deposit varies from 170 to 270 feet in thickness. The Lake City Limestone deposit contains alternate layers of dark brown dolomite and chalky limestone, each of which may contain chert and gypsum. Locally, the upper part of this deposit contains carbonaceous material and green clay. The Lake City Limestone reaches 500 feet in thickness. The oldest formation of Eocene Age is the Oldsmar Limestone. This deposit, which ranges between 250 and 350 feet in thickness, is generally divided into two zones. The top half is a very porous, brown limestone with some gypsum and anhydrite, and the bottom half is a thick layer of dolomite containing chert or anhydrite (Meyer 1962).

The Cedar Keys Limestone is a Paleocene deposit 400 to 450 feet in thickness. This formation consists primarily of limestone of highly variable color and density, and it contains deposits of gypsum and anhydrite. A distinct bed of clay exists near the middle of this deposit, and the lower section is composed primarily of dolomite (Meyer 1962).

Historic limestone mining contributed to the alteration of geological formations in O'Leno State Park. No disturbances of that magnitude are known to have occurred within River Rise Preserve State Park. Soils At O’Leno State Park, there are 22 soil types and 37 at River Rise Preserve State Park. Addendum 3 contains complete descriptions of these soils. The complex hydrogeologic processes of the Santa Fe River basin have contributed to the evolution of the diverse soil types found within the units. Soils range from the well-drained sands of the uplands to the frequently flooded, hydric soils of the floodplains (see Soils Map). Mapping units followed by the symbol "(A)" are located in Alachua County, while those followed by the Symbol "(C)" are found in Columbia County.

Recent soil disturbance is minimal, with one exception. Foot traffic from visitors ascending or descending the riverbanks has caused some localized erosion near both the River Sink and the River Rise. Similarly, slope erosion is visible around sinks, ponds and streams that are easily accessible from the park trails. Where feasible, creek and wetland crossings have been bridged to deter erosion, and public access to extremely sensitive areas is restricted. Erosion problems are likely to grow as trail use increases, however. Severe soil erosion is evident near the northeast boundary of O’Leno at the terminus of Bible Camp Road. Here a large delta has formed in the Santa Fe River at the base of a boat ramp managed by Columbia County on property leased from the state. Most of the soil deposited at this location is sandy in nature. Erosion of the unpaved road approach above the boat ramp appears to be the main source of the sand, while the unpaved parking area associated with the boat ramp is another contributor.

Historic farming and mining practices caused significant soil disturbances in various parts of O’Leno and River Rise Preserve. Numerous borrow pits are found on both properties. Some of the pits may be of greater concern than other disturbances because they are located in or near features of geologic or historic importance. Minerals Limestone was mined at various quarry sites in the early 1900s, before state acquisition. A large mine, probably for limerock, was located north of the present-day Bible Camp Road. Limestone extracted or collected in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was used in the construction of many of the CCC era buildings. Whether commercially valuable mineral deposits continue to exist in the park or preserve has not been determined. Hydrology O'Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park are located in the 1,384 square mile drainage basin of the Santa Fe River. The headwaters of the Santa Fe River, namely Lake 13 QW

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The Santa Fe River enters O’Leno State Park at the Interstate 75 crossing and is entirely surrounded by park lands, first O’Leno and then River Rise Preserve, to a point approximately 1.1 miles below the River Rise. From that point downstream to the U.S. Highway 27 bridge, riverfront property comprises a mixture of private holdings and state park lands. After exiting River Rise Preserve, the Santa Fe eventually flows into the Suwannee River below the town of Branford.

The two major tributaries of the Santa Fe River upstream of O’Leno are New River and Olustee Creek, which in turn are fed by numerous smaller streams. Stream water in the eastern part of the basin comes primarily from the surficial aquifer, a deposit composed of very fine-grained to medium-grained sand, with layers of clay and silt interspersed. In this part of the basin, confining units separate the surficial aquifer from the Floridan aquifer. The western part of the basin, however, is a karst plain where the confining units are discontinuous or absent. Downstream from Worthington Springs, the Santa Fe River is fed principally by the Floridan rather than the surficial aquifer (Meyer 1962).

The Suwannee River Water Management District (SRWMD), in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey (USGS), measures discharge rates at different locations along the Santa Fe River. The period of record average discharge rate of the Santa Fe River, measured at the U.S. Highway 441 bridge near High Springs, is 722 cubic feet per second (cfs) or 462 million gallons per day (mgd) (Franklin et al. 2000). The maximum flow recorded at this station was 9150 cfs (5856 mgd) in February 1998 (Franklin et al. 2000) and the minimum flow was 50 cfs (32 mgd) in June 2000 (unpublished data).

Locally, discharge from the Floridan aquifer occurs by way of evapotranspiration, well withdrawals, and spring flow into the Santa Fe River. Rainfall and the rate of percolation through the various geologic depositions are the primary factors driving recharge of the aquifer system. Areas in which confining units are discontinuous or absent, serve as direct conduits for runoff from the surface to the underlying aquifers. Because surface drainage in this area of the basin is limited to the Santa Fe and Ichetucknee Rivers, percolation and seepage result in a considerable amount of recharge annually. Other points of possible recharge are vertical ducts, known as "suck holes," located in the channel of the Santa Fe River. During periods of extreme low flow in the river, one such siphon funnels all upstream river flow under ground, creating a dry riverbed downstream. In addition, during high flood stages, Columbia Spring and nearby Hornsby Spring receive water rather than emit it, and thus become sources of aquifer recharge instead of discharge (Hunn and Slack 1983).

Under current standards, the water quality of the Santa Fe River and Floridan aquifer is satisfactory for most uses. However, waste discharge into sinkholes or into streams that drain into sinkholes is a potential threat where the aquifer is unconfined. Although the current extent of such degradation is presumed small, it could increase with greater industrial and municipal development in the region.

16

The SRWMD collects and analyzes water quality and stream biology data at several stations along the Santa Fe River. In its 1999 Surfacewater Quality and Biological Monitoring Annual Report, the SRWMD rated the water quality of the Santa Fe as “good” from the headwaters to just above High Springs, and as “fair” from that point to its confluence with the Suwannee River. These findings mirror those of the DEP’s 1996 305(b) water quality rating for the Santa Fe. Nitrate-nitrogen levels are elevated in the lower span of the river, from just above High Springs to its confluence with the Suwannee River. In addition, the state Department of Health has issued a limited consumption advisory for fish caught in the Santa Fe River, because of elevated mercury levels detected in the river since the mid-1980s.

Numerous surface water bodies occur within the parks. Most of these are sinkhole lakes, several of which are named, including Ogden Pond, Ravine Sink, Parener’s Branch Sink, Jim Sink, New Sink, Two Hole, Jug Lake and Sweetwater Lake. Downing Lake and Black Lake are classified as swamp lakes. Water levels in several of the sinkhole lakes appear to fluctuate with the rise and fall of the Santa Fe River. A dye trace study has established hydraulic connections between the River Sink and several of these lakes, and a connection has been established between Sweetwater Lake and the River Rise (Ellins and Hisert 1993). Aquatic cave exploration and mapping of the conduits located between the Sink and the Rise appear to support these findings (Poucher 2000). Proposed future studies will focus on the stream-to- sink watershed, and will attempt to identify movement patterns of surface and ground water between the surface, subsurface matrix and conduit systems within the parks. The results of these studies will provide a better understanding of how the physical hydrology of the system affects ground water and surface water quality, both inside the park and regionally.

Firebreaks, roads and causeways impede the natural sheet flow of surface water in many areas of the parks. Historic dredging and realignment of the river channel during the construction of Interstate Highway 75 has altered the hydrology of the Santa Fe River and its associated floodplain. The wood and stone remnants of two historic milldams, located downstream of the suspension bridge, are less significant hydrologic alterations. These structures alter natural flow in the river most noticeably during times of low flow conditions. Natural Communities The system of classifying natural communities employed in this plan was developed by the Florida Natural Areas Inventory (FNAI) FNAI Descriptions. The premise of this system is that physical factors, such as climate, geology, soil, hydrology and fire frequency generally determine the species composition of an area, and that areas which are similar with respect to these factors will tend to have natural communities with similar species compositions. Obvious differences in species composition can occur, despite similar physical conditions. In other instances, physical factors are substantially different, yet the species compositions are quite similar. For example, coastal strand and scrub--two communities with similar species compositions--generally have quite different climatic environments, and these necessitate different management programs.

O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park contain 18 distinct natural communities, in addition to ruderal and developed areas (see Natural Communities Maps). Park specific assessments of the existing natural communities are provided in the following narrative. A list of plants and animals occurring in the unit is contained in Addendum 4.

Mesic flatwoods. Mesic flatwoods occur primarily within the higher elevations of the Natural Bridge area of O'Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park. Because of past periods of fire suppression, this community is now more overgrown with woody shrubs and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) than it would have been under a natural fire regime. Invasion by off-site hardwoods such as laurel oak (Quercus hemisphaerica (=laurifolia)) and water oak 17 VI QI

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Although O’Leno State Park has been under state management since the 1930s, most of the earlier prescribed burns there targeted sandhill areas, not the mesic flatwoods. Prescribed burning of the flatwoods in River Rise Preserve began around 1980, shortly after state acquisition. Logging, turpentine, and farming operations during previous centuries depleted, or sometimes even eliminated, some of the natural components of the mesic flatwoods, particularly stands of large longleaf pines (Pinus palustris). Outbreaks of southern pine beetles in the mid-1990s and the accompanying control efforts, which included several large clear cuts, have greatly affected the tree canopy within several areas of mesic flatwoods. Off- site loblolly pines (Pinus taeda) bore the brunt of the beetle infestations, but many slash pines (Pinus elliottii) and longleaf pines were also killed by beetles or were logged to control the spread of the beetles. In spring 2001, additional outbreaks of southern pine beetles were recorded. Many of these outbreaks occurred near previous control efforts in the mesic flatwoods. Logging of the new infestations was initiated in early summer of 2001. Restoration of previously logged areas has proceeded steadily, using prescribed burning and the planting of containerized longleaf pines. Any additional clear cuts in the mesic flatwoods will also be replanted with longleaf pines. In most cases, slash pines will seed in naturally from surrounding areas. Regular prescribed fire will ultimately determine the distribution and relative abundance of longleaf and slash pines within the mesic flatwoods.

Sandhill. The sandhill community within O’Leno and River Rise ranges from poor to excellent condition. Several of the highest quality areas are located within O’Leno and were maintained by the Florida Park Service using limited winter burning as far back as the 1950s, prior to the initiation of summer burning. The older records are somewhat vague or lacking before about 1970. The sandhills south of the Group Camp, north of the shop complex and northeast of the River Sink have been recorded as burning regularly since at least the early 1970s. These areas, along with the northeast and eastern sections of River Rise west of U.S. Highway 441, are considered to be in very good to excellent condition with a diverse groundcover with abundant wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana). In several cases, the core area of a sandhill is in relatively good condition, but the adjoining sandhill is in poor condition due to the location of traditional firebreaks. The sandhills that were historically burned often excluded adjacent sandhills. These have gradually been incorporated into burn zones and added to the annual burn plans. An increase in the use of natural firebreaks rather than traditional hard firebreaks has expanded the sandhill acreage currently under fire management.

Offsite hardwoods and turkey oaks (Quercus laevis) dominate some sandhills that have suffered from long-term fire exclusion and have relatively few large longleaf pines remaining. These areas and similar areas of upland pine forest will require additional hardwood reduction to release suppressed herbaceous species and encourage longleaf pine recruitment. A significant acreage of sandhills in poor condition lies to the west of U.S. Highway 441 in River Rise Preserve. Most of this area was converted to pasture sometime after 1960. About 80 acres were cleared before 1937 and subsequently planted or naturally seeded with a thick

20 growth of pines. This area was clear-cut in the 1970s before state acquisition. Few remnant species exist on these sites and substantial restoration efforts will be required to restore the sandhills. Fortunately, some adjacent areas that were not cleared retain a nearly full complement of sandhill species and are in very good condition.

An intensive project to restore a degraded sandhill just east of U.S. Highway 441 in River Rise Preserve was begun in the early 1990s. This site appears to have been pasture or a cleared field in 1937. By 1949, the site was dominated by slash pines. It was eventually clear- cut by the Division in 1990. Off-site hardwoods, including laurel oak, water oak, and black cherry (Prunus serotina), soon dominated the site, due to the massive response of the remaining underground root stocks after removal of the pine overstory. Planting of longleaf pine seedlings began in 1990, and judicious herbicide applications have substantially reduced the hardwoods. Groundcover restoration efforts have been successful in establishing wiregrass and other native sandhill species in limited areas through direct seeding and planting of nursery-grown plugs. Restoration of a natural fire regime, additional groundcover restoration and follow-up herbicide treatments should speed restoration of the sandhill community.

Many additional roads and trails were created during logging operations before state acquisition of River Rise Preserve. During the early days of the CCC and the Florida Park Service at O’Leno, a number of roads were cut in additional to the historical roads that already crisscrossed the Natural Bridge area. Although a substantial number of these roads are no longer in use in the sandhills, the scars remain at some sites. Renew efforts to close the old road to the Ravine Sinks by regularly brushing in the road or by planting native vegetation if needed.

Sandhill areas at O’Leno and River Rise Preserve often grade into upland pine forest. In some cases, upland pine forest occurs as a broad ecotone between sandhills and upland mixed and upland hardwood forests. The dominance of turkey oaks over southern red oaks typically defines the boundary between sandhills and upland pine forest.

Scrubby flatwoods. Scrubby flatwoods occur primarily on sand ridges within the Natural Bridge area and on ridges above the Santa Fe River floodplain. These areas are dominated by three scrub oak species: sand live oak (Quercus geminata), myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia) and Chapman’s oak (Quercus chapmanii). Scattered longleaf pines also occur within the scrubby flatwoods, but most were logged out before state acquisition in River Rise Preserve. Although in some areas the scrub oaks have grown excessively robust in the absence of intense fire, several patches of scrubby flatwoods have been burned under extreme enough conditions to top-kill all of the shrubby vegetation. Unfortunately, high fuel buildups in the scrubby flatwoods have contributed to the demise of a substantial number of adult longleaf pines shortly after prescribed burns. Removal of fuel concentrations near adult longleaf pines should reduce that threat. Scrubby flatwoods often intergrade with sandhills and mesic flatwoods. In the absence of regular fires, the ecotones between these community types easily become blurred. Sinkhole. Sinkholes are numerous in both O’Leno and River Rise Preserve. The karst nature of the area, particularly in the region of the Natural Bridge, makes these parks very susceptible to sinkhole formation. Young sinks are not uncommon within the upland areas. Some sinkholes remain dry year-round, while others contain water after heavy rainfall. Most sinkholes are in excellent condition although some may receive impact from foot traffic near public use areas. A sinkhole within the sandhills south of the Group Camp required field fencing to restrict access due to the heavy impacts caused by users of the nearby Youth and Group Camps. Such drastic measures are the exception rather than the rule.

Upland hardwood forest. O’Leno and River Rise Preserve contain limited areas of very high

21 quality upland hardwood forest. These areas, mapped as upland mixed forest in the past, are more similar to upland hardwood forests except that they lack the characteristic American beech trees (Fagus grandifolia) and shortleaf pines (Pinus echinata) that partially define this community type further to the north. The more diverse associations grow on limestone outcrops above the floodplain, near sinkholes, and in natural fire shadows within the Natural Bridge area. Excellent examples occur with River Rise Preserve east of U.S. Highway 441 and near the Ravine Sinks in O’Leno. These areas are characterized by pignut hickory (Carya glabra), bluff oak (Quercus sinuata), swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii), Florida maple (Acer saccharum), red bay (Persea borbonia), sweetgum (Liquidambar sytraciflua), laurel oak, flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), red buckeye (Aesculus pavia) and white ash (Fraxinus americana). Upland mixed forest may represent an earlier successional stage of upland hardwood forest.

Upland mixed forest. Fire suppression and human activities over the past centuries have allowed the expansion of the upland mixed forest into many areas that were most likely once fire-dependent community types. This is especially true in the case of upland pine forest, which rapidly succeeds to upland mixed forest during periods of fire exclusion. In most cases, such areas have been mapped as the original community type in the hopes that these areas may still be restored to their natural state. The use of natural rather than hard firebreaks should allow prescribed fires to penetrate the existing upland mixed forests and begin to restore natural ecotones.

The Santa Fe River corridor and the Natural Bridge area have been occupied and altered by humans for thousands of years. The remains of human settlements and agricultural pursuits are often reclaimed by upland mixed forest vegetation resulting in an expansion of that community type. In some instances, disturbances to natural soil profiles and the radical alteration of the vegetation on site may preclude restoration to the original community type, if that can even be accurately determined. Many of these anthropogenically altered areas are classified as upland mixed forest.

Upland mixed forest is differentiated from upland hardwood forest at O’Leno and River Rise Preserve based on the maturity of the forest canopy, the frequency of loblolly pines, and to some degree the overall plant species diversity. Upland mixed forest has a higher proportion of loblolly pines in the canopy and generally younger canopy trees due to more recent disturbance. Upland hardwood forest is reserved for relatively undisturbed hammock areas that show little effect of human intrusion.

Upland pine forest. Upland pine forest is distributed over both O’Leno and River Rise Preserve. In some locations, it functions as a broad ecotone between upland mixed forest and sandhills, while in others it covers broader expanses. Also known as “red oak woods” (Duever and Tillman 1997), these transitional forests are dominated by southern red oak (Quercus falcata), mockernut hickory (Carya alba) and longleaf pine. They usually have a relatively diverse mid-story of fire-tolerant trees and shrubs, and have a very diverse groundcover dominated by wiregrass. Although they are often treated as a subtype of sandhills (Tan 1991), or lumped with mixed hardwoods and pines (Soil Conservation Service 1981), upland pine forest is a distinct community type. Upland pine has declined largely than sandhills or upland mixed forests in peninsular Florida (Duever et al 1997). The quality of the upland pine forests within these units is directly related to human alterations as well as historical and recent fire regimes.

Those areas that have an intact community structure and have been burned recently are the highest quality. Remnant species, particularly longleaf pines, southern red oaks, and mockernut hickories, remain in many cases. Many patches of upland pine forest were not

22 historically included within burn zones, unlike the sandhills at O’Leno. Expansion of existing burn zones and creation of new ones in the past decade or so have increased the acreage of upland pine forest under fire management, but additional areas still need to be included in the burn plan. Restoration efforts in upland pine areas along the Bellamy Road and River Rise Preserve west of U.S. Highway 441 have targeted off-site hardwood species for removal. Girdling of laurel and water oaks, and black cherries will open the canopy and allow prescribed fires to penetrate further into the upland pine forest.

It is also likely that upland pine forests may have been preferentially targeted for agricultural activities since the soils are more fertile than in the sandhills (Myers 1990), and upland pine forest would have been easier to clear than upland hardwood forests. Evidence of human occupation in the Natural Bridge area is apparent from the large number of recorded cultural sites and the many lithic scatters and historical trash dumps within the park. Removal of native groundcover to grow crops and the logging of the longleaf pines would have hastened the succession of upland pine forest to upland mixed forest upon abandonment of the sites. In the case of upland pine forest, fire suppression alone is sufficient to convert a site to upland mixed forest. Upland pine forest remains one of the rarest community types in north central Florida.

Research on the natural and cultural history of upland pine forest was conducted at River Rise Preserve as part of the Bellamy Road project. A wealth of additional information on upland pine forest may be found in the reports that resulted from that project (Duever et al 1997; Duever and Tillman 1997). Further discussion of upland pine forest restoration may be found below in Additional Considerations.

Xeric hammock. Only limited areas of xeric hammock exist within River Rise Preserve. The canopy of xeric hammock in the park is characterized by sand live oak, tree sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), pignut hickory and wild olive (Osmanthus americanus). The understory is typically various blueberries and saw palmetto. Xeric hammock occurs both within fire shadows of water bodies and of the river. It grades into upland mixed forest and bottomland forest.

Basin swamp. The Natural Bridge area encompasses a complex mix of basin and floodplain wetlands, intertwined with ridges of upland communities. The intermittent overland flow of the Santa Fe River during flood periods has dramatic effects upon the natural communities. Although basin swamps typically receive some inflow and outflow, unlike relatively stagnant dome swamps, basin swamps are not as heavily influenced by riverine systems, as are floodplain swamps, yet there is a large overlap in their species composition. In the Natural Bridge area, the cypress and gum swamps that line the main overland channel are classified as floodplain swamps, while those that occur in backwaters or as distinct systems are classified as basin swamps.

Cypress was harvested periodically from all of the cypress swamps in the region. The cypress that remains in the basin swamps is of obviously smaller stature than the original stands. Causeways and roadbeds have affected basin swamps within the parks. Some of these should be removed or relocated in order to restore natural sheet flow. If necessary, more and larger culverts should be considered to facilitate the movement of unnaturally impounded water.

Bottomland forest. This community lies within the Natural Bridge area topographically above the floodplain forest. Bottomland forests flood less frequently than floodplain forests (FNAI/DNR 1990). At O’Leno and River Rise Preserve bottomland forest occurs on plateaus above the floodplain swamps and forests of the Natural Bridge and roughly parallels the floodplain of the Santa Fe River above the Sink and below the Rise. In some areas,

23 bottomland forest may act as a transition between floodplain and upland community types. These transition zones may be too narrow to map depending on the relative slope of the terrain.

Bottomland forest in this region is characterized by diamondleaf oak (Quercus laurifolia), live oak (Quercus virginiana) and spruce pine (Pinus glabra). It often also contains parsley hawthorn (Crataegus marshallii), dwarf palmetto (Sabal minor), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). The understory tends to be somewhat open and may be relatively grassy compared to the adjacent floodplain forest.

Depression marsh. Depression marshes are scattered within O’Leno and River Rise as small isolated herbaceous wetlands. The depression marshes have shown large fluctuations in water levels due to the drought and flood cycles of the late 1990s and early 21st century. Invasion of the marshes by loblolly pine, common buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) and Carolina willow (Salix caroliniana) is kept in check by prescribed burning and natural flooding.

Dome. A small dome is located in the northwest corner of O’Leno on the south side of Bible Camp Road. The community is currently in good condition in spite of a roadbed and other fill located on and near its edge. The site should be protected from any additional impact from Bible Camp Road, particularly any increase in stormwater drainage.

Floodplain forest. Floodplain forest occurs in association with the Santa Fe River levees and floodplain swamps. It is also found within the Natural Bridge area above the deeper drainageways. High primary levees occur along the Santa Fe River. The natural communities that occur on these levees often defy simple classification. While it is apparent that the lower plateaus above the cypress-dominated floodplain swamp are best classified as floodplain forest, the steep-sided levees often appear more like xeric hammock, upland mixed forest, or even some form of scrubby or mesic flatwoods depending on the dominant vegetation. Many of these areas contain species such as sweet pinxter azalea (Rhododendron canescens), highbush blueberry, sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), saw palmetto, and gulf sebastiana (Sebastiana fruticosa). In most cases, these levee systems will be mapped as floodplain forest or as upland mixed forest depending on elevation and vegetation. It is likely that these areas mapped as upland mixed forest share many characteristics with floodplain forest, and probably has a longer hydroperiod than is typical for upland mixed forest.

Selective timber removal historically occurred in the floodplain forests, but the affects are no longer very noticeable. However, the access roads from the logging era remain. The impact of these roads should be assessed and consideration should be given to restoration of the grade to natural contours if necessary.

Floodplain swamp. Cypress (Taxodium distichum) and swamp tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora) dominate the floodplain swamps along the Sante Fe River and occur in the deepest areas of the Natural Bridge drainageway. As with the basin swamps, the large cypress trees were logged out many years ago and little evidence remains of these intrusions except for an occasional stump or log.

Sinkhole lake. Numerous sinkhole lakes of varying size and shape occur across the Natural Bridge. The larger sinkhole lakes may contain one or more acres of open water, while the smaller ones may only span a few square feet. Most of the sinkhole lakes maintain a direct connection to underground water sources, either the submerged Santa Fe River or other sources within the aquifers. The more inaccessible examples are nearly pristine in appearance. Those that are closer to the hiking trails or receive fishing pressure, however, are more subject to littering, soil compaction and vegetation disturbance. These impacts seem to have declined

24 over the past few years (Younker 2001). Additional information on the sinkhole lakes of the parks is located in the Hydrology section above.

Swamp lake. Black and Downing Lakes are classified as swamp lakes, although either may contain karst windows that link directly to the subterranean path of the Santa Fe River. Another swamp lake lies in the low drainageway northeast of the Rise. Like the sinkhole lakes, recreational use of the swamp lakes in the past has resulted in trampling of vegetation, erosion, soil compaction and littering. This does not appear to be as much of a problem in recent years.

Blackwater stream. The Santa Fe River flows through the park and goes underground at the River Sink in O’Leno. It then flows through subterranean passages and emerges at the River Rise in River Rise Preserve. From there it winds its way across River Rise, under U.S. Highway 441 and U.S. Highway 27 and eventually flows into the Suwannee River some 24 miles southwest of the park. Parener’s Branch is a small blackwater stream that flows in from the east boundary of the park and empties into Parener’s Branch Sink. Parener’s Branch has a relatively high risk of contamination since it flows underneath Interstate Highway 75, and like the Santa Fe River, could receive any of a myriad of contaminants that are transported along the Interstate Highway 75 corridor.

Development along the Santa Fe and its tributaries has increased the potential threat of pollution in the Santa Fe River. Continuous water quality monitoring is needed to ensure the protection of this valuable resource. Within O’Leno and River Rise, foot traffic along the riverbank causes erosion and compaction of soil. Serious erosion problems in the past around the River Sink have been mitigated through trail re-routing and brushing in of unauthorized shoreline access paths. A fishing platform at the Sink provides access without creating water quality problems or destabilizing the shoreline. Shoreline stabilization measures will be required at the River Rise since bank erosion is an ongoing problem at that site.

Aquatic cave. (Not mapped) An extensive aquatic cave system lies under the Natural Bridge area of O’Leno and River Rise Preserve. The major portion of this system transmits the surfacewater flow of the Upper Santa Fe River underground until it re-emerges at the River Rise. Recent research by a cave diving team led by Poucher (2000) has mapped the cave system upstream of the Rise and downstream of Sweetwater Lake to the point that these two conduits meet at Downing Lake. At Sweetwater Lake, both clear and tannin-stained water sources meet. One conduit system continues to the northeast and east of Sweetwater Lake and passes outside the park boundary. At least one troglobitic cave crayfish species has been observed in the cave system, and other troglobites should be expected. The aquatic cave system is considered to be in excellent condition with the exception of the areas near karst windows and at the Sink and the Rise where surface garbage has historically been dropped into the cave system. As with nearly all aquatic caves in karst regions, contamination of the subsurface waters via sinkholes is always a threat.

Terrestrial cave. Limited areas of terrestrial caves have been mapped within the parks. The most extensive system is located in River Rise Preserve some distance south of the Sweetwater Lake area. The caves are located within a large limestone outcropping. While large enough to enter a short distance, the caves do not extend more than a few feet below the surrounding landscape. Other than an occasional roosting bat, few if any troglobitic animals would be expected in such a limited area. Other small areas of terrestrial caves likely exist within other limestone outcropping and sinkhole fissures within the parks, but these would be too small to map.

The terrestrial caves are considered to be in very good condition with limited evidence of

25 human intrusion. Due to the sensitive nature of terrestrial caves, these areas should be considered restricted zones. If human intrusion becomes a problem at the site, appropriate signage and enforcement may become necessary. Otherwise, no additional signage is needed other than the standard park boundary signs already in place.

Ruderal. Relatively few ruderal areas exist within O’Leno and River Rise Preserve. Several small borrow pits are located adjacent to service roads. In most cases, they were created by excavation of sand from the side of a small rise and were not excavated very far below grade. Some of these areas have been colonized by loblolly pines but are not likely to require restoration measures due to their limited extent. A relatively large mine pit is located in the northwest corner of O’Leno, north of Bible Camp Road. The pit currently functions much like a sinkhole and probably will not require restoration measures.

A deep ditch runs through a portion of River Rise Preserve from a subdivision just east of U.S. Highway 441, under U.S. Highway 441 to a point on the Santa Fe River just downstream of Columbia Spring. The ditch and berm were constructed around 1960. This area is also classified as ruderal.

Developed. O’Leno contains extensive developed areas including a ranger station, administrative office, several residences, a swimming area, two full service campgrounds, a primitive youth camp, and a group camp that includes multiple cabins, pavilions, a playground, a recreation hall, a dining hall, and various support buildings. River Rise Preserve, in contrast, is relatively undeveloped. Facilities there include a horse barn and a primitive campsite with restrooms, all located west of U.S. Highway 441. A single residence site that is not currently in use is located just east of U.S. Highway 441 near the River Rise gate. Also east of U.S. Highway 441 adjacent to Sweetwater Lake is a primitive campsite for backpackers. Designated Species Designated species are those that are listed by the Florida Natural Areas Inventory (FNAI), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FFWCC), and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDA) as endangered, threatened or of special concern. Addendum 5 contains a list of the designated species and their designated status for this park. Management measures will be addressed later in this plan.

O’Leno and River Rise Preserve contain a variety of natural communities and therefore have a high diversity of animal and plant species. The parks have a respectable roster of designated species. However, relatively few intensive biological surveys have been conducted in the area, with perhaps two exceptions. Formal breeding bird and migratory bird counts have been conducted within the two parks and have generated a substantial bird species list, including a number of designated species. A floristic study was conducted in O’Leno and the northernmost portion of River Rise Preserve by Bian Tan (1991), but it did not include the majority of River Rise Preserve. It is likely that additional designated plant species will be added to the list as additional surveys are conducted within River Rise Preserve.

Many of the designated animal species are associated with the sandhill and upland pine forest natural communities. These include the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus), Sherman’s fox squirrel (Sciurus niger), Bachman’s sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis), eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon corais cooperi), Florida pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus), Southern hognose snake (Heterodon simus) and gopher frog (Rana capito). Continued restoration of the upland fire-dependent communities will only serve to benefit these species.

Several designated species have historically been harvested for meat in the region. These

26 include the gopher tortoise, Suwannee (river) cooter (Pseudemys concinna suwanniensis) and alligator snapping turtle (Macroclemys temminckii). Harvest or possession of gopher tortoises is now prohibited statewide. However, Suwannee cooters have a bag limit of two per person per day with seasonal restrictions and alligator snappers have a bag limit of one per person per day. Harvest of these species, or any other turtle for that matter, is prohibited within state park boundaries. The area under jurisdiction of the park includes a 400-foot zone from the edge of mean high water along sovereign submerged lands of the Santa Fe River. Where emergent wetland vegetation exists, the zone extends waterward 400 feet beyond the vegetation. In effect, harvest of wildlife, with the exception of fish, is prohibited along the length of the Santa Fe River where the river passes through, or along the boundary of, O’Leno and River Rise Preserve State Parks.

Although the impact of roads is felt by nearly all wildlife species, road kills can have particularly harmful effects on designated species that already suffer from reduced population levels. Both Florida pine snakes and Sherman’s fox squirrels have been documented as road kills at O’Leno in the past. The gopher tortoises of the parks are also at risk since many burrows are located along road shoulders. Monitoring of road kills is an important part of the management of designated species and other wildlife. Collecting road kill data can help define wildlife-crossing zones and can provide records for rare species that otherwise would have gone unnoticed.

Numerous listed plant species are known from O’Leno and River Rise Preserve. The list is notably dominated by orchids and ferns. Two ferns newly discovered in River Rise Preserve (Asplenum sp.) and (Pecluma sp.) await confirmation of species level identification. The Pecluma is listed endangered (all three species in Florida are endangered) and the Asplenum is likely listed. Plants on the list that are not in the fern or orchid categories, like many of the listed animals, are found in predominantly in the fire maintained sandhill and upland pine communities. These include incised agrimony (Agrimonia incisa), and Florida spiny pod (Matelea floridana), both characteristic of upland pine forest. The known occurrence of Woodland poppymallow (Callirhoe papaver) was introduced to River Rise Preserve as part of the Bellamy Road red oak woods restoration project. Historical records of pineland butterfly pea (Centrosema arnicola), pine lilly (Lilium catesbaei), Autumn coralroot (Corallorhiza odontoriza), October ladiestresses (Spriranthes ovalis), Longlip ladiestresses (Spiranthes longilabris), Rosebud orchid (Pogonia divaricata), and threebirds orchid (Triphora trianthophoros) are known from field work done in O’Leno in the mid 1940s to the mid 1960s. However, these plants were not re-located by Tan in the early 1990s. Populations of some of these plants may have suffered from decades of fire suppression and the closing of tree canopies. Special Natural Features The Santa Fe River and its major karst features, including the River Sink, Natural Bridge and River Rise, are the most obvious special natural features. Many smaller solution features and an array of sinkhole lakes also occur in this area. Most of the sinks are relatively small, but several of the lakes exceed an acre in size. Some of the formations, including the Ravine Sinks, are elongate crevices, however the majority of the sinks are circular to oblong in shape. Most of the larger sinkhole lakes are karst windows and are actually openings in the roof of limestone that overlays the subterranean river. In several of these, flow may be observed entering at one side and exiting at the other. As a testament to the dynamic nature of the Natural Bridge, a new sinkhole lake formed over a period of days in the early 1990s. Located south of Parener’s Branch Sink, “New” Sink was observed over several days as it gradually enlarged, toppling large canopy trees and eroding away surficial soils into subterranean spaces.

27 At least two insurgences, known as "suck holes," occur in the channel of the Santa Fe River and siphon water from it. One lies in the bed of the river west of U.S. Highway 441 and the other lies along the north bank of the river near Vinzant Landing above the River Sink. Columbia Spring, also located within the river, feeds into the river. These features are visible when the water level is low.

A series of natural levees have formed along various stretches of the Santa Fe River. These levees are best developed just upstream of the suspension bridge. Numerous limestone outcrops also occur within and along the upper edge of the river floodplain and within the Natural Bridge area. These outcrops provide habitat for several kinds of ferns and other unusual plants. One of the larger exposures contains several small terrestrial caves, and provides habitat for abundant fern growth.

A number of champion trees have been discovered on the parks. These include pop ash (Fraxinus caroliniana), a national co-champion, green haw (Crataegus viridis) and diamondleaf oak (swamp laurel oak), both Florida champions, winged elm (Ulmus alata), a Florida challenger, water locust (Gleditsia aquatica), a former state record holder and bluff oak, an honorable mention (Ward and Ing 1997). Cultural Resources Evaluating the condition of cultural resources is accomplished using a three part evaluative scale, expressed as good, fair, and poor. These terms describe the present state of affairs, rather than comparing what exists against the ideal, a newly constructed component. Good describes a condition of structural stability and physical wholeness, where no obvious deterioration other than normal occurs. Fair describes a condition in which there is a discernible decline in condition between inspections, and the wholeness or physical integrity is and continues to be threatened by factors other than normal wear. A fair judgment is cause for concern. Poor describe an unstable condition where there is palpable, accelerating decline, and physical integrity is being compromised quickly. A resource in poor condition suffers obvious declines in physical integrity from year to year. A poor condition suggests immediate action to reestablish physical stability.

The Florida Master Site File (FMSF), maintained by the Bureau of Archaeological Research, Department of State, lists fifty-six archaeological sites and eight historic structures within the two parks (see Addendum 6). Despite the number of known sites, limited historical and archaeological work has been undertaken within the two parks. O’Leno was included in the Survey of New Deal Resources in nine Florida State Parks (Historic Property Associates 1989). An archaeological investigation of high probability areas within River Rise Preserve was undertaken in the early 1990s (Weisman and Newman 1992). An intensive and systematic archaeological survey was conducted as a part of the Old Bellamy Road project along a 1.3-mile corridor where Bellamy Road passes through River Rise Preserve. Included in the Bellamy Road project was historical research centered on the history of the Bellamy Road and its construction (Duever et al. 1997).

O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park contain significant archaeological and historical resources that date from the archaic period (7500-500 BC) through the New Deal Era of the 1930s. The area encompassed by O’Leno and River Rise Preserve State Park contains the “Natural Bridge,” where the Santa Fe River is captured by a sinkhole and travels almost three miles underground before resurfacing at River Rise. This natural bridge has served as a thoroughfare at least since the Spanish period and likely before. Undoubtedly, Native Americans also used this route to avoid fording the river. The historic Bellamy Road that connected Tallahasee to St. Augustine was the first federally funded road in Florida. Its construction began in the mid 1820s and the alignment of this road was designed to take

28 advantage of the natural bridge. A short distance north of Bellamy Road, near the River Sink and in what is now the main use area of the park, was a town called Leno, Old Leno or possibly Keno. The town was established circa 1850. In the 1930s, the lands around the River Sink were purchased by the state and would eventually become part of O’Leno State Park.

O’Leno State Park is significant in the twentieth century history of Florida as one of nine elements of the New Deal-inspired Florida state park system and as one of the physical expressions of early twentieth century recreation planning. Until the 1930s, the State of Florida sponsored, owned or operated parks as monuments or memorial facilities. The components of this early, first system of state parks were the physical expression of the idea that Floridians, increasingly members of an urban population, needed and indeed possessed a right to communion with Nature. That idea, one of the intellectual underpinnings of the conservation movement of the Progressive Era (1890-1920), realized its most widespread expression during the peacetime administrations of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1941).

The ideas of conservationists were made real as the Great Depression (1929-1941) brought widespread unemployment and near economic collapse. Floridians had already suffered nearly five years of unrelieved economic disasters, with Mediterranean fruit fly infestations, hurricanes and the collapse of the land boom bubble. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 only confirmed that the whole nation faced hard times. The resulting Depression seemed to overwhelm Americans. Ending it seemed beyond the abilities of ordinary people, and programs to aid persons in serious want took the place of economic development in many areas of the country, Florida among them.

Problem-solving programs in which people could play a part while contributing to the end of hard times gained popularity. Among those problems was two of particular importance: lack of employment opportunities for young men who were of an age to enter the job market, and the degradation of the land. Although the problem of unemployed young men was often described in terms of their inability to contribute to the support of their families, another aspect of the problem was what to do with an army of unskilled young men who had left school due to economic hardship and whose existence as unemployed persons would surely slow or even halt economic recovery.

The land, too, had fallen upon hard times. Although a Dust Bowl like that of the Great Plains never afflicted most of the rest of the country, almost all sections had experienced massive land and topsoil degradation. The South was particularly beset with the consequences of strip mining, timber exploitation, single crop agriculture, and poor farming practices: sterilized landscapes, river floods, enormous erosion gullies, and farm families forced to abandon a treasured way of life.

Among the New Deal programs organized to address aspects of the problems of youth unemployment, the CCC may have had the most emotionally profound effect. This agency hired the unskilled and unemployable young, put them to work under military administration, and employed skilled local men--hitherto unemployed--to transmit the rudimentary skills required to do a job. In Florida, The CCC took on two jobs, usually at the same time. The first was improving or restoring the degraded landscape (some of those actions are now frequently viewed as inappropriate land management actions), and the second, developing public recreation facilities according to professionally drawn plans. An impressive collection of facilities was constructed throughout Florida, and a considerable portion of them survives in daily use. Their builders, the young men of the 1930s, visit and revisit their creations regularly. They and many other park visitors consider the rustic appearance of CCC buildings as “real” park architecture.

29 Planning for the creation of what was initially O’Leno State Forest began in 1934. By 1936, lands were acquired and building commenced. Initial construction work was assigned to Work Project Administration laborers as the “WPA 12-223” forestry camp project. CCC enrollees from Olustee supplemented work and later private contractors were involved in construction. Information concerning builders and dates of construction for specific buildings are somewhat incomplete. Structures that were reportedly completed primarily by WPA laborers before 1936 include the mess hall (presently the recreation building), infirmary (presently known as the tower house or museum building), caretakers cabin (later burned down) and guest and camper cabins (later demolished with the exception of one guest cabin that appears to contain an original chimney). The WPA funded further improvements including the limestone tool shed, and possibly others. The construction of other historic structures has been attributed to park based activities.

Eight structures were documented as part of the Historic Property Associates (1989) report: the barn (CO390), the smokehouse (CO389), the fire training tower (Tower House CO385), a picnic shelter (Cypress Log Pavilion CO386), the Recreation Hall (CO387), the stone building (CO388), and the infirmary (CO391). Other undocumented standing structures of cultural importance at O'Leno, including some New Deal Era resources, are the crafts building, a park warehouse/shop, the camper canteen, the suspension bridge, a portion of one overnight cabin, and a small wood structure currently used in interpretive programs. Other significant park-constructed structures at O'Leno include a wall system that defines an amphitheater. It somewhat resembles terraces built above the park swimming area, which were also attributed to park-based activity. The craft building was reportedly demolished at some point in the past by a storm and has been completely reconstructed although its design appears to be faithful to the original.

With the exceptions of the small stone building presently used for equipment storage, all structures are in at least fair condition. Both the Cypress Log Pavilion and the Recreation Hall have recently undergone preservation, and most major deficiencies were corrected. The Pavilion is in good condition, while some floor areas of the Recreation Hall will require additional treatment. There were few obvious major problems with historic buildings within the park, however, the buildings displayed the problems of non-programmed maintenance: accumulations of organic materials against foundations, vegetation growing too close to or against walls, leaf litter in roof valleys, etc. These conditions can contribute to declines in structures' conditions. A previously unrecorded bridge remnant is in decline, and the park should act to record it; stabilization or rehabilitation may be in order if the bridge will contribute to managing the park.

Visitor impacts are most obvious in the Recreation Hall, a structure that is no longer as resilient as it may have been when built as a mess hall 65 years ago. The building is open to casual use on an everyday basis. A difficulty in managing this structure is that upon rental, visitors rather than management, dictate use and some of the uses are destructive. The more modern dining hall is well equipped to accommodate virtually every use now endured by its predecessor, the Recreation Hall. It would be well to redefine appropriate uses for the Recreation Hall, for example, as an interpretive center with expanded natural systems exhibits and a classroom area, in order to maximize the use and the preservation of this fine historic building.

Fifty-six archaeological sites are known from O’Leno and River Rise Preserve State Parks. Over half of the known sites, thirty-one of the 56 sites, were discovered within only 160 acres along the 1.3-mile Bellamy Road study corridor. This Bellamy Road study area is the only area within the park to be systematically surveyed to date. The majority of sites, 25 of 31,

30 along the Bellamy Road study corridor are prehistoric diffuse lithic scatters, extractive sites and campsites. In many cases, the artifact assemblage from sites was insufficient to determine cultural period, however, where diagnostic artifacts were present, periods identified include the Late Archaic (3000–500 BC), Cades Pond (300 BC–800 AD), Hickory Pond (800–1250 AD) and Alachua (1250 – 1600 AD) periods. The remaining six sites were classified as having prehistoric and historic components. The prehistoric components of these sites were similar to those discussed above. Historic period sites were classified as artifact scatters, building remains, road segments or refuse sites. These remains all dated from the late 19th Century to the early 20th Century with the exception of one site that dated from the 1st Spanish period (1513– 1763 AD). The condition of these archaeological sites can be considered fair. Erosion and bioturbation has occurred over time, but no modern ground disturbance was noted when sites were first recorded (Duever et al. 1997).

As the sites discovered in the Bellamy Road Study, the remaining 25 archaeological sites known from the park can predominantly be classified as artifact scatters. Other types of recorded sites include a quarry site, four prehistoric mounds, a prehistoric village site, a prehistoric underwater refuse site, an historic town and finally historic roads. For many of these sites the cultural period is unspecified. However, where cultural periods are specified they include the Archaic (7500–500 BC), Deptford (500 BC–700 AD), Weeden Island (200– 1200 AD), Spanish (1513–1763 AD) and Historic periods (late 19th Century to the early 20th Century). During the Cultural Resource Management Evaluation in 2001, a subset of archaeological sites consisting of either very important sites or sites with a history of vandalism was visited. Based on these visits and observations of Park and District staff, archaeological sites can be assessed as in fair condition (Scafidi 2001). No recent vandalism of any sites is known within the park.

Site CO51, (O’Leno, Leno, Old Leno, and Keno) is that of the historic town that was situated near the river sink and at least partly within the modern day use area. Very little is known about this site. The known remains of this settlement are limited to two dam remnants, and building foundations. In 2001, due to drought conditions Santa Fe river levels were near record lows. Therefore, many of the mill site remains (rubble dams and timbers) are above water. Low water levels have not only made the remains accessible for documentation but have exposed them to air and potential vandalism that could accelerate their deterioration.

A cultural landscape defined by the Bellamy Road and the red oak landscape restoration area associated with it may be seen in River Rise Preserve. The road has remained well defined and provides visitors with an interpretive "feel" for the past. Portions of the landscape restoration area have suffered from persisting drought conditions, which have not allowed widespread use of prescribed fire. The reconstruction of a segment of the historic corduroy road has not been completed to date as was recommended in the Bellamy Road Study (Duever et al. 1997).

O'Leno hosts a collection of objects, River Rise Preserve does not. The collection at O'Leno is composed of old park tools, dating from the park's earliest days, and loaned objects used in interpreting the Civilian Conservation Corps. A few loaned archaeological specimens are also interpreted. Materials range from cotton textiles to wood, ferrous metal, and stone. The park has traditionally viewed the materials as outside management purview: a citizen group, which claimed responsibility and implied ownership of the objects, set up exhibits about the CCC. Thus, they are not documented in park records, though park management attempts to keep them from deteriorating. In general, collection objects are in fair condition (Scafidi 2001). Some objects are housed in casework whose improvement would contribute to preservation of the objects. Further, the Tower building is not an ideal location for an interpretive center.

31 Unrecorded cultural resources are known to exist within O’Leno and River Rise Preserve. Limestone was cut from outcrops in several locations within O’Leno around the turn of the century. It may have been used in chimney and foundation construction. Limestone was also extracted from at least one open pit mine likely for use as roadbed material. Historic features located in River Rise Preserve include archaeological remains of a steam-powered sawmill and numerous moonshine still sites. The remnants of historic period habitations exist within both parks, as do numerous historic period roads. Industrial remnants, such as mill dams in the Santa Fe within O'Leno and evidence of logging activity embedded in trees along the river in River Rise Preserve, are stable and in fair condition. Numerous historic structures from the New Deal era and associated structures attributed to park based activities remain undocumented. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Special Management Considerations Timber Management Analysis Chapters 253 and 259, Florida Statutes, require an assessment of the feasibility of managing timber in land management plans for parcels greater than 1,000 acres if the lead agency determines that timber management is not in conflict with the primary management objectives of the land. The feasibility of harvesting timber at this park during the period covered by this plan was considered in context of the Division’s statutory responsibilities, and an analysis of the park’s resource needs and values. The long-term management goal for forest communities in the state park system is to maintain or re-establish old-growth characteristics to the degree practicable, with the exception of early successional communities such as sand pine scrub and coastal strand.

A timber management analysis was conducted for O’Leno and River Rise Preserve State Parks (Addendum 7). The emphasis of the timber management at these parks is to convert off- site stands of pine to stands that are characteristic of the natural community occurring at that site. Another emphasis is to attempt to make pine stands more resistant to the southern pine beetle by removing the preferred host. Three stands were considered for these actions. Additional Considerations Restoration of natural communities within O’Leno and River Rise Preserve will continue to be a high priority. Unlike most state park lands, O’Leno State Park has been under the management of the Florida Park Service, or its predecessors, for over sixty-five years. It was during this same period that the remaining original longleaf pine stands in Florida were cut and a period of fire suppression was ushered in by well-meaning but misguided anti-burning campaigns. The loss or degradation of certain fire-dependant natural communities at O’Leno occurred under state management. To their outstanding credit, early park managers at O’Leno did use winter burning to maintain the xeric sandhills, which remain in excellent quality today. However, many of the fringes of the sandhills and the heart of the upland pine forests were excluded from those early prescribed fires. The dramatic changes that have occurred in the landscape between 1937 and the present day are clearly seen using historic aerial photos. Most of the upland pine forest present in 1937 was converted to pasture or agriculture outside the original O’Leno State Park boundary. What was not cleared was allowed to be overgrown by hardwoods. The upland pine forest within the park was likewise taken over by off-site hardwoods. As an example, the longleaf pine and wiregrass sandhill that lies south of the Group Camp in zone 1J was once mirrored by an upland pine forest of the same magnitude on its western boundary. The wide-open longleaf pine and wiregrass community we see today was twice that size in 1937. What lies west of the sandhill, just across an old road that serves as a hard firebreak, appears to be a mesic hammock of sorts. However, hidden within that laurel oak hammock are scattered adult longleaf pines and southern red oaks that have

32 remained in the canopy since the natural fires ceased. Adult longleaf pines can be found over a thousand feet into the hammock from the modern limits of the sandhill. Whether or not the wiregrass has survived internment in the shade of the laurel oaks remains to be seen.

The loss of upland pine forest to hardwood hammock is repeated in several locations in O’Leno and River Rise Preserve and in fact all over north-central Florida. Duever and Tillman (1997) state that no good examples of upland pine forest (red oak woods) remain in peninsular Florida. Only degraded remnants occur on state park lands such as River Rise Preserve, O’Leno and San Felasco Hammock Preserve.

Recognition of the loss of upland pine forest has focused restoration efforts on burning remnant patches, girdling off-site hardwoods and reintroducing native groundcover species. The Bellamy Road Project began a restoration effort within River Rise Preserve to restore an area of upland pine forest to provide a backdrop for the interpretation of the historic Bellamy Road (Duever et al 1997; Duever and Tillman 1997). Restoration of upland pine areas has also been made a priority at Ichetucknee Springs State Park and San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park. Upland pine forest restoration at O’Leno and River Rise Preserve has made significant progress since the late 1980s when prescribed burns were introduced into many areas for the first time. Even traditionally burned areas in the park have been dramatically improved during that time span due to a commitment to prescribed burning. Existing burn zones have been expanded and new ones established to prescribe burn more upland pine acres.

To expedite the restoration of upland pine forest at O’Leno and River Rise Preserve, additional areas need to be identified as upland pine remnants and excised from the nearby upland hardwood and upland mixed forests that they now resemble. Girdling or herbiciding of dense stands of off-site hardwoods will be critical to the preparation of overgrown sites for prescribed burning. Initial girdling efforts have concentrated on overgrown areas that border upland pine and sandhill sites that remain in somewhat better condition. Wherever possible, hard firebreaks that have prevented fires from burning into upland pine areas should be removed or bypassed to allow fires to penetrate. Likewise, fires in upland pine areas should be allowed to creep into upland mixed forests and upland hardwoods and gradually die out, thereby maintaining natural ecotones between communities.

The Division has management authority over a 400-foot zone from the edge of mean high water along the Santa Fe River where it passes through or alongside the park and preserve. Where emergent wetland vegetation exists, the zone extends waterward 400 feet beyond the vegetation. Within this zone, the park staff will enforce Division regulations. All wildlife within this zone, with the exception of fish, is protected from harvest, as stated in the Designated Species section, above. In addition, pre-cut timber harvesting (dead head logging) is prohibited within this zone. Management Needs and Problems 1. Natural communities within the parks require additional restoration. A. The upland pine forest community has not yet recovered from long-term fire suppression and a corresponding invasion by offsite hardwoods. B. The sandhills, mesic flatwoods and scrubby flatwoods require additional growing season fires. Some areas lack sufficient numbers of longleaf pines. Loblolly pines have invaded many areas and slash pines were planted on longleaf pine sites. C. Southern pine beetle outbreaks have decimated many loblolly pine stands. A significant number of slash and longleaf pines have also been killed. D. Invasive exotic plant species, primarily Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum), are beginning to spread within the park.

33 E. The degree of degradation of some natural communities varies greatly, particularly those that are fire-dependent. Some level of triage must be used to prioritize restoration at various sites. Former agricultural areas in fire-dependent communities have been invaded by off-site pine and hardwood species. 2. Roads, causeways and logging trails within the parks have altered natural hydrology. A. Bible Camp Road crosses the natural drainage way of Buzzard Roost Prairie, a basin swamp just north of O’Leno State Park that drains through the park via an intermittent creek system to the Santa Fe River. Existing culverts at the crossing are insufficient to handle surface water flow during flood conditions. B. Some existing service roads and trails disrupt natural sheet flow and surface water flows where they intersect wetlands and flow ways. C. Logging skidders used during salvage cuts for control of southern pine beetles have created deep ruts within bottomland forests and other wetlands. 3. Soils on the riverbanks and on certain slopes around sinkhole features have eroded. Extensive soil erosion from Bible Camp Road and the Columbia County boat ramp area has created a large sand deposit in the Santa Fe River. A. Foot traffic on riverbanks and around certain sinkhole features tramples natural vegetation and causes soil erosion. Erosion is heaviest in areas adjacent to trails. B. Stormwater runoff from Bible Camp Road is not properly attenuated or treated, and flows directly from the road and from the terminal boat ramp into the river, carrying sand and sediments. 4. Designated species occur within the parks and may require special protection or management. A. Designated species have been recorded as road kills on park roads and adjacent roadways. B. The parks may lack a sufficient number of natural nesting cavities for the southeastern kestrel. C. Park development activities or recreational activities may inadvertently impact cryptic designated plant species. 5. Additional measures are needed to protect natural and cultural resources. A. The park boundary is not clearly delineated in some areas and may require additional surveys. B. Boundary fencing is lacking or deteriorating in some areas of the park. C. Detailed management guidelines for the equestrian trailhead facilities have not been developed, and boundaries of the trailhead area are yet to be defined. 6. The natural and cultural resources of the parks are very complex, and proper management requires the attention of specialized professional staff. A. The six thousand acres within O’Leno and River Rise Preserve State Parks encompass a complex array of natural resources including several miles of the Santa Fe River, over 40 prescribed burn zones, exotic plant infestations, and several hundred acres of abandoned pastures and beetle-control clear cuts that require restoration. B. Cultural resources include numerous Civilian Conservation Corps structures, many known and unknown cultural sites and a vast array of other resources that require professional attention. C. Park operations are equally complex and time constraints prevent existing staff from focusing adequately on resource management concerns. The recent incorporation of Dudley Farm Historic State Park, O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park into one administrative entity called the Santa Fe Basin GEOPark has placed additional strain on park management resources. 7. Unrecorded cultural resources exist within the parks.

34 A. Neither park has been the subject of a comprehensive cultural resources survey. O’Leno State Park is utilized more heavily than River Rise Preserve State Park, thus unknown cultural resources may be at greater risk within O’Leno. B. Historic structures that date from the New Deal Era remain undocumented. 8. Historic structures within O’Leno are still in use. These structures require scheduled maintenance and periodically require major repairs. Historic ruins exist within the park. A. While the major repair and stabilization needs of the Recreation Hall have recently been addressed, there is still a need to stabilize the floor of this structure. B. It is unknown whether other historic structures may also have problems developing. C. Historic structures require scheduled maintenance to prevent rapid deterioration. D. The present use or lack of use of some historic structures may cause undue wear to the buildings. E. Low water levels have exposed the ruins of two historic dams within the Santa Fe River. 9. Archaeological sites within the parks have the potential to be impacted by visitors or by park management activities. A. Cultural resource management files at the park and district offices are incomplete. The file system used by the park makes information retrieval and site protection difficult. B. Exact locations of some archaeological sites are unknown. For the same sites, available information is scant. C. Vandalism of archaeological sites has historically occurred, however no recent vandalism is known. 10. Collections housed at O’Leno are the property of the park, the CSO, or private individuals or the ownership is unknown. The park informally maintains these collections. A. Neither park has a Scope of Collections Statement. B. The CSO or individuals own many of the collections objects, particularly objects relating to the CCC. Few written records have been kept that detail ownership. C. Although the park informally cares for objects, no formal collection management plan exists. 11. Maintenance and completion of elements of the cultural landscape along Bellamy Road is an ongoing need. A. Restoration and maintenance of “red oak woods” (upland pine forest) and other fire- maintained habitats along Bellamy Road is an ongoing need. B. The replica of corduroy road along Bellamy Road has not been completed. Management Objectives The resources administered by the DRP are divided into two principal categories: natural resources and cultural resources. The DRP primary objective in natural resource management is to maintain and restore, to the extent possible, to the conditions that existed before the ecological disruptions caused by man. The objective for managing cultural resources is to protect these resources from human-related and natural threats. This will arrest deterioration and help preserve the cultural resources for future generations to enjoy.

1. Restore natural communities within the parks. A. Continue the aggressive burning program in the remnant upland pine forest. Target additional upland pine forest areas for restoration. Increase girdling and chemical treatment of offsite hardwoods in overgrown upland pine forest areas. Give priority to restoring areas of degraded upland pine forest that are adjacent to higher quality upland pine forest already under a successful prescribed fire regime. B. Continue to burn sandhills and flatwoods regularly and emphasize growing season burns. Winter burns may be used in fire-suppressed areas to reduce fuels or in overgrown areas, where low humidity is needed to achieve good results. In some areas, additional longleaf pines that are derived from local seed source may need to be planted 35 to supplement natural reproduction. Remove loblolly and slash pines from areas where they do not naturally occur. C. Continue to monitor southern pine beetle populations and react quickly to outbreaks. Continue and expand the large-scale replanting of areas clear-cut during southern pine beetle control activities, using appropriate pine species, particularly longleaf pine. In some cases, groundcover restoration will also be required. D. Continue the exotics control program within the parks. Conduct follow-up treatments of exotics after their treatment via contract. Continue to monitor the parks for new exotic plant infestations. Map and treat infestations as needed (see Exotic Species Control for further discussion). Remove ornamental bamboo clumps from the shop area. E. Prioritize restoration of fire-dependent communities based in part on the condition of the native groundcover. Sites retaining characteristic dominant groundcover species should be given higher priority for restoration. Former agricultural areas located in what should be fire-dependent natural communities should also be considered for restoration where feasible. Off-site pines and hardwoods should be removed unless needed to provide fuel for prescribed fires. 2. Restore natural hydrology within the parks. A. Design a surface water management system for Bible Camp Road that is sufficient to handle natural flow between Buzzard Roost Prairie and its historic drainage way through O’Leno. B. Identify existing roads and causeways in the parks that disrupt natural sheet flow and surface water flows, and seek funds to remove or retrofit these structures to restore or mimic natural hydrology. C. Investigate the potential for using mitigation funds to repair damages to wetlands caused by efforts to control southern pine beetles. 3. Design and implement erosion control measures in the parks. A. Discourage excessive foot traffic along riverbanks and sinkhole slopes by constructing elevated access points and restrictive barriers. Install interpretive signage encouraging visitors to use designated trails and structures for access. B. Design a stormwater treatment system for the approach road, parking area and boat ramp at Bible Camp Road. Work in cooperation with county and state agencies to fund implementation of the design. 4. Protect designated species and manage them as appropriate. A. Continue to record all road kills on major roads within and adjacent to the parks. Consider installing wildlife crossing signs or requesting a reduction in speed limits. B. Continue the southeastern kestrel nest box program. C. Locate populations of rare plant species and map them to prevent inadvertent impacts. 5. Enhance resource protection by securing boundaries of the parks, and by delineating boundaries for and organizing use in the equestrian use area. A. Arrange for a survey of park boundaries where the location of the property line may be unknown or in dispute. B. Pursue funding for additional boundary fencing and for repair of existing boundary fences in both parks. C. Establish boundaries and organize use for the equestrian use area. D. Establish guidelines for the disposal of animal wastes generated at the equestrian use area. 6. Improve the management of natural and cultural resources in the parks by pursuing an additional professional staff position. A. At a minimum, a park biologist position should be added to O’Leno and River Rise Preserve State Parks. The position would provide assistance to park management in

36 natural community restoration, hydrological restoration, prescribed burning, control of exotics, and cultural resource management. 7. Record yet unrecorded cultural resources within the parks. A. Seek funding to plan and implement a phased sequence of historical, architectural and archaeological surveys from the Group Camp outward to establish sequences of events and designs throughout the history of O’Leno State Park. B. Seek funding to undertake comprehensive historical and archaeological surveys to encompass all of O'Leno and seek funding to undertake thematic surveys within River Rise Preserve. 8. Preserve the New Deal Era cultural resources of the park and other historic resources by restoring and maintaining the historic structures to their original condition and appearance, to the extent possible. A. Continue to seek funding for stabilization of historic structures in poor condition and funding for scheduled maintenance of all structures. B. Create and implement cyclical maintenance programs for all New Deal Era resources through collaboration between park management, Bureau of Design and Recreation Services, Bureau of Natural and Cultural Resources and DHR Bureau of Historic Preservation. C. Consider treatment of the park as a cultural landscape. D. Acquire funding for restoration and rehabilitation design studies of all New Deal Era resources in the park. The historic Recreation Hall should be studied first. E. Conduct architectural and/or engineering evaluations of the historic structures. F. Produce design drawings and budget estimates to accomplish restoration or adaptive rehabilitation projects, including necessary modifications to provide universal accessibility, where feasible. Assure that all work on the historic buildings complies with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. G. Review maintenance, storage and recreation uses of existing structures and devise methods for minimizing harm to the buildings while maximizing their usefulness for their present-day purposes. Emphasis should be placed on identifying appropriate uses for the historic Recreation Hall, with consideration given to using this facility for interpreting the natural and cultural resources of the parks. H. Acquire funding for restoration and rehabilitation and undertake the necessary work. 9. Recognize and publicize the unique nature of the New Deal Era parks. A. Develop a nomination for Florida’s New Deal Era parks to the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district. B. Promote public visitation to New Deal Era parks as visits to a family-oriented past. C. Develop interpretive programs that explain the origin of the New Deal Era parks, relating these earliest public conservation and stewardship efforts in Florida to current environmental concerns and land use or land management issues. D. Develop technical curricula for historic preservation training in cooperation with the Florida Trust for Historic Preservation, state and federal agencies, local educators and local trades. 10. Preserve and protect archaeological and historic sites. A. Reconstitute the cultural resource management files for O'Leno and River Rise Preserve and use a file organization system similar to that recommended by the BNCR. B. Develop and maintain a file and map system that enables identification and location of cultural resources throughout both parks and supports tracking of management activities. C. Seek funding to retain a qualified archaeological surveyor to locate, mark, and supply GPS coordinate information for all recorded archaeological sites. D. Continue to monitor archaeological sites.

37 E. Delineate and maintain boundaries of the equestrian trailhead and camping area in River Rise Preserve to avoid cultural resource impacts. F. Post both mill sites as restricted areas and continue to monitor them to discourage potential vandalism. 11. Maintain park collections in accordance with Division procedures. A. Develop a formal Scope of Collections Statement for each unit. B. Inventory all objects used for interpretive exhibits and for interpretation, and seek aid to catalog them. Where objects are not park property, locate lenders and encourage them to formalize their loans with appropriate documentation. Assume active management of the objects in park buildings in accordance with Operations and Procedures Manual, Chapter 16. C. Maintain accession and catalog records and formalize loan and/or donation records for interpretive objects. D. Develop a collection management plan that addresses needs for improved casework and periodic evaluation of collection objects' state of preservation. 12. Continue to develop and maintain the cultural landscape along Bellamy Road. A. Continue to monitor and maintain the landscape restoration area and investigate alternatives to burning for vegetative management during periods of prolonged drought. B. Seek funding to execute the unfinished replica corduroy road element of the Historic Bellamy Road project. Management Measures for Natural Resources Hydrology Hydrological data historically and currently collected for the Santa Fe River include discharge, water quality, and biological data collected by DEP, the SRWMD and the USGS at various stations located upstream, within, and downstream of the park. In addition, various hydrologic data are collected by researchers, as part of specifically funded projects. As funding for future monitoring is approved, regular collection and analyses of these data will continue.

While the surface drainage basin for the Santa Fe River is well defined, the primary recharge areas for the network of associated sinks and springs remain unidentified. Potential threats from outside land use and development to water resources within the park will increase as the surrounding areas continue to be developed. Proposed land use changes in the area will be monitored to identify significant threats to water quality and recharge rates.

Water quality threats to the river and its associated springs, streams and sinks from erosion and runoff within the park will be clearly defined and addressed. Currently, stormwater runoff from most impervious surfaces in the park is routed to swales and adjacent natural areas for treatment and attenuation. One major source of erosion that directly affects the Santa Fe River is the Bible Camp Road boat ramp facility. The road and boat ramp were constructed without the benefit of present day stormwater treatment standards. Untreated stormwater flows directly from the road and boat ramp, depositing large amounts of sand and sediments into the river. In addition, where Bible Camp Road crosses Buzzard Roost Slough, the current stormwater design is insufficient. Large-scale scouring and erosion at this location is disrupting the natural hydrology of the slough, as it functions within the river floodplain. Funding will be sought to design a plan to retrofit this road and the boat ramp facility with stormwater treatment and erosion control. Implementation of the design will require the cooperation of DEP, SRWMD, FFWCC and Columbia County. Any future park development will include appropriate stormwater management systems to protect both surface and groundwater quality.

38 Erosion currently appears to be a minor problem on the riverbanks and some of the steep slopes surrounding sinkholes frequented by park visitors. Restricting foot traffic, improving visitor access to popular use areas, and allowing natural vegetation to recover along the banks and slopes will reduce bank erosion.

In addition, of concern are hydrologic disruptions caused by recent and historic dredge and fill activities in wetland areas. Use of heavy equipment in or near wetlands is especially harmful to natural community structure, often creating conditions that promote soil erosion and inhibit natural overland flow and infiltration to the surficial aquifer. Logging skidders used during recent southern pine beetle control activities created deep ruts within bottomland forest and other wetlands. In addition to this disturbance, natural sheet flow and overland flow has been disrupted throughout the park by the construction of fill roads with inadequate surface water conveyance structures. These roads will be identified, and where possible, retrofitted with adequate culverts, redesigned or repaired to restore the natural conveyance of surface waters.

Management will comply with best management practices to maintain the existing water quality on site and will take measures to prevent soil erosion or other impacts to water resources. Prescribed Burning The objectives of prescribed burning are to create those conditions that are most natural for a particular community, and to maintain ecological diversity within the unit's natural communities. To meet these objectives, the park is partitioned into burn zones, and burn prescriptions are implemented for each zone. The park burn plan is updated annually to meet current conditions. All prescribed burns are conducted with authorization from the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Forestry (DOF). Wildfire suppression activities will be coordinated between the DRP and the DOF.

O’Leno and River Rise Preserve contain a wide diversity of fire-dependent natural communities ranging from sandhills to scrubby flatwoods, depression marshes, and cypress swamps. Currently there are about 2,000 acres of fire dependent communities in the park, organized into forty burn zones. Although the sandhills at O’Leno have been burned for many years, most of the other natural community types are not so fortunate. Most of the parks’ upland pine forests were lost to agricultural development or succeeded to upland mixed forest due to fire suppression over the past century (see Additional Considerations). The mesic flatwoods have also suffered some degree of fire suppression and hardwood invasion. Restoration of the fire-dependant communities at O’Leno and River Rise Preserve has accelerated in the past 15 years due to an aggressive prescribed burn program. Much progress has been made where zones have been burned multiple times in the past decade.

Fire return intervals for the natural communities of the parks are based on the intervals recommended by the Florida Natural Areas Inventory (1990). Any given zone may contain multiple natural communities with different average fire return intervals. Several zones contain sandhills that may burn up to two to five years mixed with scrubby flatwoods that may not burn but every 15 years. In most cases, the scrubby flatwoods will only burn well under the extreme conditions, while the sandhills will burn under milder ones. Fire return intervals may be shortened during the early stages of natural community restoration to speed restoration efforts. Between 500 and 600 acres in the two parks need to be burned annually to achieve recommended fire return intervals.

Park management and district biological staff revises the parks’ burn plan on an annual basis and determine annual priorities based on a variety of parameters. Several areas within the parks will require additional effort to further restoration goals. The flatwoods that lie to the east of the River Rise will need to receive additional attention. Other areas that will require 39 additional effort will be the southern pine beetle control areas and recent acquisitions. Some of the pine beetle clearcuts will require burning and replanting with appropriate pine species and groundcovers to prevent a recurrence of past loblolly pine invasions.

Staff will also monitor any future restrictions on prescribed burning in the region. Residences along the park boundary should be contacted before conducting adjacent prescribed burns. Public education about the benefits of prescribed fire should be promoted at the parks to avoid future efforts to restrict prescribed burning of natural areas. Designated Species Protection The welfare of designated species is an important concern of the DRP. In many cases, these species will benefit most from proper management of their natural communities. At times, however, additional management measures are needed because of the poor condition of some communities, or because of unusual circumstances that aggravate the particular problems of a species. The Division will consult and coordinate with appropriate federal, state and local agencies for management of designated species.

The prescribed fire program at O’Leno and River Rise Preserve should benefit the listed species that inhabit fire-adapted communities such as the sandhills. upland pine forests and flatwoods.

Park staff should continue to record road kills of all species within the park and on adjacent roadways, including gopher tortoise, pine snakes and Sherman’s fox squirrels.

Although not a confirmed nester within O’Leno or River Rise Preserve, the southeastern kestrel occurs in the region and breeds regularly at Ichetucknee Springs State Park to the west. Kestrel nest boxes have been erected in appropriate habitat at O’Leno and River Rise Preserve to enhance the prospects that a breeding population can become established on site. Lack of nesting cavities can be a limiting factor for kestrels.

Restoration efforts in sandhill, upland pine and flatwoods that open the canopy (i.e., fire and / or judicious hardwood reduction) will benefit many of the listed plant species that are among the groundcover and that require full or partial sunlight. Care must be taken if herbicides are utilized in hardwood reduction efforts to ensure that they do not have deleterious effects on desirable and listed groundcover species. Protection and good stewardship of natural communities should suffice for the protection of many of the listed plant species in the parks. Other threats that should be guarded against because they could impact listed plants include wetland alterations, plant poaching, or disturbance from rooting animals such as armadillos or feral hogs. Feral hogs have rarely been noted within either park, however, armadillos are common and will be removed in accordance with Division policy. Exotic Species Control Exotic species are those plants or animals that are not native to Florida, but were introduced because of human-related activities. Exotics have fewer natural enemies and may have a higher survival rate than do native species, as well. They may also harbor diseases or parasites that significantly affect non-resistant native species. Consequently, it is the strategy of the DRP to remove exotic species from native natural communities.

O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park have relatively few exotic species problems. Most of the troublesome (FL EPPC category I and II) upland exotic plants within the park are in or near old homesites. These include camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), chinaberry (Melia azedarach), wisteria (Wisteria sinensis) and mimosa (Albizia julibrissin). The exception, Japanese climbing fern, occurs in scattered locations around the parks, chiefly near roadways where spores may have been carried into the parks as dust on vehicles. The Japanese climbing fern population has expanded in recent years and is currently considered

40 the biggest threat to natural communities of all the upland exotics in the park. All known sizable populations of FL EPPC category I and II plants have been targeted for treatment by contractors in FY 2001-2002 (See District 2 files, proposal to BIPM 2001-2002). Outlying, hard to access individuals will be targeted for treatment by park and district staff when follow-up of the contract treated sites is undertaken in summer/fall 2002. Additional follow- up treatments will be required to maintain control of invasive exotics for several years after the initial treatment. Mapping and treating newly discovered populations of invasive plants are a high priority.

A number of aquatic exotic plants also occur in the parks. Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) periodically appears in the Santa Fe River. The Bureau of Invasive Plant Management treats various exotics including water-hyacinth in the Santa Fe River, both downstream and upstream of the natural bridge. Water-hyacinth has also been recorded in sinkhole lakes within the park, however, it is currently absent in sinkhole lakes. Water- hyacinth and other aquatic plants may be introduced or flushed from the sinkhole lake systems as a result of overland flow of the Santa Fe during flood periods. It is recommended that sinkhole lakes be checked for changes in aquatic plant populations following flood events. Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) is known from at least one of the sinkhole lakes in the parks and from the River Sink. Tan (1991) characterized its abundance as occasional in the parks. Thus far, no control efforts have been undertaken for alligator weed, as its population is small and scattered. After priorities for treatment of other more troublesome exotic plants are met, alligator weed control will be attempted. Hydrilla is not known from within the parks, however, portions of the Santa Fe below the US 27 bridge are heavily infested. Boat traffic has the potential to spread this weed into the parks.

A number of exotic animals are known from the parks. Feral hogs are uncommon in the parks, however, if their numbers increase prompt removal is important to protect resources damaged by hog rooting. Fire ants are controlled in public and staff use areas. Armadillos, domestic cats and domestic dogs are removed according to Division policy as they are encountered. Control of other exotic animal species such as the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), or the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) are not attempted due to lack of methods of control that are effective and innocuous to natives. Problem Species Problem species are defined as native species whose habits create specific management problems or concerns. Occasionally, problem species are also a designated species, such as alligators. The Division will consult and coordinate with appropriate federal, state and local agencies for management of designated species that are considered a threat or problem.

Alligators occasionally are a problem in the River Sink area of O’Leno, where they may be attracted to bait used by visitors fishing from the banks of the Sink. Probably some visitors to the Sink purposefully feed the alligators. Alligators that may be a threat to park visitors are dealt with according to Division policies. Education of the public about alligators, particularly about reasons not to feed them, is an on-going process at the parks and will be continued.

A more insidious, although physically smaller, threat to the park visitor is the large number of ticks that frequent the visitor use areas and campgrounds. Several species of ticks seem to have abnormally high population levels in the public use areas of O’Leno State Park. These include the Gulf coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum), lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis). These high population levels may be due to a lack of natural fires in the use areas combined with the presence there of large numbers of deer and rodents which serve as hosts for the ticks. Although often just considered an unattractive nuisance, ticks may harbor diseases that are transmittable to humans, including

41 Lyme disease and forms of ehrlichiosis.

It is recommended that some method of specific tick control be investigated. The use of non- selective pesticides in the visitor use areas or in natural areas is not appropriate. One technique that may be applicable in this situation is the scattering of pyrethrin-soaked cotton balls that may be used as nesting material by cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus) and old field mice (Peromyscus polionotus). Each of those species serves as a host for the early life stages of ticks. The pyrethrin kills the ticks in the mouse nest without harming the mice. It may also be possible to use a pesticide roller applicator at baited stations to apply tick pesticides such as Amitraz to the head and shoulders of deer (USDA-ARS).

These techniques will only be considered for use near the visitor use areas and baited stations would not be in sight of visitors. A critical aspect of this proposal would be monitoring of the tick population levels before and after treatment. Consideration should be given to developing a partnership with the University of Florida or another institution to monitor the success or failure of any tick population control measures that are implemented.

The deer at O’Leno may themselves be considered a problem species, not only because they serve as hosts for ticks, but also because population densities in some areas may be abnormally high. Funds should be sought to study distribution patterns and population dynamics of the deer at O’Leno. If research indicates that deer numbers are disproportionately high for suitable habitat available, then consideration should be given in the future to some form of deer population control. Management Measures for Cultural Resources The management of cultural resources is often complicated because these resources are irreplaceable and extremely vulnerable to disturbances. The advice of historical and archaeological experts is required in this effort. Approval from Department of State, Division of Historical Resources (DHR) must be obtained before taking any actions, such as development or site improvements that could affect or disturb the cultural resources on state lands (see DHR Cultural Management Statement).

Actions that require permits or approval from DHR include development, site excavations or surveys, disturbances of sites or structures, disturbances of the substrate, and any other actions that may affect the integrity of the cultural resources. These actions could damage evidence that would someday be useful to researchers attempting to interpret the past.

1. Seek funding to undertake surveys on a comprehensive basis to encompass all of O’Leno and pursue thematic surveys within River Rise Preserve. 2. Patrol sites for vandalism and discourage casual trails through interpretative signage that includes warnings against collecting artifacts in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. 3. Review New Deal Era structures’ conditions on an annual basis and communicate deficiencies or needs. 4. Develop cyclical maintenance plans for all the buildings older than 50 years old at O’Leno. 5. Review maintenance, storage and interpretive buildings’ uses and devise methods for minimizing harm to the buildings while maximizing their usefulness for their present-day purposes. 6. Seek funding to study appropriate uses for the historic Recreation Hall. 7. Develop management guidelines and practices for managing the dams and monitor them for deterioration or looting. Target industrial remains as a priority theme for future survey activity. 8. Conduct ground disturbing activities in accordance with Division policy. 9. Regularly assess the condition of recorded and unrecorded cultural resources. Monitor the 42 condition of sites in poor condition using photopoints. 10. Reconstitute cultural resource management files for O’Leno and River Rise Preserve. 11. Continue GPS delineation of historic roads and trails throughout both parks in order to improve management of those resources. 12. Inventory all objects used for interpretive exhibits and for interpretation and catalog them. Where objects are not park property, locate lenders and encourage them to formalize their loans with appropriate documentation. Assume active management of the objects in park buildings in accordance with Chapter 16, OPM. 13. Develop and maintain accession and catalog records and formalize loan and/or donation records for interpretive objects. 14. Develop a collection management plan that addresses needs for improved casework and periodic evaluation of collection objects’ state of preservation. 15. Transfer artifacts found in the park to the Department of State, Division of Historical Resources, Bureau of Archaeological Research, for curation. 16. Seek funding to execute the unfinished replica road element of the Historic Bellamy Road project. Research Needs Natural Resources Any research or other activity that involves the collection of plant or animal species on park property requires a collecting permit from the Department of Environmental Protection. Additional permits from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service may also be required.

The following is a list of specific research needs identified for O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park.

1. Identify hydrologic patterns and relationships to water quality. A. Future research proposes to focus on the Santa Fe River’s stream-to-sink watershed, and will attempt to identify movement patterns of surface and ground water between the surface, subsurface matrix and conduit systems within the parks. The results of this research will provide a better understanding of how the physical geohydrology of the system affects ground water and surface water quality, both inside the parks and regionally. 2. Define spring flow from the River Rise. A. The spring water component of flow from the River Rise may be a basis for classifying the Rise as a first magnitude spring. Research is needed to distinguish spring water from resurfacing river water at the Rise, and to establish the proportional contributions from each source during the full range of river stage. 3. Additional survey work for rare species within the park is needed. A. Additional information is needed about populations of rare and listed species within the parks. Sherman’s fox squirrel and other designated wildlife observations should be recorded. Identification and vouchering of troglobitic invertebrates discovered in the aquatic cave systems should be pursued. Listed plant species should be surveyed to locate known populations and to document new locations and add previously undocumented species. 4. Restoration of Columbia Spring ditch. A. A deep, 1250-foot long ditch with an associated high berm is located just within the River Rise Preserve boundary north of Columbia Spring. Based upon interpretation of historic aerial photographs, this ditch was constructed between 1951 and 1960. The ditch may provide hydrologic connection between the river and offsite property. Research is

43 needed to explore the feasibility of restoring this area to natural grade. Cultural Resources Neither O’Leno nor River Rise Preserve has been subjected to comprehensive cultural resources survey. A complete survey of O’Leno would be desirable, and in view of expanding and intensifying use of the park, such a survey is a priority. Specifications for future survey activity in O’Leno should note the need to document hitherto undocumented elements like the amphitheater, terraces at the swimming area, and other New Deal and early Park structures. Historical and architectural surveys are a higher priority than archaeological surveys now. The use of some historic structures may cause undue wear and tear on those structures. Historic structure reports are needed to establish preservation priorities and schedules for some resources, particularly the Recreation Hall. It appears that in the past, alterations were made to the foundation and other portions of the Recreation Hall. Whether the physical change has benefited the structure is unknown; however, the altered porch foundation detracts from the earlier, more graceful appearance of the building. A study that might lead to restoration of the original porch is needed.

A complete survey of River Rise Preserve would also be desirable, though the need is not as pressing as for O’Leno. Further documentation of industrial resources relating to logging, naval stores production, etc., in River Rise Preserve and O’Leno should be undertaken. Resource Management Schedule A priority schedule for conducting all management activities that is based on the purposes for which these lands were acquired, and to enhance the resource values, is contained in Addendum 8. Cost estimates for conducting priority management activities are based on the most cost effective methods and recommendations currently available (see Addendum 8). Land Management Review Section 259.036, Florida Statutes, established land management review teams to determine whether conservation, preservation, and recreation lands titled in the name of the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund (board) are being managed for the purposes for which they were acquired and in accordance with a land management plan adopted pursuant to s. 259.032, the board of trustees, acting through the Department of Environmental Protection (department). The managing agency shall consider the findings and recommendations of the land management review team in finalizing the required update of its management plan.

O’leno and River Rise Preserve State Parks were the subject of a land management review on October 8, 2002. The review team made the following determinations:

1. The land is being managed for the purpose for which it was acquired. 2. The actual management practices, including public access, complied with the management plan for this site.

44 LAND USE COMPONENT INTRODUCTION Land use planning and park development decisions for the state park system are based on the dual responsibilities of the Division of Recreation and Parks. These responsibilities are to preserve representative examples of original natural Florida and its cultural resources, and to provide outdoor recreation opportunities for Florida's citizens and visitors.

The general planning and design process begins with an analysis of the natural and cultural resources of the unit, then proceeds through the creation of a conceptual land use plan that culminates in the actual design and construction of park facilities. Input to the plan is provided by experts in environmental sciences, cultural resources, park operation and management, through public workshops, and environmental groups. With this approach, the Division's objective is to provide quality development for resource-based recreation throughout the state with a high level of sensitivity to the natural and cultural resources at each park.

This component of the unit plan includes a brief inventory of the external conditions and the recreational potential of the unit. Existing uses, facilities, special conditions on use, and specific areas within the park that will be given special protection, are identified. The land use component then summarizes the current conceptual land use plan for the park, identifying the existing or proposed activities suited to the resource base of the park. Any new facilities needed to support the proposed activities are described and located in general terms. EXTERNAL CONDITIONS An assessment of the conditions that exist beyond the boundaries of the unit can identify any special development problems or opportunities that exist because of the unit's unique setting or environment. This also provides an opportunity to deal systematically with various planning issues such as location, adjacent land uses and the park interaction with other facilities.

The parks are located within the North Central Planning District that includes Alachua, Bradford, Columbia, Dixie, Gilchrist, Hamilton, Lafayette, Madison, Suwannee, Taylor and Union Counties. The Florida Statistical Abstract 2000 reported over 434,000 residents in the 11 county region in 1999--a nearly 23 percent increase over 1990. As one of the least populated of the states Planning District’s, the North Central region is largely rural in character with few central urban areas and an abundance of agricultural lands. Alachua County’s residents account for roughly half of the District’s population. The parks are situated within both southern Columbia County and northwestern Alachua County with Lake City (population 10,352) and Gainesville (population 101,405), located approximately 17 miles north and southeast of the parks, respectively. The District is projected to grow 20 percent by 2010.

The parks’ location within a rural context contributes to modest levels of visitation. The parks reported a combined visitation of nearly 61,000 persons in 2001-02. Visitation at O’Leno accounted for nearly 96 percent of this total. These figures represent a cumulative 1.7 percent decrease over the last four years.

The local economy benefits significantly from the presence of the state parks. Spending by non-local visitors was estimated to contribute nearly $2.5 million in direct economic impact plus 68 jobs to the local economy during the 2001-02 fiscal year. Existing Use of Adjacent Lands Land uses adjacent to the parks are primarily agricultural, including pine plantations, 45 rangeland and row crops, and low-density residential. Residential uses are gradually expanding as the area grows. At O’Leno State Park, the county maintained Bible Camp Road runs along the northern boundary and dead ends at a county boat ramp on the Santa Fe River. Sprite Road forms a portion of the western boundary and Interstate Highway 75 cuts through the very northeast corner of the park. U.S. Highway 441/41 bisects the lower third of River Rise Preserve State Park and U.S. Highway 27 runs along the southwest boundary. An additional county maintained boat ramp is located at the U.S. Highway 27 bridge over the Santa Fe River.

Two church run recreation facilities are located near the parks. The 200-acre Florida Bible Camp is located just north of O’Leno State Park, off Bible Camp Road. Camp facilities include 10 primitive cabins, bathhouses, large dining hall, assembly area, full-size pool, crafts building and a large game pavilion. The 600-acre Camp Kulaqua is located off U.S. Highway 441 on the south side of the Santa Fe River. The camp offers fully furnished cabins, horseback riding, swimming, canoeing, hiking trails, a zoo and nature center, and a variety of activity-based recreation opportunities.

Hunting occurs on an outparcel of private property in River Rise Preserve State Park. Attempts at acquiring this parcel have been unsuccessful to date. While the Division maintains an interest in the property, acquisition is contingent on the willingness of the landowners to sell. In the interim, other measures will be taken to improve public safety of trail users in this area. Options for consideration will include posting signage to promote awareness of hunting activity, closure of trails adjacent to private property during hunting season, and coordinating a meeting between landowners and user groups to improve communication and respect for all stakeholders. Planned Use of Adjacent Lands Land use change is anticipated to progress slowly given the rate of growth in the area. Low-density residential housing is likely to continue to replace agricultural uses, with the further subdivision of land likely. Wetlands associated with Buzzard Roost Prairie north of O’Leno State Park and the Santa Fe River floodplain along the southwest boundary of River Rise Preserve serve to buffer the units from encroaching development in these areas.

Columbia County, the town of Fort White and the Suwannee River Water Management District have developed plans for the Ichetucknee to O'Leno Trail, a paved bicycle and pedestrian trail that will link Ichetucknee Springs and O’Leno State Parks. Plans are to eventually connect the trail to the Suwannee River Greenway at Branford. A trailhead is proposed on a narrow strip of state land near the intersection of the O’Leno State Park entrance road and Sprite Road. The proposed trail would link O’Leno State Park, Fort White and Ichetucknee Springs State Park via the right of way of SR 41, CR 18 and SR 27. Construction is planned to begin in 2002. PROPERTY ANALYSIS Effective planning requires a thorough understanding of the unit's natural and cultural resources. This section describes the resource characteristics and existing uses of the property. The unit's recreation resource elements are examined to identify the opportunities and constraints they present for recreational development. Past and present uses are assessed for their effects on the property, compatibility with the site, and relation to the unit's classification. Recreation Resource Elements This section assesses the unit’s recreation resource elements those physical qualities that, either singly or in certain combinations, supports the various resource-based recreation activities. Breaking down the property into such elements provides a means for measuring

46 the property's capability to support individual recreation activities. This process also analyzes the existing spatial factors that either favor or limit the provision of each activity. Land Area O’Leno State Park contains approximately 1,741 acres and River Rise Preserve State Park includes roughly 4,474 acres for a total land area of nearly 6,215 acres. The parks contain an impressive diversity of community types, with eighteen of Florida’s natural communities represented on these properties.

The developed use areas at O’Leno State Park comprise less than five percent of park land and are located primarily in the upland pine forest community adjacent to the Santa Fe River, a short distance upstream from the River Sink. The main use area along the Santa Fe River is the former location of the park’s namesake—the mid-nineteenth century town of Leno.

Wetland communities comprise over 20 percent of the total land area, and are generally not amenable to recreational development due to difficulties of access and resource sensitivity. Upland communities within the units, however, provide a range of opportunities for recreational use. The large size of the combined properties provides a resource base ideal for the development of an extensive system of hiking, off-road biking and equestrian trails and primitive camping opportunities. Water Area A number of sinkholes, swamp lakes and a portion of the Santa Fe River combine for nearly 100 acres of water area at the parks. Portions of the sinkholes and swamp lakes are appropriate for fishing and nature study. The river also provides opportunities for swimming, boating and canoeing. Shoreline O’Leno State Park contains over 4.5 miles of shoreline on the Santa Fe River. River Rise State Preserve contains over 7.5 miles of shoreline on the Santa Fe River downstream from the River Rise. The adjacent floodplain forest and swamp communities limit access along much of the river. The relatively undisturbed character of the shoreline, particularly within River Rise Preserve, provides an ideal setting for fishing, canoeing and nature study. To preserve that character, future development of the shoreline should be limited to access points for boaters, canoeists and anglers.

Pedestrian traffic on the river shoreline, particularly near the River Sink and River Rise has contributed to erosion, soil compaction, vegetation damage and littering. However, closure of social trails and access improvements has served to address most of the problems in these areas. Natural Scenery One important visual resource of these units is the unique nature of the Santa Fe River as it disappears and reappears in the karst topography of the region. Human disturbance and fire suppression over the last century have created enclosed viewsheds in which thick vegetation screens out all but the immediate viewing area. For this reason, the vistas available along the river, especially from the suspension bridge, the River Sink overlook, and at the River Rise, are all the more impressive. As restoration activities continue, the characteristic openness of the surrounding fire-adapted communities will be re-established and the visual resources of these units greatly improved. Significant Wildlife Habitat The high number of natural community types provides habitat for an abundant and diverse wildlife population. Deer are quite common and are frequently seen within the main use

47 areas of O’Leno State Park. A number of designated species are associated with the sandhill and upland pine forest communities, including gopher tortoise, Sherman’s fox squirrel, Bachman’s sparrow, eastern indigo snake, Florida pine snake, Southern hognose snake and gopher frog. The river also provides habitat for a variety of aquatic species and is an important source of freshwater for park wildlife. Natural Features The Santa Fe River has been designated an Outstanding Florida Water and the River Sink and the River Rise are designated State Natural Feature Sites. Other natural features of note are the sinkholes and limestone outcrops, with their associated plant communities, found throughout both properties. These features provide important opportunities for interpretation and nature study, but are relatively fragile in nature and must be protected from overuse through education and protective structures or barriers, where appropriate. The parks also contain a number of champion trees that provide botanical interest. Archaeological and Historical Features In addition to an abundance of natural features and community types, the parks contain numerous archaeological and historic features. The river and natural bridge have served to concentrate human use in this area as evidenced by the concentration of recorded sites. Fifty-six archaeological sites and eight historic structures have been recorded dating from the Archaic Period (7500-500 BC) through the 1930s.

The historic CCC/WPA structures, the former town of Leno and the Bellamy Road corridor provide significant opportunities for interpretation. The Recreation Hall, Cypress Log Pavilion, Tower House and suspension bridge provide visitors with a firsthand look at the engineering and design skills of the CCC, and an opportunity to learn about their contribution to the Florida State Parks system. While little evidence remains of the town of Leno, the fact that the main use area at O’Leno State Park is believed to be situated in the same general location presents a unique opportunity to educate visitors to the colorful history of this settlement. The historic Bellamy Road corridor provides a unique cultural landscape that includes a remnant of the first federally funded road in Florida and an impressive number of archaeological sites. Assessment of Use All legal boundaries, significant natural features, structures, facilities, roads, trails and easements existing in the unit are delineated on the base map (see Base Map). Specific uses made of the unit are briefly described in the following sections. Past Uses Park lands have a rich history of human use. The construction of roads and clearing of land for human settlement, logging, turpentining, limerock mining, and farming have altered the landscape and created a mosaic of pasture lands, old fields, successional forests and remnant natural community types. Evidence of these past uses will remain well into the future at both parks. The CCC and the WPA constructed the park’s early facilities, many of which are still in use today. The shaping of the landscape from human use offers unique focal points for interpretation. Recreational Uses Picnicking, swimming, shoreline fishing, boating, canoeing/kayaking, hiking, off-road biking, horseback riding, developed and primitive camping, cabins and nature study are recreational uses currently accommodated within O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park. All of the above activities are considered appropriate uses of the resources of these two units.

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At O’Leno and River Rise Preserve State Parks basin swamp, blackwater stream, bottomland forest, depression marsh, floodplain forest, dome, floodplain swamp, sandhill, sinkhole, sinkhole lake and swamp lake natural communities have been designated as protected zones as delineated on the Conceptual Land Use Plan. These protected zones comprise nearly 35 percent of park lands. The locations of known cultural sites are also included in the parks’ protected zones. These locations are not shown on the Conceptual Land Use Plan as a precaution against disturbance.

Existing Facilities at O’Leno State Park

Group camp. The group camping area includes the Recreation Hall, 17 cabins, dining hall, Cypress Log Pavilion, CCC museum (Tower House), handicraft building, canteen, BBQ pit and bathhouses. Fourteen of the cabins are relatively primitive with bunk beds, screens and ceiling fans. Three leader cabins include additional amenities, such as kitchens, bathrooms and fireplaces. A nearby suspension bridge provides pedestrian access across the Santa Fe River. Renovation needs and structural problems have recently been addressed at The Pavilion and Recreation Hall. These facilities are available for rental and receive significant wear and tear from regular use.

The problems of maintaining the original New Deal era structures within the Group Camp area after 50 years of use and exposure to the elements are significant (see Resource Component for condition assessment of each structure). However, all structures dating from the CCC days should be considered historic in nature and appropriate preservation measures provided. The original CCC style of construction using heavy timbers and native materials has been followed in subsequent construction in the State Park.

Swimming/picnic area. The swimming/picnic area is adjacent to the Group Camp and includes a floating dock, picnic shelters, scattered tables, and grills and canoe rentals. Restrooms and paved parking support use in this area.

Camping areas. Two standard camping areas provide 64 full service campsites. Water and electric service has recently been upgraded in the Magnolia Campground and is scheduled for upgrade at the Dogwood Campground. The Magnolia Campground includes playground equipment. A tent camping area is also available for reservation by youth groups that includes picnic shelters, fire circles and composting restrooms.

Trails. The park contains over three miles of hiking trails (Dogwood Trail and River Loop Trail) and a portion of the 3.3-mile Paraner’s Loop Trail, which supports hiking and biking. The Dogwood Trail provides access to an old limestone quarry and the River

Loop Trail circumnavigates River Sink. An overlook on River Sink provides controlled

51 access to this unique natural feature. Paraner’s Loop connects with the River Loop and the more extensive trail system within River Rise Preserve.

Support facilities. Support facilities at O’Leno State Park consist of a paved entrance road, entrance station, staff residences (2), several shop and storage buildings and the park office. With the exception of the entrance station and park drive, support facilities are concentrated in the central area of the park in proximity to the main use areas. Park Patrol also maintains an office near the shop area.

Existing Facilities at River Rise Preserve State Park

Camping areas. A primitive campsite for up to twelve persons is located near Sweet Water Lake. The Sweetwater Trail provides hiking and biking access. A privy is available at this site.

An equestrian camping facility is located within a grassed clearing in the very southwestern corner of the preserve. The camping area is accessible from U.S. Highway 27 and includes a 20-stall barn, restrooms with showers and a picnic shelter. This area also serves as a trailhead for day use.

River Rise. A gated dirt drive provides vehicular access to the River Rise off U.S. Highway 441. A shared-use trail provides access for hikers, bikers and equestrian users. Shoreline fishing is the primary use in this area with no developed facilities provided.

Trails. The Preserve offers an extensive network of trails for hiking, biking and equestrian use. Two sections (Sweetwater Lake and Black Lake Trails) are reserved for hiking and biking only and provide access to interior lakes. Nearly 19 miles of shared-use (hiking/biking/horseback riding) trails provide many opportunities for visitors to explore the preserve. No horses are allowed north of Bellamy Road. Trails are accessible through O’Leno State Park, the River Rise or the equestrian camping area. The Bellamy Road Interpretive Trail follows the historic Bellamy Road corridor. Interpretive signs are provided along the trail and a paved parking area and composting restroom are located at the trailhead.

Support Facilities. A Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission employee residence is located along the access road to the River Rise.

The following is a comprehensive listing of existing recreation and support facilities at O’Leno and River Rise Preserve State Parks.

O’Leno State Park

Group Camp Basketball hoop Recreation Hall Volleyball court Cabins (17 cabins—125 person capacity) Horseshoe pits Dining hall Swimming/Picnic Area Cypress Log Pavilion Floating dock Tower House (CCC Museum) Canoe rentals Handicraft building Restrooms Canteen Medium picnic shelter Suspension bridge Small picnic shelters (6) BBQ pit Scattered tables and grills Storage buildings Paved parking (120 spaces) Bathhouses (2) Amphitheater Magnolia Campground Shuffleboard court 34 sites Bathhouse

52 Storage building River Loop Trail (1.3 mi.) Playground equipment Paraner’s Loop Trail (3.3 mi.) Riversink overlook Dogwood Campground 30 sites Support Facilities Bathhouses (2) Paved entrance road Entrance station Youth Camp Staff residences (2) Small picnic shelters (6) Shop and storage buildings Composting restrooms (2) Park office Trails Park Patrol office Dogwood Trail (1.75 mi.)

River Rise Preserve State Park

Camping Trails Equestrian Camping Area: Sweetwater Lake Trail (2.0 mi.) 20-stall barn Black Lake Trail (1.75 mi.) Restrooms with showers Shared-use Trails (19 mi.) Large picnic shelter Bellamy Road Interpretive Trailhead: Sweetwater Lake Primitive Campsite: Bellamy Road Trail (1.0 mi.) Privy Paved parking (18 standard/2 bus spaces) Composting restroom Interpretive signs (5)

Support Facilities FWCC residence CONCEPTUAL LAND USE PLAN The following narrative represents the current conceptual land use proposal for this park. As new information is provided regarding the environment of the park, cultural resources, recreational use, and as new land is acquired, the conceptual land use plan may be amended to address the new conditions (see Conceptual Land Use Plan). A detailed development plan for the park and a site plan for specific facilities will be developed based on this conceptual land use plan, as funding becomes available.

During the development of the unit management plan, the Division assesses potential impacts of proposed uses on the resources of the property. Uses that could result in unacceptable impacts are not included in the conceptual land use plan. Potential impacts are more thoroughly identified and assessed through the site planning process once funding is available for the development project. At that stage, design elements, such as sewage disposal and stormwater management, and design constraints, such as designated species or cultural site locations, are more thoroughly investigated. Advanced wastewater treatment or best available technology systems are applied for on-site sewage disposal. Stormwater management systems are designed to minimize impervious surfaces to the greatest extent feasible, and all facilities are designed and constructed using best management practices to avoid impacts and to mitigate those that cannot be avoided. Federal, state and local permit and regulatory requirements are met by the final design of the projects. This includes the design of all new park facilities consistent with the universal access requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). After new facilities are constructed, the park staff monitors conditions to ensure that impacts remain within acceptable levels. Potential Uses and Proposed Facilities O’Leno State Park

Interpretation. Interpretive improvements are needed to educate visitors to the pre-historic and historic significance of these parks; their structures and past land uses, as well as the

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An IMP would further develop the various interpretive components identified in the Statement for Interpretation into an integrated, comprehensive interpretive program at the park. It is proposed that the IMP be developed in coordination with additional research and archeological investigations to ensure full and accurate information is available. Development of the IMP should be coordinated by park staff with assistance from the District and Bureau of Natural and Cultural Resources and include opportunities for public input. Key components of the IMP should include, an assessment of existing conditions, visitor profile/demographics, mission statement, primary goals, interpretive design criteria, interpretive themes for exhibits, trails, and wayside exhibits, interpretive media recommendations, funding strategy, phasing options, and project schedule. The IMP should also be coordinated with plans for other programming, such as nature and heritage tourism programs, school programs, and adult workshops and the review of uses of historic structures. An important component of improved interpretation will be the adequate provision of static interpretive displays (signs and kiosks). As part of the recommended interpretive planning process, primary use areas and significant features will be considered for interpretive signs and/or kiosks to inform visitors about the diversity of natural and cultural resources found at both O’Leno and River Rise Preserve State Parks.

The park’s Citizen Support Organization is interested in establishing a gristmill exhibit on the grounds of the Group Camp. The exhibit would include a millstone, interpretive sign and small covered shelter. The Division supports the concept of a gristmill exhibit; however, the design and location of this facility should be coordinated with the Bureau of Natural and Cultural Resources to minimize impacts to existing cultural resources and ensure compatibility with other historic elements represented at the park. Due to the historic nature of the park, the Division of Historic Resources will also be consulted for review and advice on this project.

Group camp. There is a need to study the existing uses of park buildings, particularly the Tower House, Recreation Hall, Dining Hall and park office (campers canteen) to determine their most appropriate, efficient use. As discussed in the Resource Component, the CCC Museum is not well-served in the Tower Building and the Recreation Hall is experiencing significant wear and tear from certain uses. Consideration should be given to shifting the primary use of the Recreation Hall to interpretive uses once this structure is fully stabilized. Portable exhibits could be designed that would still allow the use of this space for other activities. The Dining Hall should be considered for improvements that would expand the utility of this facility and improve universal accessibility. Up to three sleeper cabins are also proposed for modification to improve universal accessibility. Finally, the BBQ pit structure is in poor condition and recommended for replacement. Recommended changes should consider impacts to the integrity of historic structures, existing demand for potential uses, access and visitor circulation patterns and be coordinated with interpretive planning efforts.

Campgrounds. All three campground bathhouses are proposed for replacement due to age and the need for universal accessibility. Existing campground roads experience erosion problems and present a chronic maintenance challenge. Consideration should be given to improving the surface of the roads sufficiently to handle recreational vehicle traffic. Priority

56 should be given to using pervious paving materials that stabilize the road surface but do not require extensive stormwater facilities. The DRP has recently used this technology at the campground at Koreshan State Historic Site and will be evaluating its effectiveness and potential for use at other parks. Traditional paving is not preferred due to concerns about impacts to the surrounding natural community and the aesthetics of the campground setting from the construction of stormwater facilities.

Boating access. A county-maintained boat ramp is located on state property where the Santa Fe River first enters O’Leno State Park. Currently, obstructions within the river serve to limit the size and numbers of boats that use the stretch of river down stream to the main use area of the park. Boat traffic is prohibited from proceeding past the swim area to River Sink. If existing boating use patterns change significantly along the river, consideration should be given to restricting power boats to a maximum of five or ten horsepower or to reducing speed limits to create no wake zones within the state park and the preserve in order to protect the river resource and maintain its role as a scenic canoe/nature trail.

Support facilities. Park facilities are currently serviced by several traditional septic systems. It is recommended that the feasibility of consolidating waste management into a centralized sewage treatment facility utilizing best management practices for waste disposal be investigated. Such a facility could potentially serve the picnic/swim area, group camp, dump station, youth camp and at least one campground. Consideration will need to be given to the potential for impacts to natural and cultural resources and whether construction of such a facility will provide a net resource and operational benefit. Potential locations include the clearing of the former ballfield or near the existing dump station. As in the development of all facilities at O’Leno, an awareness of potential impacts to the surrounding cultural landscape will be a primary concern during the planning of this facility.

There is also a need for office space and an additional residence to meet existing administrative and housing demands at the park. The following options are listed in order of preference. A final decision will be made by park and District staff upon further investigation.

¾ Swap office space with the Florida Park Patrol. This option would be the least costly in terms of dollars and impact to the historic landscape since it does not require building a new facility. However, it is also contingent on the willingness of the Park Patrol to relocate.

¾ Convert the Assistant Park Manager residence into an office and replace with a new residence near the junction of the powerline corridor and Bible Camp Road. The site is on the edge of a low quality upland mixed forest and is accessible by vehicle from the park drive. Some minor improvements along the powerline corridor would provide a convenient linkage to Bible Camp Road.

¾ Build a new office a short distance off the park drive in the vicinity of the dump station. Any new structure at this location should be constructed in a manner that complements the CCC building style, and sited and screened in a manner that buffers it from adjacent use areas. Prefabricated or modular buildings should not be used in the construction of this facility.

A pole barn and 3-bay shop are recommended in the existing shop area to meet storage and work area needs.

57 River Rise Preserve State Park

River Rise. Facility development at the River Rise should be kept to a minimum to preserve the visual character of this area. An interpretive sign explaining this natural feature’s significance to the Santa Fe River is proposed at the existing parking area. A composting restroom is also recommended near the parking area if a suitable upland location is available outside the 100-year floodplain. Stormwater runoff that is channeled along the path leading to the Rise should be slowed and redirected using best management practices.

Primitive camping. A composting restroom is recommended to replace the existing privy at the Sweet Water Lake primitive campsite. The restroom is recommended to be located a short distance east near a trail junction. The proposed site is outside the 100-year floodplain and would provide the benefit of servicing trail users as well as campers.

Support facilities. An additional residence is proposed at the southern end of the Preserve, just north of the equestrian campground. Facilities Development Preliminary cost estimates for the following list of proposed facilities are provided in Addendum 8. These cost estimates are based on the most cost-effective construction standards available at this time. The preliminary estimates are provided to assist the Division in budgeting future park improvements, and may be revised as more information is collected through the planning and design processes.

The following is a comprehensive listing of proposed recreation and support facility improvements at O’Leno and River Rise Preserve State Parks:

O’Leno State Park Interpretation Campgrounds *Statement for Interpretation Replace bathhouses (3) *Interpretive Master Plan **Improve campground roads Gristmill exhibit Support Facilities *Interpretive kiosks and signs **Administrative office ** Group Camp Assistant Park Manager’s residence Evaluate public uses of existing structures Pole barn Universal accessibility improvements (3 cabins Three-bay shop & Dining Hall restrooms) Sewage treatment facility BBQ pit

River Rise Preserve State Park

River Rise Primitive Camping Composting restroom Composting restroom Stormwater BMP improvements Support Facilities Ranger residence

*Items applicable to both parks. **Items requiring additional investigation before implementing.

Existing Use and Optimum Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity is an estimate of the number of users a recreation resource or facility can accommodate and still provide a high quality recreational experience and preserve the natural values of the site. The carrying capacity of a unit is determined by identifying the land and water requirements for each recreation activity at the unit, and then applying these requirements to the unit's land and water base. Next, guidelines are applied which estimate the physical capacity of the unit's natural communities to withstand recreational uses

58 without significant degradation. This analysis identifies a range within which the carrying capacity most appropriate to the specific activity, the activity site and the unit's classification is selected (see Table 1).

The optimum carrying capacity for these parks is a preliminary estimate of the number of users the units could accommodate after the current conceptual development program has been implemented. When developed, the proposed new facilities would approximately increase these units's carrying capacity as shown in Table 1.

Table 1—Existing Use and Optimum Carrying Capacity Proposed Estimated Existing Additional Optimum Capacity Capacity Capacity

One One One Activity/Facility/Use Area Time Daily Time Daily Time Daily

Trails Hiking 40 160 40 160 Shared-use 187 374 187 374 Camping Campgrounds 256 256 256 256 Youth Camp 40 40 40 40 Equestrian 48 48 48 48 Primitive 12 12 12 12 Group Camp 125 125 125 125 Picnicking / Swimming 184 368 184 368 Fishing Shoreline 20 40 20 40

TOTALS 912 1,423 912 1,423

Optimum Boundary As additional needs are identified through park use, development, research, and as adjacent land uses change on private properties, modification of a unit’s optimum boundary may occur for the enhancement of natural and cultural resources, recreational values and management efficiency.

Identification of lands on the optimum boundary map is solely for planning purposes and not for regulatory purposes. A property’s identification on the optimum boundary map is not meant to be used by any party or other government body to reduce or restrict the lawful right of private landowners. Identification on the map does not empower or require any government entity to impose additional or more restrictive environmental land use or zoning regulations. Identification is not meant to be used as the basis for permit denial or the imposition of permit conditions.

The optimum boundary map reflects lands identified as desirable for direct management by the Division as part of O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park. These parcels may include public as well as privately owned lands that improve the continuity of existing park lands, provide additional natural and cultural resource protection, and/or allow for future expansion of recreational activities. Parcels identified adjacent O’Leno State Park would provide buffering from potential development and ensure protection of

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62 Addendum 1—Acquisition History and Advisory Group Report O’Leno State Park Acquisition History

Sequence of Acquisition

The State of Florida acquired O’Leno State Park to develop, operate, and maintain the property for outdoor recreation, park, conservation, historic and related purposes.

On June 29, 1936, the Florida Board of Forestry obtained title to the property constituting the initial area of O’Leno State Park. The board purchased the property with “Old Money”. Since this initial purchase, the state has acquired several parcels under the LATF program and added them to O’Leno State Park.

On January 23, 1968, the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund of the State of Florida (Trustees) conveyed its management authority of O’Leno State Park to the Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Recreation and Parks (DRP) under Lease No. 2324. This lease was for a period of ninety-nine (99) years. On March 28, 1984, the Trustees changed the term of Lease No. 2324 to fifty (50) years. This new lease term will expire on March 28, 2034. In 1988, the Trustees assigned a new lease number, Lease No. 3638, to O’Leno State Park without changing the terms and conditions of Lease No.2324.

According to this lease, the DRP manages O’Leno State Park for the development, conservation and protection of natural and cultural resources and for resource-based public outdoor recreation compatible with the conservation and protection of the property.

Title Interest

The Trustees hold fee simple title to O’Leno State Park.

Special Conditions On Use

O’Leno State Park is designated single-use to provide resource-based public outdoor recreation and other park related uses. Uses such as water resource development projects, water supply projects, storm-water management projects, and linear facilities and sustainable agriculture and forestry (other than those forest management activities specifically identified in the park’s unit management plan) are not consistent with the unit management plan or the management purposes of the park and will be discouraged.

Outstanding Reservations Following is a listing of outstanding rights, reservations, and encumbrances that apply to O’Leno State Park.

Instrument: Warranty Deed Instrument Holder: Lawrence Millard Vaughn, Faye M. Vaughn Beginning Date: January 17, 1992 Ending Date: Forever Outstanding Rights, Uses, Etc.: The deed is subject to a certain General Permit to Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Co. for construction, operation, and maintenance of its telephone lines as recorded in Deed Book 196, page 124.

Instrument: Easement Instrument Holder: DRP Beginning Date: October 11, 1976 Ending Date: Coterminous with Lease 3638 Outstanding Rights, Uses, Etc.: The easement allows the Board of County Commissioners of Columbia County to construct, reconstruct, and maintain use of a public road right-of-way and a parking lot at the boat ramp site across state park property.

A 1 - 1 O’Leno State Park Acquisition History

Instrument: Warranty Deed Instrument Holder: Margaritte Davidson, A.P. Macleod, Mary Caroline Galloway, Nolan C. Galloway, William Davidson Macleod, Bettie Allen MacLeod Beginning Date: September 3, 1974 Ending Date: Forever Outstanding Rights, Uses, Etc.: The deed is subject to the reservation of ½ interest in all oil, gas, or other minerals to W.R. Mosley as recorded in Deed Book 44, page 551.

Instrument: Indenture Instrument Holder: Florida Board of Forestry Beginning Date: September 16, 1949 Ending Date: No specific date is given. Outstanding Rights, Uses, Etc.: The indenture reserves the right of the Florida Board of Forestry to use lands for a period of two weeks during each year for conducting an instructional and vocational forestry camp.

Instrument: Right-of Way Easement Instrument Holder: Florida Board of Forestry Beginning Date: September 5, 1940 Ending Date: No specific date is given. Outstanding Rights, Uses, Etc.: The easement allows the Clay Electric Cooperative Association, Inc. to construct, operate, and maintain an electric transmission and distribution line or system.

Instrument: Right-of-Way Deed Instrument Holder: Florida Board of Forestry Beginning Date: May 31, 1940 Ending Date: Perpetual Outstanding Rights, Uses, Etc.: The deed allows the State of Florida to construct and maintain a road right-of-way for public purposes.

Instrument: General Permit Instrument Holder: Florida Board of Forestry Beginning Date: June 6, 1940 Ending Date: No specific date is given. Outstanding Rights, Uses, Etc.: The permit allows the Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph to construct, operate, and maintain its telephone and telegraph lines within said property.

A 1 - 2 River Rise Preserve State Park Acquisition History

Purpose and Sequence of Acquisition

The Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund of the State of Florida (Trustees) acquired River Rise Preserve State Park to develop, operate, and maintain the property for outdoor recreation, park, conservation, historic, and related purposes.

On September 3, 1974, the Trustees obtained title to the property constituting the initial area of River Rise Preserve State Park. The purchase was funded with EEL bond proceeds. Since the initial purchase, the Trustees have acquired several parcels under P2000/Acquisitions and Inholdings and added them to the park.

On June 2, 1975, the Trustees conveyed management authority of River Rise Preserve State Park to the Division of Recreation and Parks (DRP) under Amendment No. 2 to the O’Leno State Park lease, Lease No. 2324. The lease was for a period of ninety-nine (99) years. O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park have the same lease number.

On March 28, 1984, the Trustees changed the term of Lease No. 2324 to fifty (50) years. This new term will expire on March 28, 2034. In 1988, the Trustees assigned a new lease number, Lease No. 3638, to River Rise Preserve State Park without changing the terms and conditions of Lease No.2324.

According to this lease, the Division manages River Rise Preserve State Park only for the development, conservation and protection of natural and cultural resources and for resource-based public outdoor recreation compatible with the conservation and protection of the property.

Title Interest

The Trustees hold fee simple title to River Rise Preserve State Park.

Special Conditions On Use

River Rise Preserve State Park is designated single-use to provide resource-based public outdoor recreation and other park related uses. Uses such as water resource development projects, water supply projects, storm-water management projects, and linear facilities and sustainable agriculture and forestry (other than those forest management activities specifically identified in the park’s unit management plan) are not consistent with the unit management plan or the management purposes of the park and will be discouraged.

Outstanding Reservations

Following is a listing of outstanding rights, reservations, and encumbrances that apply to River Rise Preserve State Park.

Instrument: Warranty Deed Instrument Holder: Lawrence Millard Vaughn Beginning Date: January 17, 1992 Ending Date: Forever Outstanding rights, Uses, Etc.: The deed is subject to a certain General Permit to Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Co. for construction, operation, and maintenance of telephone lines recorded in Deed Book 196, page 124.

A 1 - 3 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Advisory Group List

The Honorable Kenneth E. Witt, Chair Harvey Campbell, Director of Tourism Columbia County Board of County Columbia County Tourism Development Commissioners Council Post Office Drawer 1529 Post Office Box 1847 Lake City, Florida 32056-1529 Lake City, Florida 32056

The Honorable Robert Hutchinson, Chair Roland Loog, Director Alachua County Board of County Alachua County Visitor & Convention Commissioners Bureau Post Office Box 2877 30 East University Avenue Gainesville, Florida 32602-2877 Gainesville, Florida 32601

Kathy Cantwell, Chair Dale Kendrick, Manager Sierra Club Santa Fe GEOpark Suwannee-St. John’s Group 410 SE Oleno Park Road 1701 SW 117th Street High Springs, Florida 32643-9319 Gainesville, Florida 32607

Will Brown, Chair Represented by: Santa Fe Soil and Water Ms. Linda Pollini Conservation District P.O. Box 423 Post Office Box 2486 Archer, Florida 32618 Lake City, Florida 32056 Mr. Frank Sedmera John Chamberlain, Chair Four Rivers Audubon Society Alachua Soil and Water Post Office Box 596 Conservation District Lake City, Florida 32056 5709 Northwest 13 Street, Suite B Mr. Dan Rountree Gainesville, Florida 32653 Current Problems, Inc. Mark Crow, District Manager 1205 NE 6th Terrace Florida Division of Forestry, Gainesville, Florida 32601 Suwannee District Susan Hanburry, Chair Route 7, Box 369 Florida Trail Association Lake City, Florida 32055 Crackers Chapter Represented by: Post Office Box 1104 Mr. Neal White Melrose, Florida 32666 7620-133rd Road Ms. Winona Zeh Live Oak, Florida 32060 Santa Fe Trail Riders Matt Pollack, Regional Biologist 129 SW Buck Ct. Florida Fish and Wildlife Ft. White, Florida 32038 Conservation Commission Mr. Jim Wood Post Office Box 177 Santa Fe Canoe Outpost Olustee, Florida 32072 Post Office Box 592 Represented by: High Springs, Florida 32655 Mr. Scott Johns Phil Younts, Camp Administrator P.O. Box 177 Camp Kulaqua Olustee, Florida 32072 700 NW Cheeota Ave. High Springs, Florida 32643

A 1 - 4 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Advisory Group List

Jim Rothfeldt, President Mr. J.C. Keene Friends of O’Leno Civilian Conservation Corp. Post Office Box 2879 Post Office Box 154 High Springs, Florida 32643 Brooker, Florida 32622

Represented by: Ms. Carolyne Frederick Harriet Walsh, Treasurer High Springs Historical Society Friends of O’Leno 18821 NW 202nd St. 7730 NE 40th Street High Springs, Florida 32643 High Springs, Florida 32643

A 1 - 5 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Advisory Group Staff Report

The Advisory Group appointed to review the proposed land management plan for O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park was held at O’Leno State Park on November 13, 2002. Neal White represented Mark Crow. Scott Johns represented Matt Pollack, Linda Pollini represented Kathy Cantwell, and Harriet Walsh represented Jim Rothfeldt. The Honorable Kenneth Witt, The Honorable Robert Hutchinson, Will Brown, John Chamberlin, Harvey Campbell, Roland Loog, Frank Sedmera, Winona Zeh, and Jim Wood did not attend. All other appointed Advisory Group members were present. Attending staff was Mickey Bryant, John Scafidi, Dale Kendrick, Craig Parenteau, Kelly McPherson, Brian Burket, Carol Perfit and Michael Kinnison.

Mr. Kinnison began the meeting by explaining the purpose of the advisory group and reviewing the meeting agenda. He also provided a brief overview of the Division's planning process and summarized public comments received during the previous evening’s public workshop. He then asked each member of the advisory group to express his or her comments on the plan.

Summary Of Advisory Group Comments

Scott Johns commented on the abundance of ticks at the park and that it was likely tied to the deer population. He asked if any progress had been made on controlling the number of ticks. Mr. Parenteau responded that the park had not implemented all the measures suggested in the plan. Mr. Kendrick stated that sulfur blocks were being tested. He added that individual deer did not appear as tick-laden recently and that there were fewer complaints by visitors. Mr. Johns explained that the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission was concerned about chronic wasting disease and asked that his office be notified if deer are observed at the park with symptoms of the disease. He stated that the disease is fatal to deer, and caused by a mutated protein (prion) that is present in soil. He indicated that no cases had been reported in Florida. He expressed his support of the use of prescribed fire at the park and urged staff to conduct as much burning as the conditions allow.

Linda Pollini expressed concern about southern pine beetles and their management at the park, particularly as it relates to removing healthy trees, and elevated mercury levels in fish in the Santa Fe River. Mr. Parenteau and Ms. McPherson discussed the historic experience with pine beetle outbreaks and that the extensive planting of loblolly pines, the pest’s preferred pine species, has created conditions for more destructive infestations. They explained that the beetles spread so quickly that a buffer of healthy trees must be removed to stop them. They added that altered fire regimes and recent drought are also factors that have contributed to the problem. Ms. Pollini asked if there were more environmentally sensitive ways to remove the trees. Ms. McPherson responded that the need to act fast requires more impacts than if trees could be removed selectively in a more controlled manner. Mr. Parenteau encouraged a long-term view that includes the restoration of these areas to a more natural system dominated by longleaf pines. Mr. Kendrick responded that the park would be contracting with a smaller logging company that is more sensitive to the impacts of its operation in the future. Staff stated that elevated mercury levels are a problem throughout the state, and those airborne sources, such as power plants and waste incinerators, are suspected as contributing to the problem.

Carolyne Frederick stated that equestrians were concerned about hunting on the River Rise Preserve outparcel. She also indicated that on several occasions horses had experienced swollen legs and outbreaks of small sores after riding at the park. Staff offered several possible explanations for the health problems of the horses. Mr. Kinnison explained that the Division had been unsuccessful in negotiating a purchase of the outparcel, and that the state can only work with willing sellers and pay the appraised value of the property. He stated that he would inquire if the owners could be approached again. Mr. Kendrick commented that while the landowners

A 1 - 6 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Advisory Group Staff Report have a legal right to hunt, they might not do so on parkland. Mr. Johns suggested that communication may be an effective way to address the issue and suggested a meeting between the various stakeholders to coordinate their activities. Ms. Frederick asked to be included in decisions that deal with the historic resources of the park.

Harriet Walsh stated that the park’s Citizen Support Organization (CSO) was there to support the park manager. She provided an update on plans for a gristmill exhibit and progress on raising funds for interpretive improvements, such as signage that would educate users to the park’s karst features.

Susan Hanburry indicated that her questions had been answered and that she had no further comment than to express support for the plan.

Dan Rountree would like to see opportunities for walk-in tent camping and canoe camping. He stated that proposed primitive campsite locations might be periodically flooded, as is the case at the existing Sweetwater Lake site. He asked for clarification on the proposed plan for a sewage treatment plant. Mr. Kendrick responded that the proposed facility would allow the replacement of multiple septic systems in the group camp and campground. Mr. Roundtree was supportive of additional interpretive signage but would like the number of signs to be kept to a reasonable number. He commented on shoreline erosion at River Rise that is exacerbated by canoe landings. Mr. Kendrick and Ms. McPherson discussed plans for stormwater improvements and stabilization of the area. Mr. Kinnison stated that constructing a canoe/kayak launch at that location would require extensive ramping to meet universal accessibility requirements, and that less visually intrusive measures for dealing with erosion would be pursued first to preserve the scenic quality of the site. He explained that the Division has moved to the Reserve America system for campground reservations, and added that a number of sites are kept available for walk- in campers.

Neil White stated his support for plans for additional thinning and hardwood reduction to help with beetle infestations and the park burn program. He acknowledged the challenges the Division faces in maintaining a timber management program.

Phil Younts asked about visitation patterns at the group camp. Mr. Kendrick explained that the camp stays full in the summer, with visitation largely confined to weekends during the winter months. Mr. Younts stated that significant demand remains despite the capacity of both Camp Kuluqua and the park. He recommended considering raising rental fees to reflect existing market rates, and proposed expanding the group camp facilities. Ms. Walsh asked if additional cabins could be built. Mr. Kinnison indicated that staff would consider expansion of the group camp. Mr. Kendrick expressed support for raising group camp fees. Mr. Kinnison and Mr. Parenteau clarified that additional revenue generated from fee increases would be added to the park system’s statewide revenue stream and not remain at the park. Ms. Hanburry stated that any expansion would need to consider noise levels in the group camp.

JC Keene introduced Joanne Stevens, the new President of the local chapter of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Alumni Association. He discussed his service with the CCC that included work on various trail building and water projects in national and state parks, and his role as a volunteer at O’Leno working to restore the Tower Building and establish the CCC museum. He expressed frustration with the Division’s level of support for O’Leno over the years and was hopeful that that will change. He recommended expanding the Tower Building to increase space for exhibits, and would like to see more open, landscaped areas at the park. Mr. Kinnison thanked Mr. Keene and the CCC alumni for their involvement at the park and acknowledged his

A 1 - 7 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Advisory Group Staff Report frustration with the progress in meeting the needs of the park. He explained the Division’s approach to park development that emphasized restoring and maintaining natural communities and processes. He clarified that the plan has identified the need to evaluate uses of existing structures, which would involve considering creative ways to expand interpretive space without changing historic buildings. Mr. Kendrick added that the Division has expressed a commitment to making historic properties a priority. He stated that plans to thin hardwoods would provide a more open landscape at the park. Mr. Parenteau noted that the management plans fail to emphasize the many positive improvements at a park. He explained that O’Leno and River Rise were very complex units to manage, and that one would need to get away from the main use areas to see the progress that has been made.

Mr. Kendrick acknowledged Mr. Keene’s contributions, particularly in improving the Tower building, and closed the meeting by thanking the Advisory Group for their input.

The meeting was then adjourned.

Staff Recommendation

Staff recommends approval of the proposed management plan for O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park as presented with the following recommendations.

Tent Camping Opportunities Staff does not recommend providing a separate tent camping area associated with the campground or establishing a canoe-in campsite at this time. The campgrounds at O’Leno are well vegetated and quite suitable for tent camping. In addition, tent campers can use the youth camp when it is not reserved by groups. The equestrian camping area of the park provides an additional opportunity for tent camping away from large recreation vehicles. Given these opportunities, and the existing level of demand for tent camping, an expansion of this use is not considered warranted in the campgrounds of the park.

The park currently has one primitive hike-in camping area that receives sporadic use. Staff have re-evaluated the proposed plans for an additional primitive hike-in campsite and determined that given existing levels of use, and the potential for flooding it is not warranted at this time and will be removed from the plan. A primitive canoe-in camping site along the Santa Fe River is not considered practical due to the extensive floodplain and existing camping opportunities elsewhere along the river. Staff do not feel the River Rise area is appropriate for canoe camping due to the sensitivity of this natural feature and the desire to preserve a its primeval character.

Group Camp Expansion An expansion of the group camp facilities is not recommended at this time. Staff feels that the existing capacity is manageable given existing park resources and that meeting the maintenance and preservation needs of the historic resources in this area and interpreting their significance should be given priority over expansion of facilities. It is recommended that this concept be re- evaluated during the next planning cycle. Staff does recommend changes to the existing fee structure at the group camp to reflect current market rates.

Hunting on Adjacent Lands The Division will continue to maintain interest in acquiring the outparcel in River Rise Preserve State Park. In the interim, it is recommended that other measures be considered to improve public safety of trail users in this area. Options for consideration will include posting signage to promote awareness of hunting activity, closure of trails adjacent to private property during hunting season, and coordinating a meeting between landowners and user groups to improve communication and respect for all stakeholders.

A 1 - 8 Addendum 2—References Cited O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park References Cited

Duever, L. C., H. M. Platt, G. L. Ellis, R. Denson, and P. C. Gibbs. 1997. A Plan For the Restoration, Preservation, and Interpretation of Old Bellamy Road -- A Portion of the St. Augustine to Pensacola Road at River Rise State Preserve. Berryman & Henigar, Conway Conservation, and Ellis Archaeology, Micanopy, FL. (A Report to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection for the Florida Department of Transportation)

Duever, L. C., and E. A. Tillman. 1997. Final Report on Historic Landscape Restoration for Old Bellamy Road Project. Conway Conservation, Inc., Micanopy, FL. (A Report to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection for the Florida Department of Transportation)

Florida Natural Areas Inventory and the Florida Department of Natural Resources, 1990. Guide to the natural communities of Florida. Tallahassee, FL. 111 pp.

Ellins, K. K. and R. A. Hisert. 1993. Tracing subterranean flow patterns in the Santa Fe River basin, Florida, with SF. Unpublished report.

Franklin, M., P. Meadows, and E. Alvarez. 2000. Water Resources Data, Florida, Water Year 1999, Volume 4: Northwest Florida: USGS Water-Data Report FL-99-4. 216 pp.

Historic Property Associates. 1989. Cultural Resource Survey. New Deal Era Resources in Nine Florida State Parks. St. Augustine, FL. 93 pp.

Hunn, J. D. and L. J. Slack. 1983. Water Resources of the Santa Fe River Basin, Florida: U.S.G.S. Water Resources Investigations Report 83-4075, 105 pp.

Martin, J. B. and R. W. Dean. 2001. Exchange of water between conduits and matrix in the Floridan aquifer. Chemical Geology, Vol. 179, issues 1-4; pp. 145-165.

Meyer, F. W. 1962. Reconnaissance of the geology and ground-water resources of Columbia County, Florida: Florida Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 30. 74 pp.

Myers, R.L. 1990. Scrub and high pine. Pages 150-193 in R.L. Myers and J.J. Ewel, editors. Ecosystems of Florida, University of Central Florida Press, Orlando, FL.

Poucher, Michael. 2000. Cave Exploration in Sweetwater Lake and River Rise. Annual summary report included with Research & Collection permit renewal request.

Scott, T. M. 1991. The Geology of the Santa Fe River Basin, Central-northern Peninsular Florida. in Hydrogeology of the Western Santa Fe River Basin: Field Trip Guidebook No. 32. Southeastern Geological Society, Tallahassee, FL. 62 pp.

Scafidi, J. 2001. Draft Cultural Resource Management Evaluation, O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park. FDEP, Division of Recreation and Parks. 7 pp.

Soil Conservation Service. 1981. 26 ecological communities of Florida. U.S.D.A., Gainesville, FL.

Tan, Bian H. 1991. A Floristic Inventory of O’Leno State Park and Northeast River Rise State Preserve. M.S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville. 101pp.

Ward D. B. and R. T. Ing. 1997. Big trees the Florida register. Florida Native Plant Society. 223pp.

Weisman, B. R. and C. L. Newman. 1992. An Archaeological Site Survey and Cultural Resource Inventory of River Rise State Preserve. Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, C.A.R.L. Archaeological Survey.

Younker, D. K. 2001. Draft Resource Management Evaluation, O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park. FDEP, Division of Recreation and Parks. 16 pp. + appendices.

A 2 - 1 Addendum 3—Soils Descriptions O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions

Soils classification units denoted with a #-C or #-A correspond with Columbia and Alachua Counties, respectively.

(1-C) Albany fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This is a somewhat poorly drained nearly level to gently sloping soil on broad flats bordering poorly defined drainageways and in undulating areas. The areas of this soil range from about 4 to more than 200 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown fine sand about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer is fine sand and extends to a depth of 55 inches. In the upper 8 inches, it is pale brown; in the next 15 inches, it is pale brown mottled with yellow and white; and in the next 25 inches, it is white with brownish yellow mottles. The upper 10 inches of the subsoil is pale yellow loamy fine sand and has yellowish brown and white mottles. Below that, the subsoil is gray sandy clay loam with yellowish brown mottles to a depth of 80 inches or more.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Blanton, Chipley, Ocilla, and Plummer soils. Also included are small areas of somewhat wetter soils that have deposits of colluvial material over the original surface layer. These soils make up less than 15 percent of the map unit.

This Albany soil has a water table at a depth of 12 to 30 inches for 1 to 4 months in most years. The water table is at a depth of 30 to 50 inches most of the time and below a depth of 50 inches in the dry months. The available water capacity is low in the subsurface layer and in the lower part of the subsoil. It is medium in the surface layer and in the upper part of the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers, moderate in the lower part of he subsoil. Natural fertility is low. The content of organic matter is moderate in the surface layer and low in the subsurface layer and subsoil.

(2-C) Albany fine sand, occasionally flooded - This is a somewhat poorly drained, nearly level to gently sloping soil on broad flats and low-lying, undulating terrain in flood-prone areas. This soil is flooded occasionally for long periods after intense, heavy rainfall, and it has been flooded in March or April about once every 10 years. The areas of this soil range from 10 to 40 acres. The slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown fine sand about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer is fine sand and extends to a depth of 55 inches. In the upper 8 inches, it is pale brown; in the next 15 inches, it is pale brown with yellow and white mottles; and in the lower 25 inches, it is white with brownish yellow mottles. The subsoil is gray sandy clay loam with yellowish brown mottles, and it extends to a depth of 80 inches or more.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of occasionally flooded Blanton and Plummer soils. Also included are small areas of soils that are similar to the Albany soil but have stratified layers of sand or are underlain by clay. These soils make up about 20 percent of the map unit.

This Albany soil has a water table at a depth of 12 to 30 inches for 1 to 4 months in most years. The water table is at a depth of 30 to 50 inches most of the time and is below 50 inches in the driest months. The available water capacity is very low in the surface and subsurface layers, low in the upper part of the subsoil, and medium in the lower part of the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the layers of sand and moderate in the subsoil. Natural fertility and the organic matter content are low.

(3-C) Alpin fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This is an excessively drained, nearly level to gently sloping soil on broad slightly elevated ridges. The areas of this soil range from 4 to about 2,000 acres and are circular to irregularly elongated.

Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown fine sand about 6 inches thick. The subsurface layer is fine sand and extends to a depth of 52 inches. In the upper 9 inches, it is pale brown; in the next 12 inches, it is pale brown with common uncoated sand grains; in the next 11 inches, it is very pale brown with few uncoated sand grains; and in the lowermost 14 inches, it is very pale brown with light yellowish brown mottles. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches or more. It is very pale brown

A 3 - 1 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions fine sand and has common uncoated sand grains and common yellowish brown horizontal bands of loamy fine sand 0.1 to 0.5 inch thick.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Blanton, Lakeland, Chipley and Albany soils. Also included are small areas of soils that have limestone at a depth of 80 inches. These soils make up less than 20 percent of the map unit.

This Alpin soil does not have a water table within a depth of 80 inches at any time. The available water capacity is low. Permeability is rapid in the subsurface layer and moderately rapid in the surface layer and subsoil. Natural fertility is low. The organic matter content is moderately low in the surface layer and low in the all layers below that.

(3B-A) Arrendono fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This nearly level to gently sloping, well drained soil is in both small and large areas of uplands. Slopes are smooth to convex. The areas are irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 160 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown fine sand about 8 inches thick. The subsurface layer is fine sand to a depth of 49 inches. The upper 23 inches is yellowish brown, and the lower 18 inches is brownish yellow. The subsoil extends to a depth of 86 inches or more. The upper 5 inches is yellowish brown loamy sand; the next 10 inches is yellowish brown sandy clay loam, and the lower 22 inches is dark yellowish brown sandy clay and sandy clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are small depressional areas of soils that have a very dark gray or black surface layer 8 to 24 inches thick. This layer overlies gray sandy material. Also included are small areas of Fort Meade, Gainesville, Kendrick, and Millhopper soils. A few areas of this soil include Arredondo soils that have 5 to 8 percent slopes. Some areas of this soil in the western part of the county have small spots of strongly acid to medium acid soil material 40 to 70 inches deep to calcareous limestone. Limestone boulders, fragments of limestone, and sinkholes are in some areas of this soil, mainly the limestone plain sections of the western part of the county. Most of these boulders are siliceous. Total included areas are about 15 percent.

In this Arredondo soil, the available water capacity is low in the sandy surface and subsurface layers and low to medium in the loamy subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderately slow to moderate in the loamy subsoil. Natural fertility is low in the sandy surface and subsurface layers and medium in the finer textured subsoil. Organic matter content is low. The water table in this soil is at a depth of more than 72 inches. Surface runoff is slow.

(7-C) Bigbee fine sand - This is a nearly level excessively drained soil on low terraces along rivers. The areas of this soil range from 10 to 80 acres and are circular to irregularly elongated.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown fine sand about 7 inches thick. The substratum is fine sand and extends to a depth of 80 inches or more. In the upper 7 inches, it is yellowish brown; in the next 16 inches, it is light yellowish brown with common uncoated sand grains; and in the next 18 inches, it is yellow with faint brownish yellow mottles and uncoated sand grains. In the lower 32 inches, the substratum is white with light yellowish brown and brownish yellow mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of the occasionally flooded Electra Variant, Leon, Alpin and Blanton soils. Also included are soils that are similar to the Bigbee soil but have weakly cemented, organic coated layers that have tongues of white sand. These soils make up about 20 percent of the map unit.

The Bigbee soil has a water table at a depth of 20 to 40 inches for brief periods and at a depth of 40 to 70 inches for 1 to 2 months. A permanent water table is at a depth of more than 80 inches during the rest of the year. This soil is flooded occasionally for long periods during seasons of high rainfall. The available water capacity is low. Permeability is rapid. Natural fertility and the organic matter content are low.

A 3 - 2 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions

(7B-A) Kanapaha fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This nearly level to gently sloping, poorly drained soil is in small to relatively large areas on uplands. Slopes are nearly smooth to slightly convex. The areas are irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 200 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is dark gray sad about 8 inches thick. The subsurface layer is sand about 36 inches thick. The upper 5 inches is light brownish gray, and the lower 31 inches is light gray. The subsoil is sand clay loam to a depth of 80 inches or more. The upper 6 inches is light brownish gray, and the lower 30 inches is gray.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Blichton, Bivans, Lochloosa, and Wacahoota soils. Also included are small areas of soils which are similar to the Kanapaha soils except that the weighted average is more than 35 percent clay in the upper 20 inches of the subsoil. Small areas of Kanapaha soils which have 5 to 8 percent slopes are included. Also included are about 20 acres along the Santa Fe River that are occasionally flooded. Total included areas are about 20 percent or less.

The Kanapaha soil has a water table that is less than 10 inches below the surface for 1 to 3 moths during most years. Surface runoff is slow. The available water capacity is very low to low in the sandy surface and subsurface layers, and it is low to medium in the subsoil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and is slow to moderately slow in the subsoil. Natural fertility is low to medium. Organic matter content of the surface layer ranges from moderately low to moderate.

(8-C) Blanton fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This is a moderately well drained, nearly level to gently sloping soil on broad ridges and undulating side slopes. The areas of this soil range from about 20 to 1,000 acres and are irregular in shape.

Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer is very pale brown fine sand in the upper 30 inches and light gray fine sand in the lower 15 inches. The subsoil extends to a depth of 8 inches. In the upper 10 inches, it is light yellowish brown fine sandy loam with brownish yellow mottles; in the next 5 inches, it is very pale brown with strong brown and pale brown mottles; and in the lower part, it is light brownish gray fine sandy loam with strong brown mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Albany, Alpin, Chipley, Lakeland, Ocilla, Troup and Bonneau soils. These soils make up less than 15 percent of the map unit.

This Blanton soil has a water table at a depth of 5 to 6 feet most of the year. In wet seasons, a perched water table is above the subsoil for less than a month. The available water capacity is medium in the surface layer and low in the subsurface layer and subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. Natural fertility and the organic matter content are low.

(8B-A) Millhopper sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This nearly level to gently sloping , moderately well drained soil is in small and large irregularly shaped areas on the uplands and on slightly rolling knolls in the broad flatwoods. Slopes are mostly nearly smooth or convex. The areas are variable in size. They range from about 10 to 250 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown sand about 9 inches thick. The subsurface layer is sand or fine sand about 49 inches thick. The upper 17 inches is yellowish brown, the next 22 inches is light yellowish brown, and the lower 10 inches is very pale brown. The subsoil extends to a depth of 89 inches. The upper 6 inches is yellowish brown loamy sand that has grayish and brownish mottles; the next 22 inches is light gray, mottled sandy clay loam; and the lower 3 inches is light gray, mottled sandy clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Arredondo, Bonneau, Fort Meade, Gainesville, Kanapaha, Lochloosa, and Sparr soils. Siliceous limestone boulders and small sinks are within some delineations. Small areas of Millhopper soils that have 5 to 8 percent slopes are also included. About 25 acres mapped as the Millhopper soil along the Santa Fe River is occasionally flooded. Total

A 3 - 3 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions included areas are about 20 percent or less.

This Millhopper soil has a water table that is at a depth of 40 to 60 inches for 1 to 4 months and at a depth of 40 to 60 inches for 1 to 2 months during most years. The available water capacity is low in the surface and subsurface layers and is low to medium in the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers, moderately rapid in the upper 6 inches of the subsoil, and slow to moderately slow below this depth. Natural fertility is low. Organic matter content is low to moderately low.

(8C-A) Millhopper sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes - This sloping, moderately well drained soil is in small areas on narrow breaks and on long slopes of rolling uplands. These areas are mostly irregular or elongated and range from about 10 to 40 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown sand about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer is sand about 47 inches thick. The upper 37 inches is yellowish brown, and the lower 10 inches is pale brown. Mottles of brown and yellow range from none to common. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches or more. The upper 6 inches is yellowish brown sandy loam that has light gray and strong brown mottles, and the lower 22 inches is light gray sandy clay loam that has gray, strong brown, and very pale brown mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of a soil which is similar to this Millhopper soil but which has loamy sand surface and subsurface layers. Small areas of Apopka, Arredondo, Gainesville, Kanapaha, and Lochloosa soils are included. Small areas of Millhopper soils that have 0 to 5 percent slopes are also included. Total included areas are about 20 percent or less.

This Millhopper soil has a water table that is at a depth of 40 to 60 inches for 1 to 2 months and at a depth of 60 to 72 inches for 2 to 3 months during most years. The available water capacity is low in the surface and subsurface layers, and it is low to medium in the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers. It is moderate in the upper part of the subsoil and slow to moderately slow in the lower part. The natural soil fertility and the organic matter content are low.

(9-C) Blanton fine sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes - This is a moderately well drained, sloping soil on undulating landscapes. The areas of this soil range from 20 to 200 acres and are irregular in shape.

Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer, which extends to a depth of about 49 inches, is very pale brown and light gray fine sand. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches or more. In the upper 15 inches, it is pale brown sandy loam with yellow and strong brown mottles. The lower part of the subsoil is light gray fine sandy loam with strong brown mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Albany, Alpin, Chipley, Lakeland, and Ocilla soils. These soils make up less than 15 percent of the map unit.

This Blanton soil has a water table at a depth of 5 to 6 feet most of the year. A perched water table is above the subsoil for less than a month during wet seasons. The available water capacity is medium in the surface layer and low in the subsurface layer and subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface ands subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. Natural fertility and the organic matter content are low.

(11-C) Blanton-Bonneau-Ichetucknee complex, 2 to 5 percent slopes - This complex consists of nearly level to gently sloping soils on upland knolls and on broad, elevated, undulating karst landscapes. The areas of this complex mostly range from 5 to 500 acres, but some are as small as one-quarter acre. These soils are in areas that are so small or so intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.

The Blanton soil makes up about 35 percent of this complex. Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand about 7 inches thick. The upper 30 inches of the subsurface layer is very pale brown fine sand, and the lower 15 inches is light gray fine sand. The subsoil begins at a depth of 52 inches. In the upper

A 3 - 4 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions

10 inches, it is light yellowish brown fine sandy loam; in the next 5 inches, it is very pale brown fine sandy loam with strong brown and pale brown mottles; and in the lower part, it is light brownish gray fine sandy loam with strong brown mottles.

The Blanton soil has a water table at a depth of 5 to 6 feet most of the year. In wet seasons, a perched water table is between depths of 60 and 72 inches for 1 to 3 months during most years. The available water capacity is medium in the surface layer and low in the subsurface layer and subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. Natural fertility and the organic matter content of this soil are both low.

The Bonneau soil makes up about 25 percent of this complex. Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown fine sand 7 inches thick. The upper 8 inches of the subsurface layer is yellowish brown fine sandy loam; in the next 38 inches, it is mottled very pale brown, yellowish red, and grayish brown sandy clay loam; and in the lower part, it is mottled, gray and pink sandy clay loam.

The Bonneau soil has a water table at a depth of 48 to 72 inches for a few weeks during the normal rainy season of most years. In some areas, a perched water table is above the subsoil for a day or two after intense rainfall. The available water capacity is low. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. Natural fertility is moderate. The organic matter content is moderately low in the surface layer, low in the subsurface layer and upper part of the subsoil, and very low in the lower part of the subsoil.

The Ichetucknee soil makes up about 15 percent of the complex. Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer is about 8 inches thick. It is light gray fine sand with very pale brown splotches. The subsoil is clay and extends to a depth of 55 inches. In the upper 26 inches, it is pale brown with gray, red, and yellow mottles; and in the lower 16 inches, it is yellowish red. It is underlain by soft limestone.

The Ichetucknee soil has a water table at a depth of 1.5 to 3 feet after intense rainfall. The available water capacity is medium in the surface and subsurface layers and lower part of the subsoil and is low in the upper part of the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and slow in the subsoil. Natural fertility is moderate. The organic matter content is moderate in the surface layer and moderately low in the subsurface layer and subsoil.

Included with this complex in mapping are a few small areas of Albany, Alpin, Chiefland, Pedro Variant, Chipley, Lakeland and Ocilla soils. Not all of these soils are in each mapped area. These soils make up about 25 percent of the complex.

(12-C) Blanton-Bonneau-Ichetucknee complex, 5 to 8 percent slopes - This complex is on undulating landscapes. The areas of this complex mostly range from 3 to 40 acres, but some are as small as one- quarter acre. These soils are in areas that are so small or so intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately.

The Blanton soil makes up about 30 percent of the complex. Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer, which extends to a depth of about 49 inches, is very pale brown and white fine sand. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches or more. In the upper 15 inches, it is pale brown sandy loam with yellow and strong brown mottles. In the lower part, it is light gray fine sandy loam with strong brown mottles.

The Blanton soil has a water table at a depth of 6 feet most of the year. A perched water table is above the subsoil for less than a month during wet seasons. The available water capacity is medium in the surface layer and low in the subsurface layer and subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. Natural fertility and the organic matter content are both low.

The Bonneau soil makes up about 25 percent of the complex. Typically, the surface layer is grayish

A 3 - 5 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions brown fine sand 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer is pale brown fine sand to a depth of 24 inches and pale brown fine sand with very pale brown mottles to a dept of 30 inches. From the top, the subsoil is 3 inches of brownish yellow fine sandy loam; 15 inches of brownish yellow sandy clay loam; 12 inches of brownish yellow sandy clay loam with light yellowish brown and gray mottles; 12 inches of mottled brownish yellow, light gray, and red sandy clay loam with about 2 percent plinthite; and below that, light gray sandy clay with light yellowish brown and red mottles.

The Bonneau soil has a water table at a depth of 48 to 72 inches for a few weeks during most years. The available water capacity is low. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and slow in the subsoil. Natural fertility is moderate. The organic matter content is moderately low in the surface layer, low in the subsurface layer and upper part of the subsoil, and very low in the lower part of the subsoil.

The Ichetucknee soil makes up about 20 percent of the complex. Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown fine sand about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer is dark grayish brown fine sand about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is clay and extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is yellowish brown in the upper 9 inches; mottled pale brown, yellowish brown, gray, and yellowish red to a depth of 38 inches; gray with strong brown and red mottles to a depth of 55 inches; and mottled gray, yellowish brown, and red clay in the lower part.

The Ichetucknee soil has a water table at a depth of 1.5 to 3 feet after intense rainfall. The available water capacity is medium in the surface and subsurface layers and lower part of the subsoil and is low in the upper part of the subsoil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and very slow in the subsoil. Natural fertility is moderate. The organic matter content is moderate in the surface layer and moderately low in the subsurface layer and subsoil.

Included with this complex in mapping are a few small areas of Albany, Alpin, Chiefland, Pedro Variant, Chipley, Lakeland and Ocilla soils. Not all of these soils are in each mapped area. These soils make up about 25 percent of the map unit.

(13-C) Bonneau fine sand, 2 to 5 percent slopes - This is a moderately well drained, gently sloping soil on uplands and on knolls in the uplands. The areas of this soil range from 3 to 200 acres and are circular.

Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown fine sand about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer is fine sand about 20 inches thick. In the upper 8 inches, it is yellowish brown, and below that, it is brownish yellow with very pale brown splotches. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. In the upper 9 inches, it is yellowish brown fine sandy loam; in the next 22 inches, it is very pale brown, yellowish red, and grayish brown sandy clay loam with pockets of fine sandy loam; and in the lower part it is gray and pink sandy clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Lucy, Ocilla, Blanton, Goldsboro, and Ichetucknee soils. These soils make up less than 20 percent of the map unit.

This Bonneau soil has a water table at a depth of 48 to 72 inches for 1 to 2 months during rainy periods in most years. Otherwise, the water table is below a depth of 72 inches. The available water capacity is low in the surface and subsurface layers and upper part of the subsoil and medium in the lower part of the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. Natural fertility is moderate. The organic matter content is very low.

(15-A) Pompano sand - This nearly level, poorly drained soil is on poorly defined flats in the broad flatwoods ands in shallow depressions in the sandy, rolling uplands. Slopes are nearly smooth on the broad flats and are slightly concave in the shallow depressions. They range from 0 to 2 percent. The shape of the areas is variable. They are usually relatively small in size and range from about 10 to 45 acres.

A 3 - 6 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions

Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray sand about 5 inches thick. The underlying layers are sand to a depth of 82 inches or more. The upper 20 inches is light brownish gray and has pale brown mottles, the next 45 inches is gray and has mottles, and the lower 12 inches is gray and has no mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small areas of soils that have a black or very dark gray, sandy surface layer 6 to 10 inches thick. In a few areas are small inclusions of Chipley, Placid, Plummer, and Myakka soils. A few small areas of Pompano soils have 2 to 5 percent slopes. About 250 acres mapped as Pompano soil adjacent to the Santa Fe River along the northern boundary of the county is occasionally flooded for periods of about 1 to 3 weeks. Total included areas are about 15 percent or less.

This Pompano soil has a water table that is less than 10 inches from the surface for 2 to 6 months during most years. Surface runoff is slow. The available water capacity is very low. Permeability is very rapid. The natural fertility is low. Organic matter content of the surface layer is moderately low to moderate.

(17-C) Chiefland-Pedro Variant complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This complex consists of nearly level to gently sloping, well drained soils on an upland karst landscape in the southern part of the county. The areas of these soils are so small or so intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately. The areas of this complex range from 5 to 800 acres.

The Chiefland soil makes up about 45 percent of the complex. Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sand about 8 inches thick. The subsurface layer is pale brown fine sand to a depth of 33 inches. The subsoil is strong brown fine sandy loam that extends to a depth of 39 inches. It is underlain by limestone.

The Chiefland soil has no water table within a depth of 72 inches. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. The available water capacity is very low in the surface and subsurface layers and medium in the subsoil. The natural fertility and organic matter content are very low.

The Pedro Variant soil makes up about 35 percent of the complex. Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer is dark brown fine sand about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is dark brown sandy clay loam about 3 inches thick. It is underlain by about 3 inches of soft weathered limestone. Below that, hard limestone extends to a depth of 80 inches or more.

The Pedro Variant soil has no water table within a depth of 72 inches. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderately rapid in the subsoil. The available water capacity is very low in the surface and subsurface layers and medium in the subsoil. The natural fertility and organic matter content are very low.

Soils of minor extent make up about 20 percent of the complex. These include Alpin, Lakeland, Troup and Albany soils. Not all of these soils are in each mapped area. Small areas of rock outcrops and sinkholes are common.

(18-C) Chiefland-Pedro Variant complex, 5 to 8 percent slopes - This complex consists of sloping, well drained soils on an upland karst landscape in the southern part of the county. The individual areas of each soil are so small or so intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately at the scale selected for mapping. The areas of this complex range from 5 to 50 acres.

The Chiefland soil makes up about 45 percent of the complex. Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sand about 8 inches thick. The subsurface layer is pale brown fine sand to a depth of 30 inches. The subsoil is strong brown fine sandy loam that extends to a depth of 35 inches. It is underlain by limestone.

The Chiefland soil has no water table within a depth of 72 inches. Permeability is rapid in the surface

A 3 - 7 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. The available water capacity is very low in the surface and subsurface layers and medium in the subsoil. The natural fertility and organic matter content are very low.

The Pedro Variant soil makes up about 35 percent of the complex. Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand about 3 inches thick. It is underlain by about 3 inches of soft weathered limestone. Below that, hard limestone extends to a depth of 80 inches or more.

The Pedro Varian soil has no water table within a depth of 72 inches. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderately rapid in the subsoil. The available water capacity is very low in the surface and subsurface layers and medium in the subsoil. The natural fertility and organic matter content are very low.

Soils of minor extent make up about 20 percent of the complex. These include small areas of the Alpin, Lakeland, Troup, and Albany soils. Not all of these soils are in each mapped area. Small areas of rock outcrop and sinkholes are common.

(19-C) Chiefland-Pedro Variant complex, occasionally flooded - This complex consists of nearly level to sloping soils that are within 3 miles of rivers and creeks interspersed with numerous sinkholes. These soils are flooded periodically from river overflow after unusually high rainfall. There have been three major floods since 1948. They occurred in the period of April to June. The areas of these soils are so small or so intermingled that it was not practical to map them separately. The areas of this complex range from 5 to 80 acres.

The Chiefland soil makes up about 41 percent of the complex. Typically, the surface layer is about 5 inches of dark grayish brown fine sand. The subsurface layer is light brownish gray fine sand to a depth of 23 inches. The upper 3 inches of the sandy clay loam subsoil is dark brown, and the lower part is strong brown. It is underlain by limestone.

The Chiefland soil has no water table within a depth of 72 inches. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. The available water capacity is very low in the surface and subsurface layers and medium in the subsoil. The natural fertility and organic matter content are very low.

The Pedro Variant soil makes up about 39 percent of the complex. Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand about 3 inches thick. The fine sand subsurface layer is dark brown about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is dark brown sandy clay loam about 3 inches thick. It is underlain by about 3 inches of soft weathered limestone. Below that, hard limestone extends to a depth of 80 inches or more.

The Pedro Variant soil has no water table within a depth of 72 inches. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderately rapid in the subsoil. The available water capacity is very low in the surface and subsurface layers and medium in the subsoil. The natural fertility and organic matter content are low.

Soils of minor extent make up about 20 percent of the complex. These include Alpin, Lakeland, Troup and Albany soils. Not all of these soils are in each mapped area. Small areas of rock outcrop and sinkholes are common.

(20-C) Chipley fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This is a moderately well drained, nearly level to gently sloping soil in somewhat depressed areas and on flats in the uplands. The areas range from 3 to 800 acres and are circular to irregularly elongated.

Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand about 7 inches thick. Fine sand extends to a depth of 80 inches. In sequence downward, 23 inches is very pale brown and has yellow mottles; the next 10 inches is light gray and has very pale brown mottles; the next 20 inches is very pale brown and has brownish yellow, white and yellowish red mottles; and the lowermost 20 inches is white with

A 3 - 8 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions brownish yellow and yellow mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Blanton, Alpin, Lakeland, Albany and Hurricane soils. These soils make up less than 15 percent of the map unit.

This Chipley soil has a water table at a depth of 20 to 40 inches for 2 to 4 months in most years. The water table is usually at a depth of 40 to 60 inches during the rest of the year. It recedes, however, to a depth of more than 60 inches during very dry periods. The available water capacity is very low, and permeability is rapid throughout the soil. Natural fertility and the organic matter content are low.

(20B-A) Tavares sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This is a nearly level to gently sloping, moderately well drained soil. This soil is deep and sandy. It is on slightly convex slopes in broad areas of the flatwoods and along gentle slopes of the rolling uplands. The areas are mainly irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 125 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is dark gray sand about 8 inches thick. The underlying layers are sand to a depth of 80 inches or more. The upper 11 inches is pale brown, the next 17 inches is very pale brown, and the lower 44 inches is very pale brown or white and has mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Tavares soils that have 5 to 8 percent slopes. Also included are small areas of Chipley, Candler, Apopka, Pompano, and Zolfo soils. About 120 acres of this soil mapped along the Santa Fe River is occasionally flooded. Total included areas are about 15 percent.

In this Tavares soil, the water table is at a depth of 40 to 72 inches for a cumulative period of 6 months or more during most years. It recedes to more than 72 inches below the surface during droughty periods. Surface runoff is slow. The available water capacity is very low to low. Permeability is rapid to very rapid. Natural fertility is low, and organic matter content is low to moderate in the surface layer.

(21-A) Newnan sand – This nearly level, somewhat poorly drained soil is in small to relatively large areas in the flatwoods. Slopes are nearly level to slightly convex and range from about 0 to 2 percent. The areas generally range from 10 to 250 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is dark gray sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light brownish gray sand to a depth of 12 inches. The upper part of the subsoil is 4 inches of dark brown sand, in which the sand grains are well coated with organic material, and 4 inches of dark brown sand that is mottled. Below this is a leached layer of light gray to white sand to a depth of 56 inches. The lower part of the subsoil is loamy, light gray, and mottled. The upper 3 inches is loamy sand, the next 16 inches is fine sandy loam, and the lower 7 inches is sandy clay loam.

Included with the soil in some areas are Mulat, Pomona, Sparr, and Wauchula soils. In some areas are soils that have characteristics similar to Newnan soils except that they have a brown, organically stained layer directly below the surface layer or have only 1 to 3 inches of leached, light gray or white material between the surface layer and the stained layer. About 65 acres mapped as Newnan soil is within the flood plain of the Santa Fe River and is occasionally flooded. Total included areas are about 20 percent or less.

(22-C) Electra Variant fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This is a somewhat poorly drained, nearly level to gently sloping soil on low ridges adjacent to drainageways and around swamps or depressions. The areas range from 7 to 300 acres and are irregularly elongated in shape.

Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand about 4 inches thick. The fine sand subsurface layer extends to a depth of 38 inches. The upper part is dark brown fine sand 13 inches thick; the next 2 inches is dark yellowish brown fine sand; the next 4 inches is yellowish brown fine sandy loam with pale brown mottles; and the lower 23 inches is light brownish gray fine sandy loam with red and

A 3 - 9 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions brownish yellow mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Albany, Plummer, Mascotte, Sapelo, Leon, Hurricane and Pelham soils. Also included are some soils that are similar to the Electra Variant soil but have iron concretions in the subsurface layer and in the subsoil. These soils make up about 20 percent of the area.

This Electra Variant soil has a water table at a depth of 25 to 40 inches for about 4 months during most years. The Water table recedes to a depth of more than 40 inches the rest of the year. The available water capacity is low in the surface layer, very low in the subsurface layer, and medium in the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface layer, moderately rapid in the subsurface layer, moderate in the sandy part of he subsoil, and slow in the loamy part of the subsoil. The organic matter content is moderately low in the surface layer, very low in the subsurface layer, moderate in the upper part of the subsoil, and very low in the lower part. Natural fertility is low.

(23-C) Electra variant fine sand, occasionally flooded - This is a somewhat poorly drained, nearly level to gently sloping soil on floodplains along rivers, creeks and other drainageways. This soil is flooded occasionally during March and April from abnormally heavy and prolonged rainfall over most of the Suwannee River and Santa Fe River drainage area. The lowlands remain flooded for about 30 days; the depressions that drain by percolation and seepage remain flooded for longer periods. Major floods occurred in March and April of 1948, 1959 and 1973. The areas of this soil range from 10 to 50 acres and are irregularly elongated in shape. The slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand about 2 inches thick. The fine sand subsurface layer extends to a depth of 39 inches. The upper 6 inches is light gray, the next 28 inches is white, and the lowermost 3 inches is grayish brown. The upper part of the subsoil is fine sand and extends to a depth of 54 inches. In the upper 11 inches, it is dark brown; and in the next 4 inches, it is dark yellowish brown. A layer of brown sandy loam 4 inches thick is between the upper and lower parts of the subsoil. The lower part of the subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches or more. In the upper 3 inches, it is gray sandy clay loam; and in the next 13 inches, it is gray sandy clay loam; and in the lowermost 6 inches, it is gray sandy clay loam with yellowish brown mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Plummer Muck, depressional; Bigbee and Mascotte soils; and Leon and Albany soils in areas that are occasionally flooded. Also included are soils that are similar to the Electra Variant soil but have iron concretions in the subsurface layer and subsoil. These soils makeup about 20 percent of the area.

This Electra Variant soil has a water table at a depth of 25 to 40 inches for about 4 months in most years. The water table recedes to a depth of more than 40 inches the rest of the year. This soil is flooded by the river during abnormal rainy conditions. The available water capacity is very low in the surface and subsurface layers and medium in the subsoil. The available water capacity is low in the layer between the upper and lower parts of he subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface layer and moderately rapid in the subsurface layer. It is moderate in the upper part of he subsoil and slow in the lower part of the subsoil, but it is moderately rapid in the slayer between the upper and lower parts of the subsoil. Organic matter content is moderately low in the surface layer; very low in the subsurface layer, in the lower parts of the subsoil, and in the layer between the upper and lower parts of the subsoil; and moderate in the upper part of the subsoil. Natural fertility is low.

(26-C) Hurricane fine sand - This is a somewhat poorly drained, nearly level soil on flats and in areas adjacent to depressions and poorly defined drainageways. The areas range from 10 to 200 acres and are circular to elongated. The slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray fine sand about 8 inches thick. The fine sand subsurface layer extends to a depth of 56 inches. The top 10 inches is grayish brown, the next 14 inches is pale brown, and the lower 24 inches is light gray. The subsoil is dark brown fine sand, about 9 inches thick,

A 3 - 10 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions over black fine sand that extends to a depth of 80 inches or more. The black color of the subsoil is due to the organic matter coating the sand grains.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Albany, Chipley, Leon, Plummer and Sapelo soils. Also included are soils that are similar to the Hurricane soil but have a loamy subsurface layer. The included soils make up less than 15 percent of the map unit.

The Hurricane soil has a water table at a depth of 20 to 30 inches for 1 to 4 months during most years. Occasionally it rises above 20 inches for short periods. It recedes to a depth of 45 inches or more during dry periods. The available water capacity is low throughout. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderately rapid in the subsoil. Natural fertility is low. The organic matter content is medium in the surface layer, very low in the subsurface layer, and medium in the subsoil.

(27-C) Ichetucknee fine sand, 2 to 5 percent slopes - This is a somewhat poorly drained, gently sloping soil on small knolls and undulating terrain on erosional uplands. The areas range from 5 to 70 acres and are irregularly shaped.

Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light gray fine sand with very pale brown splotches about 8 inches thick. The clay subsoil extends to a depth of 55 inches. The upper 26 inches is pale brown with gray, red and brownish yellow mottles, and the lower 16 inches is yellowish red. Limestone bedrock is at a depth of 55 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Bonneau and Goldsboro soils. Also included are areas of soils that are similar to the Ichetucknee soil, but some have a clayey surface layer, some are saturated for 2 to 4 months because of hillside seepage, and some have bedrock within a depth of 40 inches. The included soils make up about 25 percent of the map unit.

The Ichetucknee soil has a perched water table at a depth of 1 ½ to 3 feet for 1 to 4 months. The soil is saturated after heavy rains. The available water capacity is medium in the surface and subsurface layers and in the lower part of the subsoil. It is low in the upper part of the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and slow in the subsoil. Natural fertility is moderate. The organic matter content is moderate in the surface layer and moderately low in the subsurface layer and subsoil.

(28-A) Chipley sand - This nearly level, somewhat poorly drained soil is in relatively small areas of the broad flatwoods and in both small and large areas on the transition between the broad flatwoods and rolling uplands. Slopes are nearly level to slightly concave and range from 0 to 2 percent. The areas are irregular in shape and range from about 15 to 150 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is sand about 12 inches thick. The upper 6 inches is very dark gray, and the lower 6 inches is dark grayish brown. The underlying layers are sand to a depth of more than 81 inches. In sequence from the top, the upper 13 inches is grayish brown; the next 24 inches is light gray and has yellowish red mottles; and the lower 32 inches is light gray but has no mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Myakka, Pompano, Tavares, and Zolfo soils. Also included are a few small areas of somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained soils that have a very dark gray surface layer 10 to 16 inches thick over a grayish underlying layer. The underlying layer is sandy to a depth of 80 inches or more and has less than 5 percent silt and clay in the control section. About 15 acres mapped as Chipley soil along the Santa Fe River is occasionally flooded. Total included areas are about 15 percent.

The Chipley soil has a water table that is 20 to 40 inches below the surface for 2 to 4 months during most years. During extremely wet seasons, the water table rises to a depth of 15 to 20 inches for brief periods of less than2 weeks. It recedes to a depth of more than 40 inches during dry periods. Surface runoff is slow. The available water capacity is low, and the permeability is rapid to a depth of more than 80 inches. Natural fertility is low, and organic matter content is moderate to moderately low in

A 3 - 11 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions the surface layer.

(29-C) Lakeland fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This is an excessively drained, nearly level to gently sloping soil on broad, slightly elevated ridges. The areas range from 8 to 1,500 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown fine sand about 6 inches thick. Below that, in sequence, there is, to a depth of 20 inches, light yellowish brown fine sand; to a depth of 55 inches, very pale brown fine sand with light yellowish brown splotches; and to a depth of 80 inches or more, very pale brown fine sand with yellow mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Alpin, Blanton, Troup and Chipley soils. Also included are soils that are similar to the Lakeland soil except that they have limestone deposits within a depth of 80 inches. The included soils make up less than 10 percent of the map unit.

This Lakeland soil does not have a water table within a depth of 80 inches at any time. The available water capacity is low. Permeability is rapid. Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are very low.

(30-C) Lakeland fine sand, 5 to 12 percent slopes - This is an excessively drained, sloping to strongly sloping soil on broad, slightly elevated ridges and around depressions. The areas range from about 5 to 40 acres and are irregularly shaped.

Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sand about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer is fine sand and extends to a depth of 80 inches or more. The upper 41 inches is brownish yellow; the next 29 inches is brownish yellow with common uncoated sand grains; and the lowermost 7 inches is light yellowish brown with many uncoated sand grains.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of the Alpin, Blanton and Chipley soils. Also included are soils that are similar to the Lakeland soil except that they have deep limestone with a depth of 80 inches. The included soils make up less than 10 percent of the map unit.

This Lakeland soil does not have a water table within a depth of 80 inches. The available water capacity is low. Permeability is rapid. Natural fertility and the content of organic matter are very low.

(30B-A) Kendrick sand, 2 to 5 percent slopes - This gently sloping, well drained soil is in both small and large areas on the gently rolling uplands. These areas are mostly irregularly shaped or elongated and range from about 20 to 200 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown sand about 9 inches thick. The subsurface layer is yellowish brown loamy sand to a depth of 26 inches. The subsoil extends to a depth of 90 inches or more. The upper 5 inches is yellowish brown fine sandy loam; the next 20 inches is dark yellowish brown, mottled sandy clay loam; the next 22 inches is dark yellowish brown sand clay loam; the next 10 inches is yellowish brown, mottled fine sandy loam; and the lower 7 inches is yellowish brown sandy clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are some small areas of soils that have similar characteristics to the Kendrick soils except that they have a loamy sand surface and subsurface layers less than 20 inches thick over a sandy clay loam subsoil. Small areas of soils that are similar to the Kendrick soils but have fine sand surface and subsurface layers or have a subsoil that is sandy clay throughout are included. Also included are small areas of Arredondo, Blichton, Bonneau, Lochloosa, and Norfolk soils. A few areas of Kendrick soils have 0 to 2 percent slopes or 5 to 8 percent slopes. Small moderately eroded spots are in a few areas. Sinkholes and limestone boulders are in some areas and are shown by appropriate symbols. Total included areas are about 15 percent.

In this Kendrick soil, the available water capacity is low in the surface and subsurface layers, medium in the upper 5 inches of the subsoil, and medium to high below this depth. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers. Permeability is moderate to moderately rapid in the upper 5 inches of

A 3 - 12 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions the subsoil, moderately slow to moderate in the next 42 inches and slow in the lower 17 inches. Natural fertility is low in the sandy surface layer and medium in the loamy subsoil. Organic matter content is low to moderately low in the surface layer. The water table is more than 72 inches below the surface. Surface runoff is moderately slow.

(30C-A) Kendrick sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes - This sloping, well drained soil is usually in elongated areas on the long slopes of uplands. The areas are small to relatively large and range from about 10 to 125 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown sand about 6 inches thick. The subsurface layer is yellowish brown sand to a depth of 24 inches. The subsoil extends to a depth of 76 inches or mores. The upper 5 inches of the subsoil is yellowish brown, mottled sandy clay loam; and the lower 20 inches is yellowish brown, mottled sandy clay loam.

Included with this soil are small areas of soils that are similar to Kendrick soils but have a brownish yellow or yellowish brown loamy subsoil less than 20 inches below the surface or have fine sand surface and subsurface layers. Also included are a few areas of soils that are sandy clay at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Small areas of Arredondo, Blichton, Gainesville, and Lochloosa soils are in some areas. A few areas of Kendrick soils have 2 to 5 percent slopes or 8 to 12 percent slopes. Small moderately eroded spots are included in some areas. Limestone boulders and sinkholes are in some areas and are shown by appropriate symbols. Total included areas are about 20 percent.

In this Kendrick soil, the available water capacity is low in the sandy surface and subsurface layers and medium to high in the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the sandy surface and subsurface layers, moderate in the upper part of the subsoil, and slow to moderately slow in the lower part. Natural fertility is low in the sandy layers and medium in the loamy subsoil. Organic matter content is medium in the loamy subsoil. Organic matter content is low. The water table is more than 72 inches below the surface. Surface runoff is medium.

(33-C) Leon fine sand, occasionally flooded - This is a poorly drained, nearly level soil in broad areas in the flatwoods along river flood plains. The areas range from 10 to 100 acres and are irregularly elongated. The slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown fine sand about 3 inches thick. The fine sand subsurface layer extends to a depth of 12 inches and is light brownish gray. The fine sand subsoil extends to a depth of 23 inches. The upper 4 inches is very dark gray; the next 4 inches is dark brown; and the lower 3 inches is very dark grayish brown. The fine sand substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches or more. The upper 3 inches is dark brown, the next 28 inches is yellowish brown, and the lower 26 inches is very pale brown.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Bigbee, Pelham, Plummer, Electra Variant and Mascotte soils. These soils make up less than 25 percent of the map unit.

This Leon soil has a water table within 10 inches of the surface for 1 to 4 months in most years. The water table is at a depth of 10 to 40 inches during the rest of the year, except during very dry seasons when it recedes to a depth of more than 40 inches. The available water capacity is high in the surface layer, very low in the subsurface layer, medium in the layer between the upper and lower parts of the subsoil, and low in the upper and lower parts of the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface layer and moderate to moderately rapid in the rest of the soil. The natural fertility is low. The organic matter content is high in the surface layer, moderately low in the subsurface layer, and moderate in the subsoil.

(35-C) Lucy loamy fine sandy, 5 to 8 percent slopes - This is a well drained, sloping soil on broad to narrow sides of upland ridges. The areas range from 5 to 40 acres and are irregular in shape.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown loamy fine sand about 6 inches thick. The subsurface layer

A 3 - 13 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions is yellowish brown loamy fine sand 10 inches thick. Below this is a strong brown loamy fine sand to a depth of 20 inches. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches or more. The upper 7 inches is strong brown fine sandy loam. It is underlain by yellowish red sandy clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Blanton, Bonneau, Orangeburg, and Troup soils. Also included are small areas of soils that are similar to the Lucy soil, but some have rock within a depth of 60 inches and some are sandy clay loam to a depth of 20 inches. The included soils make up about 20 percent of the map unit.

The water table is at a depth of more than 72 inches at all times. The available water capacity is medium in the surface layer, low in the subsurface layer, and medium in the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. The natural fertility and the organic matter content are low.

(38-A) Pits and Dumps - This map unit consists of pits from which limestone has been or is being removed during surface mining operations and dumps where the excavated overburden material has been piled adjacent to the pits. Individual areas of pits and dumps are usually impractical to separate at the scale in which they are mapped.

The Pits vary from about 5 to 75 acres in size and about 30 to 70 feet in depth. They are quite variable in age, ranging from pits that are currently being mined to old abandoned ones that are approximately 65 to 75 years old.

The dumps mostly consist of large areas of heterogeneous soil material that has been excavated from the surface of the limestone and piled adjacent to the pits. This mixed soil material commonly is about 1 to 15 percent, by volume, fragments and boulders of limestone, which are intermixed with the soil material. This material is in relatively narrow piles which are about 6 to 30 feet high and are around the perimeter of the pits.

Included with this map unit are some pits in which the soil has been excavated for use in road construction and for fill material on sites for buildings. These pits, locally known as borrow pits, are about 4 to 20 acres in size and about 5 to 10 feet in depth. Small piles of limestone that has been excavated and stored on the floor of some of the pits for future use are also included.

Most of these pits and dumps are in the western part of the county, where several are presently being mined. Many abandoned pits, however, are throughout most areas of the county. They are at varying stages of natural revegetation. The type of vegetation depends upon the site location and the kind of original overburden material.

(39-C) Mascotte fine sand, occasionally flooded - This is a poorly drained, nearly level soil on the floodplains of rivers and streams. This soil is flooded occasionally as a result of heavy and prolonged rains. A sharp rise in the water level causes the rivers and streams to overflow. The lowlands remain flooded for approximately 30 days and the depressions, which drain by percolation and seepage, for longer periods. This soil has been flooded in March or April in about 1 year out of every 10.

Typically, the surface layer is dark gray fine sand about 3 inches thick. It has many uncoated sand grains. The upper part of the subsoil is fine sand and extends to a depth of 34 inches. The upper 3 inches is dark brown, and most sand grains are coated with organic matter; the next 6 inches is brown, and most sand grains are coated with organic matter; and the lower 6 inches is brown with grayish brown sand pockets and brownish organic matter coated sand grains. A 4-inch-thick layer of fine sand separates the upper and lower parts of the subsoil. It is light brownish gray with brown mottles. The lower part of the subsoil extends to a depth of more than 80 inches. The upper 7 inches is light brownish gray fine sandy loam with light gray, very pale brown and reddish brown mottles; the next 14 inches is light gray sandy clay loam with reddish brown, gray, light yellowish brown and very pale brown mottles; and the next 21 inches is mottled gray, very pale brown, yellowish brown and strong

A 3 - 14 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions brown sandy clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Pelham, Plummer and Leon soils, and occasionally flooded Electra Variant soils. Also included are small areas of soils that are similar to the Mascotte soil but have a clayey subsoil with mica flakes and chunks of coral or that are in small depressions and are ponded for several months during rainy seasons. The included soils make up less than 25 percent of the map unit.

This Mascotte soil is ponded for up to 6 months in most years during the rainy season. At other times, the water table is within a depth of 15 inches for 6 to 8 months during most years. It recedes to a depth of more than 40 inches for very short periods during dry seasons. The available water capacity is very low to low in the surface and subsurface layers, moderately rapid in the upper part of the subsoil and slow in the lower part of the subsoil. The organic matter content is moderate, and natural fertility is low.

(41-C) O'Leno clay - This is a poorly drained, nearly level soil on the flood plains of rivers and creeks. The areas range from 20 to 600 acres and are elongated in shape. The concave slopes are less than 2 percent.

Typically, the surface layer and subsoil are alternating layers of dark gray and gray clay to a depth of 32 inches. Below that depth, in sequence, there is 10 inches of grayish brown fine sandy loam, 13 inches of gray fine sandy loam, 16 inches of dark gray fine sandy loam, and 6 inches of gray sandy clay loam. Below that, greenish gray clay extends to a depth of 80 inches or more.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Surrency and Plummer soils. Also included are small areas of soils that are similar to the Oleno soil but have limestone within a depth of 20 inches. The included soils make up about 20 percent of the map unit.

This Oleno soil has a water table at a depth of 6 to 18 inches for 6 to 8 months and at a depth below 18 inches during the remainder of the year. This soil is flooded by the river or creek for periods of up to a month in about 1 year in 10. The available water capacity is very high. Permeability is slow in the upper layers and moderate in the lower layers. Natural fertility and the organic matter content are moderate.

(42B-A) Pedro-Jonesville Complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This complex consists of small areas of nearly level to gently sloping, well drained Pedro and Jonesville soils that are so intermixed that they cannot be separated at the scale of the mapping. Slopes are smooth to slightly convex. Mapped areas of this complex are irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 50 acres. These soils are intermixed across the landscape. Individual areas of each soil range from about 1/10 of an acre to 3 acres.

Pedro fine sand makes up about 40 to 55 percent of each mapped area. Typically, the soil has a dark gray fine sand surface layer about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light yellowish brown sand about 7 inches thick. The subsoil is strong brown sandy clay loam about 5 inches thick. The underlying material to a depth of 72 inches or more is white, partially decomposed limestone soft enough to be dug with light power equipment, such as a backhoe.

In the Pedro soil, the available water capacity is low in the sandy surface and subsurface layers and medium in the thin, loamy subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the sandy surface and subsurface layers and moderately rapid in the loamy subsoil. Organic matter content is low, and natural fertility is low to medium. Surface runoff is slow. The water table is below a depth of 72 inches.

Jonesville sand makes up about 35 to 45 percent of each mapped area. Typically, the surface layer is dark gray sand bout 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer is pale brown sand to a depth of 29 inches. The subsoil extends to a depth of 33 inches. It is brownish yellow sandy clay loam. Below this is limestone to a depth of 80 inches or more. This limestone is partially weathered and soft enough to be dug with light power equipment.

A 3 - 15 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions

In the Jonesville soil, the available water capacity is low in the surface layer and very low to low in the subsurface layer. It is low in the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderately slow in the subsoil. Organic matter content is moderately low. Natural fertility is low to medium. Surface runoff is slow. The water table is more than 72 inches below the surface.

Included with these soils in mapping are soils that have pedon characteristics similar to the Cadillac soils. Also included in some areas are soil that have sandy surface and subsurface layers less than 20 inches thick, a yellowish brown or strong brown sandy clay subsoil, and soft limestone at a depth of 20 to 50 inches. Included in a few areas are included soils that are sandy to a depth of less than 20 inches and have a loamy or clayey, yellowish brown subsoil that has gray mottles at a depth of 25 to 40 inches. These included soils are strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface layer and strongly acid to mildly alkaline in the subsoil. Limestone boulders and sinkholes are common in areas of this complex. About 12 acres mapped as this complex is within the flood plain of the Santa Fe River and is occasionally flooded. Included areas make up 5 to 25 percent of each mapped area.

(46B-A) Jonesville-Cadillac-Bonneau complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This complex consists of small areas of nearly level to gently sloping, well drained Jonesville and Cadillac soils and moderately well drained Bonneau soils. These soils are so intermixed that they cannot be separated at the scale of mapping. These soils are intermixed across the landscape. Individual areas of each soil range from about 1/10 of an acre to 5 acres. Mapped areas of this complex are irregular in shape and range from about 25 to 125 acres.

Jonesville sand makes up about 45 to 55 percent of each mapped area. Typically, the soil has a dark gray sand surface layer about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer is pale brown fine sand to a depth of 29 inches. The subsoil extends to a depth of 33 inches and is brownish yellow and clay loam. Below this is white limestone to a depth of 80 inches or more. This limestone is soft enough to be dug with light power equipment, such as a backhoe.

In the Jonesville soil, the available water capacity is low in the sandy surface layer, low to very low in the sandy subsurface layer, and medium in the loamy subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the sandy in the sandy surface and subsurface layers and moderately slow to moderate in the loamy subsoil. Organic matter content is moderately low. Natural fertility is low to medium. Surface runoff is slow. The water table is at a depth of more than 72 inches. Cadillac fine sand makes up about 25 to 35 percent of each mapped area. Typically, the surface layer is dark gray fine sand about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer is fine sand to a depth of 52 inches. The upper 22 inches is light yellowish brown, and the lower 33 inches is very pale brown. The subsoil extends to a depth of 76 inches. The upper 7 inches is yellowish brown fine sandy loam, and the lower 17 inches is strong brown sandy clay loam. Between a depth of 76 and 118 inches, the underlying material is clay. The upper 22 inches is yellowish brown and has mottles, and the lower 20 inches is gray and has some limestone fragments.

In the Cadillac soil, the available water capacity is low in the sandy surface and subsurface layers and medium in the loamy subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the sandy layers and slow to moderate in the loamy subsoil. Organic matter content is low to moderately low. Natural fertility is low in the sandy surface and subsurface layers and medium in the loamy subsoil. The water table in this soil is at a depth of more than 72 inches. Surface runoff is slow.

Bonneau fine sand makes up about 5 to 10 percent of each mapped area. Typically, the surface layer is dark gray fine sand about 9 inches thick. The subsurface layer is brownish yellow fine sand to a depth of 29 inches. The subsoil is sandy clay loam that extends to a depth of 84 inches or more. The upper 9 inches is yellowish brown, and the lower 47 inches is gray and has yellowish and brownish mottles.

In this Bonneau soil, the water table is about 40 to 72 inches below the surface for 1 to 3 months during most years. During dry seasons, it is more than 72 inches below the surface. Permeability is

A 3 - 16 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions moderately rapid to rapid in the sandy surface and subsurface layers. It is moderately slow to moderate in the upper part of the subsoil and very slow to slow in the lower part. The available water capacity and the natural fertility are low in the sandy surface and subsurface layers and medium in the subsoil. Organic matter content is low to moderately low.

Included with these soils in mapping are many areas of soils that have pedon characteristics similar to the Pedro soils. Also included are some soils that have a grayish brown, sandy surface layer; a pale brown, sandy subsurface layer that extends a depth of 20 to 40 inches; and a yellowish brown or strong brown sandy clay loam subsoil that reaches a depth of more than 60 inches. Some soils have sandy surface and subsurface layers 40 to 50 inches thick, a subsoil 4 to 10 inches thick that is yellowish brown or strong brown sandy loam or sandy clay loam, and soft, white limestone at a depth of about 45 to 60 inches. Included in some areas are soils that have fine sand surface and subsurface layers less than 20 inches thick, a yellowish brown or strong brown sandy clay subsoil, and soft limestone at a depth of about 30 to 50 inches. Some areas have included soils that have pedon characteristics similar to the Arredondo and Candler soils. Limestone boulders and sinkholes are common. About 12 acres mapped as this complex along the Santa Fe River is occasionally flooded. Total included areas are 5 to 15 percent of each mapped area.

(52-C) Plummer fine sand, depressional - This is a nearly level, poorly drained soil in depressions. The areas range from 5 to 80 acres and are circular or irregularly shaped. The slope is less than 2 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is gray fine sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer is gray fine sand and extends to a depth of 75 inches. It is gray sandy clay loam with yellow, strong brown and very pale brown mottles. The substratum is white fine sand and extends to a depth of more than 80 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Surrency and Pelham soils. Also included are soils that are similar to the Plummer soil, but some have a clayey subsoil, some have phosphatic pebbles and iron concretions, and other have weakly cemented organic-stained layers in the subsurface layer. The included soils make up less than 15 percent of the map unit.

This Plummer soil has a water table at or above the surface layer for 4 to 6 months during most years. It is within a depth of 15 inches for 6 to 8 months during most years. It recedes to a depth of more than 40 inches during dry periods. The available water capacity is low in the surface and subsurface layers and medium in the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderately slow in the subsoil. Natural fertility is low.

(53-C) Plummer fine sand, occasionally flooded - This is a poorly drained, nearly level soil on the flood plains of rivers and streams. This soil is flooded occasionally after heavy and prolonged rains. A sharp rise in the water level causes the rivers and streams to overflow. The lowlands remain flooded for approximately 30 days and the depressions, which drain by percolation and seepage, for longer periods. This soil has been flooded in March or April in about 1 year out of 10. The slope is less than 2 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is dark gray fine sand about 4 inches thick. The subsurface is light gray fine sand to a depth of 55 inches. The subsoil is gray sandy clay loam and has pockets of sandy clay. This layer extends to a depth of 80 inches or more.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Mascotte, Pelham, and Electra Variant soils. Also included are small areas of soils that are similar to the Plummer soil, but some do not have a loamy subsoil, some have a clay subsoil, some have slopes ranging up to 12 percent, and some have ironstone fragments in the profile. The included soils make up about 25 percent of the map unit.

This Plummer soil has a water table within a depth of 15 inches for 6 to 8 months during most years. The water table recedes to a depth of more than 40 inches during very dry periods. The available water

A 3 - 17 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions capacity is low in the surface and subsurface layers and medium in the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderately slow in the subsoil. Natural fertility and organic matter content are low.

(54-C) Plummer muck, depressional - This is a nearly level, poorly drained soil in concave depressions and poorly defined drainageways. The areas range from 5 to 300 acres and are irregular in shape. The slope is less than 2 percent. This soil is similar to the Plummer fine sand soils in all characteristics, except that the dark colored surface layer is thicker than typical. This difference does not affect use and behavior of this soil.

Typically, the surface layer is covered with about 8 inches of partially decayed sphagnum moss and muck. This layer has many roots, leaves and twigs. The muck is about 60 percent fiber. The mineral surface layer is black fine about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer is fine sand and extends to a depth of 55 inches. The upper 7 inches is light brownish gray. The next 43 inches is dark grayish brown. The subsoil is light brownish gray fine sandy loam and extends to a depth of 80 inches or more.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Surrency, Pamlico and Pelham soils. Also included are soils that are similar to the Plummer soil, but some have a sandy texture to a depth of 80 inches or more or have an organic-stained subsurface layer. The included soils make up about 25 percent of the map unit.

This soil has within a depth of 15 inches for 6 to 8 months during most years. The water table is ponded during spring and summer. The available water capacity is high in the surface layer, low in the subsurface layer, and medium in the subsoil. Permeability is moderately rapid to rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderately slow in the subsoil. Natural fertility is moderate.

(55B-A) Lake sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes - This is a nearly level to gently sloping, excessively drained soil that has a sandy texture to a depth of more than 80 inches. Slopes are nearly smooth to convex. The soil is in irregularly shaped areas on the gently rolling uplands. The individual areas are both small and large in size and range from about 20 to 300 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown sand about 8 inches thick. The underlying layer is sand to a depth of 82 inches or more. The upper 33 inches is yellowish brown, the next 28 inches is strong brown, and the lower 13 inches is yellowish brown and has thin streaks of light gray, clean sand grains.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Arredondo, Candler, Gainesville, and Tavares soils. Also included are a few small areas of Lake soils that have 5 to 8 percent slopes. About 10 acres mapped as this soil along the Santa Fe River is occasionally flooded. Total included areas are about 15 percent or less.

Available water capacity in this Lake soil is very low to low. Permeability is rapid to very rapid. Organic matter content and natural fertility are low. Surface runoff is very slow. The water table is more than 72 inches below the surface.

(57-C) Surrency fine sand - This is a very poorly drained, nearly level soil in depressions, near shallow ponds, and along drainageways. The areas range form 3 to 200 acres and are circular to elongated. Concave slopes are less than 1 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is fine sand about 16 inches thick. The upper 8 inches is black, and the lower 8 is very dark gray. The subsurface layer is gray fine sand about 22 inches thick. The subsoil is grayish brown sandy clay loam with yellowish brown mottles. It extends to a depth of 80 inches or more.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Plummer, Pantego and Pelham soils. Also

A 3 - 18 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions included are small areas of soils that are similar to the Surrency soil but have an organic surface layer less than 16 inches thick. The included soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit.

This soil has a water table at or above the surface for most of the year, and ponding is common. The available water capacity is high in the surface layer, medium in the subsurface layer, and low in the subsoil. Permeability is moderately rapid to rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. Natural fertility and the organic matter content are moderate. (58-C) Surrency fine sand, occasionally flooded - This is a very poorly drained, nearly level soil on the flood plains of rivers and streams. The soil is flooded occasionally as a result of heavy and prolonged rains that cause the rivers and streams to overflow. The soil remains flooded for 30 days or more. This soil has been flooded in March or April in about 1 year out of 10. The slope is less than 1 percent.

Typically, the fine sand surface layer is about 16 inches thick. The upper 8 inches is black, and the lower 8 inches is very dark gray. The subsurface layer is about 22 inches of gray fine sand. The subsoil is grayish brown sandy clay loam with yellowish brown mottles. It extends to a depth of 80 inches or more.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Pelham and Plummer soils. Also included are small areas of soils that are similar to the Surrency soil but have clay, sand or chunks of coral in the substratum. The included soils make up less than 25 percent of the map unit.

This soil has a water table at or above the surface for most of the year. In addition to the apparent water table, this soil is covered by floodwater occasionally. The available water capacity is high in the surface layer, low in the subsurface layer, and medium in the subsoil. Permeability is moderately rapid to rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. Natural fertility and the organic matter content are moderate.

(58B-A) Lake fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes – This nearly level to gently sloping, excessively drained soil is in small to large areas on gently rolling, limestone plains of the western part of the county. Slopes are nearly smooth to convex. The areas are irregular in shape and range from about 12 to 200 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is dark gray fine sand about 7 inches thick. The underlying layer is fine sand to a depth of 82 or more. The upper 4 inches is pale brown, the net 49 inches is very pale brown, and the lower 22 inches is very pale brown and has thin bands of brownish yellow, loamy sand lamellae.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Arredondo, Cadillac, and Jonesville soils. Also included are small areas of excessively drained soils that are sandy to a depth of 80 or more inches but do not have thin bands of lamellae. Small limestone fragments and boulders 5 to 60 centimeters in diameter are in some pedons. A few limestone boulders are on the surface in some areas. Total included areas are about 20 percent or less.

This Lake soil has low available water capacity. Permeability is rapid. Natural fertility is low. Organic matter content of the surface layer is low. Surface runoff is slow. The water table is at a depth of more than 72 inches.

(59-C) Troup fine sand, 2 to 5 percent slopes - This is a well drained, gently sloping soil on broad ridges and undulating terrain. The areas range from 20 to 400 acres and are irregular in shape.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine sand about 8 inches thick. The upper 30 inches of the subsurface layer is reddish yellow loamy sand, and the lower 14 inches is strong brown loamy sand. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. The upper 6 inches is strong brown fine sandy loam; the next 9 inches is yellowish red sandy clay loam; and the lower 13 inches is yellowish red sandy clay loam with brown mottles.

A 3 - 19 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Soils Descriptions

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Blanton, Chiefland, Fort Meade Variant, Ocilla, Lucy and Orangeburg soils. These soils make up less than 15 percent of the map unit.

This Troup soil does not have a water table within a depth of 72 inches. The available water capacity is low in the surface and subsurface layers and medium in the subsoil. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. Natural fertility and the organic matter content are low.

(61-A) Oleno clay, occasionally flooded - This nearly level, poorly drained soil is in small to relatively large areas on the flood plain of the Santa Fe River. This floodplain is along the northern boundary of the county. Slopes are nearly smooth or slightly concave and are less than 2 percent. The areas are generally meandering, elongated, or irregular in shape and range from about 25 to 250 acres.

Typically, the surface layer is dark gray clay about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is about 26 inches thick. It is dark gray or gray clay. The underlying material extends to a depth of 82 inches or more. The upper 10 inches is grayish brown fine sandy loam, the next 13 inches is gray fine sandy loam, the next 16 inches is dark gray fine sandy loam, the next 6 inches is gray sandy clay loam, and the lower 5 inches is greenish gray clay.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Jonesville, Newnan, and Millhopper soils. Also included are small areas of soils that area similar to Oleno soils but have a clayey, fluvial surface layer about 10 to 24 inches thick. Included in a few areas are soils that have 24 to 47 inches of clayey material overlying sandy material; the sandy material extends to a depth of 80 inches or more. Some small areas have limestone within 20 inches of the surface. Total included areas are about 20 percent or less.

This Oleno soil is occasionally flooded for periods of about 1 month or less. The water table is at a depth of 6 to 18 inches for 6 to 8 months during most years. Surface runoff is slow. The available water capacity is very high in the clayey surface layer and subsoil, and it is very low to very high in the underlying material. Permeability is slow in the clayey surface layer and subsoil. It ranges from moderately rapid to slow in the underlying material. Natural fertility is medium, and organic matter content of the clay surface layer is moderate.

A 3 - 20 Addendum 4—Plant And Animal List O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

LICHENS

Cladina evansii Cladonia leporina

PTERIDOPHYTES

Varicolored spleenwort Asplenium heterochroum Ebony spleenwort Asplenium platyneuron Modest spleenwort Asplenium verecundum 17 Southern lady fern Athyrium filix-femina 13, 20 Carolina mosquito fern Azolla caroliniana Southern grape-fern Botrychium biternatum Rattlesnake fern Botrychium virginianum Japanese climbing fern * Lygodium japonicum Cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamomea 25 Royal fern Osmunda regalis 25 Polypody Pecluma plumola 20 Golden polypody Phlebodium aureum Resurrection fern Pleopeltis polypodioides Christmas fern Polystichum achrostichoides Tailed bracken Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum Cretan brake * Pteris cretica Water spangles Salvinia minima Hairy maiden fern Thelypteris hispidula var. versicolor Widespread maiden fern Thelypteris kunthii Ovate maiden fern Thelypteris ovata Marsh fern Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens Netted chain fern Woodwardia areolata Virginia chain fern Woodwardia virginica

GYMNOSPERMS

Red cedar Juniperus virginiana Sand pine Pinus clausa Slash pine Pinus elliottii Spruce pine Pinus glabra Longleaf pine Pinus palustris Loblolly pine Pinus taeda Pond-cypress Taxodium ascendens Bald-cypress Taxodium distichum

ANGIOSPERMS

Monocots Bushy beardgrass Andropogon glomeratus var. glaucopsis Bushy beardgrass Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus Beardgrass Andropogon gyrans Splitbeard bluestem Andropogon tenarius Broomgrass Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus Green silkyscale Anthaenantia villosa Nodding nixie Aptera aphylla

* Non-native Species A 4 - 1 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Green dragon Arisaema dracontium Wire grass Aristida beyrichiana Corkscrew threeawn Aristida gyrans Woollysheath threeawn Aristida lanosa Arrowfeather threeawn Aristida purpurascens var. purpurascens Bottlebrush threeawn Aristida spiciformis Snake root Aristolochia serpentaria Switch cane Arundinaria gigantea Common carpetgrass Axonopus affinis Tropical carpetgrass Axonopus compressus Big carpetgrass Axonopus furcatus Watergrass * Bulbostylis barbata Capillary hairsedge Bulbostylis ciliatifolia Ware's hairsedge Bulbostylis warei Bluethread Burmania biflora Clustered sedge Carex glaucescens Long's sedge Carex longii Hop sedge Carex lupulina Bent sedge Carex styloflexa Willdenow’s sedge Carex willdenowii Southern sandbur Cenchrus echinatus Slender sandspur Cenchrus gracillimus Coastal sandspur Cenchrus incertus Slender woodoat Chasmanthium laxum Longleaf chasmanthium Chasmanthium laxum var. sessiliflorum Whitemouth dayflower Commelina erecta Autumn coralroot Corallorhiza odontoriza 20 Spring coralroot Corallorhiza wisteriana Seven-sisters Crinium americanum Bermudagrass * Cynodon dactylon Bearded flatsedge Cyperus squarrosus Baldwin's flatsedge Cyperus croceus Swamp flatsedge Cyperus distinctus Yellow nutgrass * Cyperus esculentus Haspan flatsedge Cyperus haspan Plukenet's flatsedge Cyperus plukenetii Manyspike flatsedge Cyperus polystachyos Pinebarren flatsedge Cyperus retrorsus Nutgrass * Cyperus rotundus Tropical flatsedge Cyperus surinamensis Fourangle flatsedge Cyperus tetragonus Green flatsedge Cyperus virens Needleleaf witchgrass Dichanthelium aciculare Bosc's witchgrass Dichanthelium boscii Deertongue witchgrass Dichanthelium clandestinum Variable witchgrass Dichanthelium commutatum Cypress witchgrass Dichanthelium dichotomum Witchgrass Dichanthelium ensifolium var. unciphyllum

* Non-native Species A 4 - 2 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Openflower witchgrass Dichanthelium laxiflorum Eggleaf witchgrass Dichanthelium ovale Roughhair witchgrass Dichanthelium strigosum var. leucoblepharis Southern crabgrass Digitaria ciliaris Shaggy crabgrass Digitaria filiformis var. filiformis Florida yam Dioscorea floridana Barnyardgrass * Echinochloa crusgalli Common waterhyacinth * Eichhornia crassipes Baldwin’s spikerush Eleocharis baldwinii Viviparous spikerush Eleocharis vivipara Indian goosegrass * Eleusine indica Green-fly orchid Epidendrum conopseum 31 Elliott's lovegrass Eragrostis elliottii Bigtop lovegrass Eragrostis hirsuta Purple lovegrass Eragrostis spectabilis Coastal lovegrass Eragrostis virginica Centipedegrass * Eremochloa ophiuroides Fourspike fingergrass Eustachys neglecta Pinewoods fingergrass Eustachys petreae Hairy fimbry Fimbristylis puberula Bearded skeleton grass Gymnopogon ambiguus Longhorn false reinorchid Habenaria quinqueseta Spiked crested coralroot Hexalectris spicata 21, 22 Spring-run spiderlily Hymenocallis rotata Common yellow stargrass Hypoxis juncea Tapertip rush Juncus acuminatus Forked rush Juncus dichotomus Soft rush Juncus effusus Bog rush Juncus elliottii Whitehead bogbutton Lachnocaulon anceps Lesser duckweed Lemna aequinoctialis Little duckweed Lemna obscura Valdivia duckweed Lemna valdiviana Pine lily Lilium catesbaei 8 Southern waternymph Najas guadalupensis Woodsgrass Oplismenus hirtellus Beaked panicum Panicum anceps Maidencane Panicum hemitomon Redtop panicum Panicum rigidulum Pitchfork crowngrass Paspalum bifidum Bahiagrass * Paspalum notatum var. saurae Brownseed paspalum Paspalum plicatulum Thin paspalum Paspalum setaceum Blackseed needlegrass Piptochaetium avenaceum Annual bluegrass * Poa annua Rosebud orchid Pogonia divaricata 8 False aloe Polianthes virginica Rabbitsfootgrass * Polypogon monspeliensis

* Non-native Species A 4 - 3 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Hairy shadow witch Ponthieva racemosa Giant orchid Pteroglossaspis ecristata 13 Needle palm Rhapidophyllum hystrix Starrush whitetop Rhynchospora colorata Fascicled beaksedge Rhynchospora fascicularis Southern beaksedge Rhynchospora microcarpa Fragrant beaksedge Rhynchospora odorata Plumed beaksedge Rhynchospora plumosa Scrub palmetto Sabal etonia Bluestem palmetto Sabal minor Cabbage palm Sabal palmetto Narrow plumegrass Saccharum baldwinii Sugarcane plumegrass Saccharum giganteum Little bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium Florida feathershank Schoenocaulon dubium Woolgrass Scirpus cyperinus Littlehead nutrush Scleria oligantha Tall nutgrass Scleria triglomerata Saw palmetto Serenoa repens Coastal bristlegrass Setaria corrugata Yellow bristlegrass Setaria parviflora Narrowleaf blueeyed grass Sisyrinchium atlanticum Nash's blueeyed grass Sisyrinchium nashii Annual blueeyed grass * Sisyrinchium rosulatum Earleaf greenbrier Smilax auriculata Saw greenbrier Smilax bona-nox Saw-brier Smilax glauca Laurel greenbrier Smilax laurifolia Wild sarsaparilla Smilax pumila Lanceleaf greenbrier Smilax smallii Bristly greenbrier Smilax tamnoides Coral greenbrier Smilax walteri Yellow Indiangrass Sorghastrum nutans Lopsided Indiangrass Sorghastrum secundum Prairie wedgescale Sphenopholis obtusata Longlip ladiestresses Spiranthes longilabris 8 October ladiestresses Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata 20 Little ladiestresses Spiranthes tuberosa 13 Spring ladiestresses Spiranthes vernalis Dotted duckweed Spirodela punctata Pineywoods dropseed Sporobolus junceus Smutgrass * Sprobolus indicus St. Augustinegrass Stenotaphrum secundum Spanish moss Tillandsia usneoides Ohio spiderwort Tradescantia ohiensis Purpletop tridens Tridens flavus var. flavus Threebirds orchid Triphora trianthophoros 20 Broadleaf cattail Typha latifolia

* Non-native Species A 4 - 4 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Hairy signalgrass * Urochloa piligera American eelgrass Vallisneria americana Squirreltail fescue Vulpia elliotea Brazilian watermeal Wolffia brasiliensis Florida mudmidget Wolfiella gladiata Carolina yelloweyed grass Xyris caroliniana Adam's needle Yucca filamentosa

DICOTS

Three-seeded mercury Acalypha gracilens Bristly starbush * Acanthospermum hispidum Box elder Acer negundo Red maple Acer rubrum Florida maple Acer saccharum ssp. floridanum Joint-vetch Aeschynomene viscidula Red buckeye Aesculus pavia Beach false foxglove Agalinis fasciculata Seminole false foxglove Agalinus filifolia Hammock snakeroot Ageratina jucunda Incised agrimony Agrimonia incisa 13, 22 Smallfruit agrimony Agrimonia microcarpa Tree-of-heaven * Ailanthus altissima Mimosa * Albizia julibrissin Alligatorweed * Alternanthera philoxeroides Alyce clover * Alysicarpus vaginalis Spiny amaranth * Amaranthus spinosus Slender amaranth * Amaranthus viridis Common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia False indigo Amorpha fruticosa Pepper vine Ampelopsis arborea Eastern bluestar Amsonia tabernaemontana Indianhemp Apocynum cannabinum Peanut * Arachis hypogaea Devil's walking stick Aralia spinosa Woolly sandwort Arenaria lanuginosa Thyme-leaved sandwort * Arenaria serpyllifolia Florida Indian plantain Arnoglossum floridanum Clasping milkweed Asclepias amplexicaulis Carolina milkweed Asclepias cinerea Pinewood's milkweed Asclepias humistrata Swamp milkweed Asclepias perennis Butterfly weed Asclepias tuberosa Slimleaf pawpaw Asimina angustifolia Woolly pawpaw Asimina incana Small-flora pawpaw Asimina parviflora Dwarf pawpaw Asimina pygmaea Climbing aster Aster carolinanus Eastern silver aster Aster concolor

* Non-native Species A 4 - 5 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Rice button aster Aster dumosus Arrow aster * Aster sagittifolius Swordleaf wood aster Aster subulatus Whitetop aster Aster tortifolius Wavyleaf aster Aster undulatus Walter's aster Aster walterii Bearded milkvetch Astragulus villosus Fernleaf yellow foxglove Aureolaria pedicularia Groundsel bush Baccharis halimifolia Coastalplain honeycombhead Balduina angustifolia White wild Indigo Baptisia alba Pineland wild indigo Baptisia lecontii Rattan vine Berchemia scandens Soft greeneyes Berlanderia pumila Florida greeneyes Berlanderia subacaulis River birch Betula nigra Common beggarticks Bidens alba Spanish needles Bidens bipinnata Devil's beggarticks Bidens frondosa Cross vine Bignonia capreolata False nettle Boehmeria cylindrica Devilsclaws Boerhavia diffusa American beautyberry Callicarpa americana Woodland poppymallow Callirhoe papaver 22 Trumpet vine Campsis radicans Hairy bittergrass * Cardamine hirsuta Coastalplain chaffhead Carphephorus corymbosus American hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana Mockernut hickory Carya alba Water hickory Carya aquatica Pignut hickory Carya glabra Chinquapin Castanea pumila Redroot Ceanothus americanus Sugarberry Celtis laevigata Spadeleaf Centella asiatica Pineland butterfly pea Centrosema arenicola 13, 22 Spurred butterfly pea Centrosema virginianum Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis Mouseear chickweed * Cerastium glomeratum Coontail Ceratophyllum demersum Redbud Cercis canadensis Hairyfruit chervil Chaerophyllum tainturieri Partridge pea Chamaecrista fasciculata Sensitive pea Chamaecrista nictitans var. nictitans Limestone sandmat Chamaecyce blogetti Heartleaf sandmat Chamaesyce cordifolia Hyssopleaf sandmat Chamaesyce hyssopifolia Spotted sandmat Chamaesyce maculata

* Non-native Species A 4 - 6 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Mexican tea * Chenopodium ambrosioides White fringetree Chionanthus virginicus Maryland goldenstar Chrysopsis mariana Scrubland goldenaster Chrysopsis subulata Spotted water hemlock Cicuta maculata Camphortree * Cinnamomum camphora Yellow thistle Cirsium horridulum Nuttall's thistle Cirsium nuttallii Satincurls Clematis catesbyana Swamp leather-flower Clematis crispa Netleaf leather-flower Clematis reticulata Atlantic pigeonwings Clitoria mariana Tread-softly Cnidoscolus stimulosus Carolina coralbead Cocculus carolinus Blue mistflower Conoclinium coelestinum American squawroot Conopholis americana Canadian horseweed Conyza canadensis Dwarf Canadian horseweed Conyza canadensis var. pusilla Roughleaf dogwood Cornus asperifolia Flowering dogwood Cornus florida Swamp dogwood Cornus foemina Smallflower fumewort Corydalis micrantha subsp. australis May haw Crataegus aestivalis Cockspur hawthorn Crataegus crus-galli Yellow leaf hawthorn Crataegus flava Parsley hawthorn Crataegus marshallii Michaux’s hawthorn Crataegus michauxii Dwarf hawthorn Crataegus uniflora Green hawthorn Crataegus viridis Slender scratchdaisy Croptilon divaricatum Slenderleaf crotalaria * Crotalaria ochroleuca Rabbitbells Crotalaria rotundifolia Showy rattlebox * Crotalaria spectabilis Silver croton Croton argyranthemus Vente conmigo Croton glandulosus Rushfoil Croton michauxii Marsh parsley * Cyclospermum leptophyllum Titi Cyrilla racemiflora Whitetassles Dalea carnea Summer farewell Dalea pinnata American wild carrot Daucus pusillus Western tansymustard Descurainia pinnata Florida ticktrefoil Desmodium floridanum Tick-clover Desmodium incanum Smooth ticktrefoil Desmodium laevigatum Nakedflower ticktrefoil Desmodium nudiflorum Panicledleaf beggarweed Desmodium paniculatum Threeflower ticktrefoil * Desmodium triflorum

* Non-native Species A 4 - 7 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Balm Dicerandra sp. Carolina ponysfoot Dichondra caroliniensis Poor joe Diodia teres Virginia buttonweed Diodia virginiana Common persimmon Diospyros virginiana Dwarf sundew Drosera brevifolia Swamp twinflower Dyschoriste humistrata Oblongleaf twinflower Dyschoriste oblongifolia False daisy Eclipta prostrata Tall elephantsfoot Elephantopus elatus Smooth elephantsfoot Elephantopus nudatus Devil’s grandmother Elephantopus tomentosus Carolina scalystem Elytraria caroliniensis var. caroliniensis American burnweed Erechtites hieracifolia Philedelphia fleabane Erigeron philadelphicus Oakleaf fleabane Erigeron quercifolius Prairie fleabane Erigeron strigosus Early whitetop fleabane Erigeron vernus Dogtongue wild buckwheat Eriogonum tomentosum Fragrant eryngo Eryngium aromaticum Baldwin's eryngo Eryngium baldwinii Button eryngo Eryngium yuccifolium Coralbean Erythrina herbacea American strawberrybush Euonymus americanus White thoroughwort Eupatorium album Dogfennel Eupatorium capillifolium Yankeeweed Eupatorium compositifolium Hyssopleaf thoroughwort Eupatorium hyssopifolium Mohr's thoroughwort Eupatorium mohrii Lateflowering thoroughwort Eupatorium serotinum Slender goldenrod Euthamia caroliniana White ash Fraxinus americana Carolina ash Fraxinus caroliniana Cottonweed Froelichia floridana Lanceleaf blanketflower Gaillardia aestivalis Firewheel Gaillardia pulchella Elliott’s milkpea Galactia elliottii Eastern milkpea Galactia regularis Downy milkpea Galactia volubis Coastal bedstraw Galium hispidulum Hairy bedstraw Galium pilosum Stiff marsh bedstraw Galium tinctorium Oneflower bedstraw Galium uniflorum Southern beeblossom Gaura angustifolia Dwarf huckleberry Gaylussacia dumosa Blue huckleberry Gaylussacia frondosa Yellow jessamine Gelsemium sempervirens Carolina cranesbill Geranium carolinianum

* Non-native Species A 4 - 8 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Moss verbena * Glandularia pulchella Water locust Gleditsia aquatica Narrowleaf purple everlasting Gnaphalium falcatum Rabbit tobacco Gnaphalium obtusifolium Pennsylvania everlasting Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Globe amaranth * Gomphrena serrata Rough hedgehyssop Gratiola hispida Roundfruit hedgehyssop Gratiola virginiana Carolina silverbell Halesia carolina American witchhazel Hamamelis virginiana Flattop mille graines * Hedyotis corymbosa Innocence Hedyotis procumbens Clustered mille graine Hedyotis uniflora Shortleaf sneezeweed Helenium brevifolium Purplehead sneezeweed Helenium flexuosum Carolina frostweed Helianthemum carolinianum Pinebarren frostweed Helianthemum corymbosum Narrowleaf sunflower Helianthus angustifolius Florida sunflower Helianthus floridanus Clasping heliotrope * Heliotropium amplexicaule Camphorweed Heterotheca subaxillaris Comfortroot Hibiscus aculeatus Queen-devil Hieracium gronovii Floating marshpennywort Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Manyflower Marshpennywort Hydrocotyle umbellata Whorled marsh pennywort Hydrocotyle verticillata Carolina woolywhite Hymenopappus scabiosaeus Coastalplain St. John’s-wort Hypericum brachyphyllum St. Peter's-wort Hypericum crux-andreae Bedstraw St. John's-wort Hypericum galioides Pineweeds Hypericum gentianoides St. Andrew's-cross Hypericum hypericoides Fourpetal St. John’s-wort Hypericum tetrapetalum Dwarf St. John’s-wort Hypericum mutilum Clustered bushmint Hyptis alata Tropical bushmint* Hyptis mutabilis Carolina holly Ilex ambigua Possumhaw Ilex decidua Gallberry Ilex glabra American holly Ilex opaca Yaupon Ilex vomitoria Carolina indigo Indigofera caroliniana Hairy indigo * Indigofera hirsuta Trailing indigo * Indigofera spicata Tievine Ipomoea cordatotriloba Man-of-the-Earth Ipomoea pandurata Cypressvine * Ipomoea quamoclit Virginia willow Itea virginica

* Non-native Species A 4 - 9 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Looseflower waterwillow Justicia ovata Wicky Kalmia hirsuta Virginia dwarfdandelion Krigia virginica Japanese clover * Kummerowia striata Canada lettuce Lactuca canadensis Lantana * Lantana camara Thymeleaf pinweed Lechea minor Hairy pinweed Lechea mucronata Piedmont pinweed Lechea torreyi Virginia pepperweed Lepidium virginicum Narrowleaf lespedeza Lespedeza angustifolia Hairy lespedeza Lespedeza hirta Tall lespedeza Lespedeza stuevei Swamp doghobble Leucothoe racemosa Pinscale fayfeather Liatris elegans Slender fayfeather Liatris gracilis Fewflower fayfeather Liatris pauciflora Shortleaf gayfeather Liatris tenuifolia Gopher apple Licania michauxii Canada toadflax Linaria canadensis Apalachicola toadflax Linaria floridana Yellowseed false pimpernel Lindernia dubia var. anagallidea Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Glade lobelia Lobelia glandulosa Japanese honeysuckle * Lonicera japonica Coral honeysuckle Lonicera sempervirens Anglestem primrosewillow Ludwigia leptocarpa Seaside primrosewillow Ludwigia maritima Smallfruit primrosewillow Ludwigia microcarpa Creeping primrosewillow Ludwigia repens Shrubby primrosewillow Ludwigia suffruticosa Lady lupine Lupinus villosus Rose-rush Lygodesmia aphylla Rusty staggerbush Lyonia ferruginea Coastalplain staggerbush Lyonia fruticosa Fetterbush Lyonia lucida Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana Florida milkvine Matelea floridana 22 Angularfruit milkvine Matelea gonocarpos 22 Trailing milkvine Matelea pubiflora Axilflower Mecardonia acuminata Black medick * Medicago lupulina Snow squarestem Melanthera nivea Chinaberrytree * Melia azedarach White sweetclover * Melilotus alba Creeping cucumber Melothria pendula Shade mudflower Micranthemum umbrosum

* Non-native Species A 4 - 10 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Climbing hempvine Mikania scandens Sensitive brier Mimosa quadrivalvis Partridgeberry Mitchella repens Lax hornpod Mitreola petiolata Indian chickweed * Mollugo verticillata Spotted beebalm Monarda punctata Indianpipe Monotropa uniflora Red mullberry Morus rubra Wax myrtle Myrica cerifera Spatterdock Nuphar lutea ssp. advena Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica Swamp tupelo Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora Common eveningprimrose Oenothera biennis Cutleaf eveningprimrose Oenothera laciniata False gromwell Onosmodium virginianum Pricklypear Opuntia humifusa Piedmont leatherroot Orbexilum lupinellus Wild olive Osmanthus americanus Eastern hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana Common yellow woodsorrel Oxalis corniculata Coastalplain palafox Palafoxia integrifolia American nailwort Paronychia americana Baldwin's nailwort Paronychia baldwinii Coastalplain nailwort Paronychia herniarioides Virigina creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia Purple passionflower Passiflora incarnata Yellow passionflower Passiflora lutea Corkystem passionflower Passiflora suberosa Buckroot Pediomelum canascens Eustis lake beardtongue Penstemon australis Manyflower beardtongue Penstemon multiflorus Red bay Persea borbonia Swamp bay Persea palustris Annual phlox * Phlox drummondii Trailing phlox Phlox nivalis Downy phlox Phlox pilosa Oak mistletoe Phoradendron leucarpum Red chokeberry Photinia pyrifolia Turkey tanglefoot fogfruit Phyla nodiflora Carolina leafflower Phyllanthus caroliniensis Chamber bitter * Phyllanthus urinaria Cutleaf groundcherry Physalis angulata Longleaf groundcherry Physalis longifolia Husk tomato Physalis pubescens Walter's groundcherry Physalis walteri American pokeweed Phytolacca americana Small butterwort Pinguicula pumila Pitted stripeseed Piriqueta caroliniana

* Non-native Species A 4 - 11 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Narrowleaf silkgrass Pityopsis graminifolia Waterelm Planera aquatica Virginia plantain Plantago virginica Camphorweed Pluchea camphorata Stinking camphorweed Pluchea foetida Longleaf camphorweed Pluchea longifolia Sweetscent Pluchea odorata Rosy camphorweed Pluchea rosea Showy milkwort Polygala grandiflora Procession flower Polygala incarnata Orange milkwort Polygala lutea Candyroot Polygala nana Tall jointweed Polygonella gracilis Swamp smartweed Polygonum hydropiperoides Pennsylvania smartweed Polygonum pensylvanicum Dotted smartweed Polygonum punctatum Jumpseed Polygonum virginianum Hairy leafcup Polymnia uvedalia Rustweed Polypremum procumbens Marsh mermaidweed Proserpinaca palustris American plum Prunus americana Chickasaw plum Prunus angustifolia Carolina laurelcherry Prunus caroliniana Black cherry Prunus serotina Flatwoods plum Prunus umbellata Wafer ash Ptelea trifoliata Blackroot Pterocaulon pycnostachyum Mock bishopsweed Ptilimnium capillaceum Carolina desertchicory Pyrrhopappus carolinianus Desertchicory * Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus Chapman's oak Quercus chapmanii Southern red oak Quercus falcata Sand live oak Quercus geminata Bluejack oak Quercus incana Turkey oak Quercus laevis Laurel oak Quercus laurifolia Overcup oak Quercus lyrata Sand post oak Quercus margaretta Swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii Dwarf live oak Quercus minima Myrtle oak Quercus myrtifolia Water oak Quercus nigra Running oak Quercus pumila Bluff oak Quercus sinuata Post oak Quercus stellata Virginia live oak Quercus virginiana Wild radish * Raphanus raphanistrum Pale meadowbeauty Rhexia mariana

* Non-native Species A 4 - 12 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Maid marion Rhexia nashii Nuttall’s meadowbeauty Rhexia nuttalli Sweet pinxter azalea Rhododendron canescens Winged sumac Rhus copallinum Dollarleaf Rhynchosia reniformis Twining snoutbean Rhynchosia tomentosa var. mollissima Tropical Mexican clover * Richardia brasiliensis Rough Mexican clover * Richardia scabra Southern marsh yellowcress Rorippa teres Sawtooth blackberry Rubus argutus Sand blackberry Rubus cuneifolius Southern dewberry Rubus trivialis Blackeyed susan Rudbeckia hirta Wild petunia Ruellia carolinensis Heartwing dock Rumex hastatulus Shortleaf rosegentian Sabatia brevifolia Coastal rosegentian Sabatia calycina Smallfower mock buckthorn Sageretia minutiflora Coastalplain willow Salix caroliniana Azure blue sage Salvia azurea Lyreleaf sage Salvia lyrata Elderberry Sambucus canadensis Pineland pimpernel Samolus valerandi ssp. parviflorus Canadian blacksnakeroot Sanicula canadensis Soapberry Sapindus saponaria Sassafras Sassafras albidum Sweetbroom Scoparia dulcis Helmet skullcap Scutellaria integrifolia Small's skullcap Scutellaria multiglandulosa Gulf sebastiana Sebastiana fruticosa Coffeeweed * Senna obtusifolia Piedmont blacksenna Seymeria pectinata Common wireweed Sida acuta Indian hemp Sida rhombifolia Tough bully Sideroxylon tenax Gum bully Sideroxylon lanuginosum Florida bully Sideroxylon reclinatum ssp. rufotomentosa Sleepy catchfly Silene antirrhina Kidneyleaf rosinweed Silphium compositum American black nightshade Solanum americanum Black nightshade Solanum chenopodioides Carolina goldenrod Solidago arguta var. caroliniana Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis Pinebarren goldenrod Solidago fistulosa Chapman's goldenrod Solidago odora var. chapmanii Downy ragged goldenrod Solidago petiolaris Twistedleaf goldenrod Solidago tortifolia Spiny sowthistle * Sonchus asper

* Non-native Species A 4 - 13 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Common sowthistle * Sonchus oleraceus Florida false buttonweed Spermcace floridana Roughfruit scaleseed Spermolepis divaricata Florida betony Stachys floridana Queensdelight Stillingia sylvatica Pineland scalypink Stipulicida setacea Slickseed fuzzybean Strophostyles leiosperma Pink fuzzybean Strophostylus umbellata Coastalplain dawnflower Stylisma patens Sidebeak pencilflower Stylosanthes biflora American snowbell Styrax americanus Common sweetleaf Symplocos tinctoria Scurf hoarypea Tephrosia chrysophylla Florida hoarypea Tephrosia florida Sprawling hoarypea Tephrosia hispidula Spiked hoarypea Tephrosia spicata Pineland nerveray Tetragonotheca helianthoides Wood sage Teucrium canadense Carolina basswood Tilia americana var. caroliniana Eastern poison oak Toxicodendron pubescens Eastern poison ivy Toxicodendron radicans Climbing dogbane Trachelospermum difforme Wavyleaf noseburn Tragia urens Virginia marsh St. John's-wort Triadenum virginicum Forked bluecurls Trichostema dichotomum White clover * Trifolium repens Persian clover * Trifolium resupinatum Clasping Venus' lookingglass Triodanis biflora Clasping Venus' lookingglass Triodanis perfoliata Winged elm Ulmus alata American elm Ulmus americana Eastern purple bladderwort Utricularia purpurea Sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum Shiny blueberry Vaccinium myrsinites Deerberry Vaccinium stamineum Purpletop vervain * Verbena bonariensis Texas vervain Verbena officinalis ssp. halei Sandpaper vervain Verbena scabra Coastalplain crownbeard Verbesina aristata White crownbeard Verbesina virginica Tall ironweed Vernonia angustifolia Giant ironweed Vernonia gigantea Corn speedwell * Veronica arvensis Possumhaw Viburnum nudum Walter's viburnum Viburnum obovatum Rusty blackhaw Viburnum rufidulum Fourleaf vetch Vicia acutifolia

* Non-native Species A 4 - 14 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Plants

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for designated species)

Common vetch * Vicia sativa Bog White violet Viola lanceolata Early Blue violet Viola palmata Common blue violet Viola sororia Prostrate blue violet Viola walteri Summer grape Vitis aestivalis Florida grape Vitis cinerea var. floridana Catbird grape Vitis palmata Muscadine Vitis rotundifolia Southern rockbell * Wahlenbergia marginata American wisteria Wisteria frutescens Chinese wisteria * Wisteria sinensis Oriental false hawksbeard * Youngia japonica Hercules'-club Zanthoxylum clava-herculis

* Non-native Species A 4 - 15 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Animals

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for all species)

MOLLUSKS

Pointed campeloma Campeloma decisum Asian clam * Corbicula fluminea Rasp elimia Elimia floridensis Variable spike Elliptio icterina Suwannee moccasinshell Medionidus walkeri Florida applesnail Pomacea paludosa Physa Physella sp. Iridescent lilliput Toxolasma paulus Southern rainbow Villosa vibex Banded mysterysnail Vivaparous georgianus

FISH

White catfish Ameiurus catus 53 Yellow bullhead Ameiurus natalis 53 Spotted bullhead Ameiurus serracanthus 53 Bowfin Amia calva 53 American eel Anguilla rostrata 53 Pirate perch Aphredoderus sayanus 53 Lake chubsucker Erimyzon sucetta 53 Redfin pickerel Esox americanus 53 Chain pickerel Esox niger 53 Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 53 Florida brook silverside Labidesthes sicculus vanhyningi 53 Longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus 53 Florida gar Lepisosteus platyrhincus 53 Redbreast sunfish Lepomis auritus 53 Warmouth Lepomis gulosus 53 Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus 53 Redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus 53 Spotted sunfish Lepomis punctatus 53 Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus 53 Suwannee bass Micropterus notius 53 Spotted sucker Minytrema melanops 53 Striped mullet Mugil cephalus 53 Golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas 53 Black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus 53 Atlantic needlefish Strongylura marina 53

AMPHIBIANS

Salamanders Eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum 22, 29 Two-toed amphiuma Amphiuma means means 25, 29, 53 Southern dusky salamander Desmognathus auriculatus 17 Peninsula newt Notopthalmus viredescens piaropicola 29,50

Frogs and Toads Florida cricket frog Acris gryllus dorsalis 29, 50

* Non-native Species A 4 - 16 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Animals

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for all species)

Southern toad Bufo terrestris 21, 22 Oak toad Bufo quercicus 13, 29 Green treefrog Hyla cinerea 8, 21, 25 Southern chorus frog Pseudacris nigrita 8, 25 Little grass frog Pseudocris ocularis 8, 25, 31 Florida gopher frog Rana capito aesopus 13, 25, 29 Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana 25, 50, 53 Southern leopard frog Rana sphenocephala 25, 50, 53 Eastern spadefoot toad Scaphiopus holbrooki holbrooki 22, 29

REPTILES

Crocodilians American alligator Alligator mississippiensis 50, 53

Turtles Florida softshell turtle Apalone ferox 50, 53 Florida snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina osceola 50, 51, 53 Gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus 8, 13, 22 Striped mud turtle Kinosternon baurii 50, 51 Alligator snapping turtle Macroclemys temminckii 53 Suwannee cooter Pseudemys concinna suwanniensis 50, 51, 53 Florida redbelly turtle Pseudemys nelsoni 50, 51, 53 Common musk turtle Sternotherus odoratus 50, 51 Florida box turtle Terrapene carolina 20, 21

Lizards Green anole Anolis carolinensis 8, 21, 22 Six-lined racerunner Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sexlineatus 13, 15 Mole skink Eumeces egregius 13, 15 Southeastern five-lined skink Eumeces inexpectatus 22 Broadhead skink Eumeces laticeps 20, 21, 22 Eastern glass lizard Ophisaurus ventralis 8, 22 Florida worm lizard Rhineura floridana 13, 22 Southern fence lizard Sceloporus undulatus undulatus 13, 22

Snakes Florida cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti 25, 51 Southern black racer Coluber constrictor priapus 8, 13, 22 Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus 8, 13, 22 Eastern indigo snake Drymarchon corais couperi 13, 22 Corn snake Elaphe guttata guttata 8, 13, 22 Yellow rat snake Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata 21, 22 Eastern hognose snake Heterodon platirhinos 13, 22 Southern hognose snake Heterodon simus 13, 22 Eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis getula getula 21, 22, 31 Scarlet kingsnake Lampropeltis triangulum elapsiodes 8, 21, 22 Eastern coachwhip Masticophis flagellum flagellum 13, 22 Eastern coral snake Micrurus fulvius fulvius 20, 21, 22 Redbelly water snake Nerodia erythrogaster erythrogaster 50, 53 Southern water snake Nerodia fasciata 50, 51

* Non-native Species A 4 - 17 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Animals

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for all species)

Brown water snake Nerodia taxispilota 53 Rough green snake Opheodrys aestivus 8, 21, 22 Florida pine snake Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus 13, 22 Striped crayfish snake Regina alleni 50, 51, 53 Dusky pigmy rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius barbouri 8, 22 Eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis 8, 28, 31

BIRDS

Loons Common Loon Gavia immer OF

Grebes Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps 50, 51

Cormorants Double-crested Cormorant Phalocrocorax auritus 50, 51

Darters Anhinga Anhinga anhinga 50, 51, 53

Herons and Bitterns Great Egret Ardea alba 50, 51, 53 Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias 50, 51, 53 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis OF Green Heron Butorides virescens 50, 51 Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea 50, 51, 53 Snowy Egret Egretta thula 51 Tricolored Heron Egretta tricolor 50, 51

Ibises and Spoonbills White Ibis Eudocimus albus 51

Storks Wood Stork Mycteria americana 25, 29, 33

Ducks and Geese Wood Duck Aix sponsa 25, 50, 51, 53 Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus 50, 51

Hawks, Eagles and Kites Cooper’s Hawk Accipiter cooperii 21, 22, OF Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus MTC, OF Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis 13, 22, OF Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus 25, 28, 33, OF Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus 20, 21, 31, OF Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus OF Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus 28, OF American Kestrel Falco sparverius 13, 22, OF Merlin Falco columbarius OF Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus 50, OF Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis 21, 28, 31 Osprey Pandion haliaetus 50, 51, 53

* Non-native Species A 4 - 18 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Animals

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for all species)

Vultures Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura 8, 15, OF Black Vulture Coragyps atratus 8, 15, OF

Turkey and Quail Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus 13, 22, 81 Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 13, 21, 22, 28

Gallinules American Coot Fulica americana 50, 51 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 51

Limpkin Limpkin Aramus guarauna 53

Snipes and Sandpipers Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia 53 American Woodcock Scolopax minor 28, 31, 33 Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria 51

Gulls Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis OF

Doves Rock Dove Columba livia 81 Common Ground-Dove Columbina passerina 8, 13 Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura MTC

Cuckoos Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus 20, 21, 22, 31 Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus 31

Owls Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus 20, 21, 22 Eastern Screech Owl Otus asio 13, 21, 22 Barred Owl Strix varia 25, 30, 33 Barn Owl Tyto alba 21

Goatsuckers Chuck-will's-willow Caprimulgus carolinensis 20, 21, 22 Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor 13, 22, OF

Swifts Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica OF

Hummingbirds Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris 21, 22

Kingfishers Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon 50, 51, 53

Woodpeckers Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus 13, 22, 81 Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus MTC

* Non-native Species A 4 - 19 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Animals

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for all species)

Red-bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus MTC Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus 8, 13, 22 Red-cockaded Woodpecker ++ Picoides borealis Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens MTC Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus 20, 21 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius 20, 21, 28

Flycatchers Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens 13, 22 Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens 20, 21, 28, 31, 33 Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus 13, 21, 22 Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe 13, 22 Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus 13 Shrikes Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus 13

Vireos Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons 13, 21, 22 White-eyed Vireo Vireo griseus 20, 21, 28, 31 Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus 21, 22, 28 Blue-headed Vireo Vireo solitarius

Jays and Crows American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos 8, 13, 22, OF Fish Crow Corvus ossifragus OF Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata MTC

Martins Purple Martin Progne subis OF

Swallows Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica 53, OF

Titmice Tufted Titmouse Baeolophus bicolor MTC Carolina Chickadee Poecile carolinensis 13, 21, 22

Nuthatches Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis 21, 22 Brown-headed Nuthatch ++ Sitta pusilla

Wrens Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus MTC House Wren Troglodytes aedon 8, 13 Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes 25, 30, 33

Gnatcatchers and Kinglets Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea MTC Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula MTC Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa 13, 22

Thrushes Veery Catharus fuscescens 20, 21

* Non-native Species A 4 - 20 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Animals

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for all species)

Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus 20, 21 Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus 20, 21 Wood Thrush Catharus mustelinus 20, 21 Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus 20, 21 Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis 13 American Robin Turdus migratorius MTC

Thrashers Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis 8, 15 Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos 13, 81, 82 Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum 8, 21, 82

Starlings European Starling * Sturnus vulgaris 82

Waxwings Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum 8, 21 Warblers Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerulescens 21, 28, 31, 33 Bay-breasted Warbler Dendroica castanea 21, 28, 31, 33 Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata MTC Prairie Warbler Dendroica discolor 8, 13, 22 Yellow-throated Warbler Dendroica dominica 13, 22 Blackburnian Warbler Dendroica fusca 21, 22 Magnolia Warbler Dendroica magnolia 21, 22, 28, 31 Palm Warbler Dendroica palmarum 8, 13, 22 Chestnut-sided Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica 13, 21, 28 Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia 29 Pine Warbler Dendroica pinus 13, 22 Blackpoll Warbler Dendroica striata 13, 22 Cape May Warbler Dendroica tigrina 13, 21, 22 Black-throated Green Warbler Dendroica virens 13, 21, 22 Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas 25, 30, 35 Worm-eating Warbler Helmitheros vermivorus 20, 21, 28, 31 Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens 8, 15 Swainson’s Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii 21 Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia 21, 22, 28, 31 Connecticut Warbler Oporornis agilis 22 Kentucky Warbler Oporornis formosus 8, 21 Northern Parula Parula americana 21, 25, 28, 31, 33 Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea 25, 30, 33 Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus 20, 21, 28 Louisiana Waterthrush Seiurus motacilla 33, 53 Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis 33, 53 American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla 21, 22, 28, 31 Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata 13, 21, 22 Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera 21, 22, 28, 31 Tennessee Warbler Vermivora peregrina 21, 28, 31 Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora pinus 21, 22, 28 Canada Warbler Wilsonia canadensis 21, 28, 31

* Non-native Species A 4 - 21 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Animals

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for all species)

Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina 20, 21, 28, 31 Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla 25, 28, 33

Tanagers Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea 21, 22 Summer Tanager Piranga rubra 8, 13, 21

Sparrows Bachman’s Sparrow Aimophila aestivalis 8, 13 Henslow’s Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii 29 Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum 29 Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia 8, 21, 22 House Sparrow * Passer domesticus 82 Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis 13, 81 Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca 21, 25 Eastern Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus 8, 15 Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus 13, 81 Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina 13, 81 Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla 13, 22 White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis 8, 13, 81

Meadowlarks, Blackbirds and Orioles Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus 25, 29, 33 Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus 29 Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus 25, 30, 33 Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula 20, 21, 22 Orchard Oriole Icterus spurius 21, 22 Brown-headed Cowbird * Molothrus ater MTC Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula 13, 81, 82 Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna 13, 81

Cardinals, Grosbeaks, and Buntings Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis MTC Blue Grosbeak Guiraca caerulea 8, 13, 22 Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea 8, 15 Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus 20, 21

Finches American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis 21, OF Purple Finch Carpodocus purpureus 21, 22

MAMMALS

Didelphids Opossum Didelphis virginiana MTC Insectivores Shorttailed shrew Blarina carolinensis 21, 22 Least shrew Cryptotis parva 13, 22

Moles Eastern mole Scalopus aquaticus 13, 22

Bats

* Non-native Species A 4 - 22 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Animals

Primary Habitat Codes Common Name Scientific Name (for all species)

--- Lasiurus sp. 20, 21 Southeastern bat Myotis austroriparus 80 Eastern pipestrelle Pipistrellus subflavus 80

Edentates Nine-banded armadillo * Dasypus novemcinctus MTC

Lagomorphs Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus 8, 22 Marsh rabbit Sylvilagus palustris 28, 29

Rodents Beaver Castor canadensis 53 Southeastern pocket gopher Geomys pinetis 13, 22 Southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans 20, 21, 22 Eastern woodrat Neotoma floridana 20, 21, 22 Golden mouse Ochrotomys nuttalli 8 Cotton mouse Peromyscus gossypinus 8, 20, 21, 22 Gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis MTC Fox squirrel Sciurus niger 13, 22 Hispid cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus 13, 22

Carnivores Coyote * Canis latrans MTC Bobcat Felis rufus MTC River otter Lutra canadensis 50, 51, 53 Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis MTC Long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata 8, 21, 22 Raccoon Procyon lotor MTC Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus 8, 21, 22 Florida black bear Ursus americanus floridanus MTC

Artiodactyls White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus MTC Wild pig * Sus scrofa MTC

++ Extirpated, historically present

* Non-native Species A 4 - 23 Habitat Codes

Terrestrial Lacustrine—Continued

1. Beach Dune 46. Flatwood/Prairie Lake 2. Bluff 47. Marsh Lake 3. Coastal Berm 48. River Floodplain Lake 4. Coastal Rock Barren 49. Sandhill Upland Lake 5. Coastal Strand 50. Sinkhole Lake 6. Dry Prairie 51. Swamp Lake

7. Maritime Hammock Riverine 8. Mesic Flatwoods 9. Coastal Grasslands 52. Alluvial Stream 10. Pine Rockland 53. Blackwater Stream 11. Prairie Hammock 54. Seepage Stream 12. Rockland Hammock 55. Spring-Run Stream

13. Sandhill Estuarine 14. Scrub 15. Scrubby Flatwoods 56. Estuarine Composite Substrate 16. Shell Mound 57. Estuarine Consolidated Substrate 17. Sinkhole 58. Estuarine Coral Reef 18. Slope Forest 59. Estuarine Grass Bed 19. Upland Glade 60. Estuarine Mollusk Reef 20. Upland Hardwood Forest 61. Estuarine Octocoral Bed 21. Upland Mixed Forest 62. Estuarine Sponge Bed 22. Upland Pine Forest 63. Estuarine Tidal Marsh 23. Xeric Hammock 64. Estuarine Tidal Swamp

65. Estuarine Unconsolidated Substrate Palustrine 66. Estuarine Worm Reef

24. Basin Marsh Marine 25. Basin Swamp 26. Baygall 67. Marine Algal Bed 27. Bog 68. Marine Composite Substrate 28. Bottomland Forest 69. Marine Consolidated Substrate 29. Depression Marsh 70. Marine Coral Reef 30. Dome 71. Marine Grass Bed 31. Floodplain Forest 72. Marine Mollusk Reef 32. Floodplain Marsh 73. Marine Octocoral Bed 33. Floodplain Swamp 74. Marine Sponge Bed 34. Freshwater Tidal Swamp 75. Marine Tidal Marsh 35. Hydric Hammock 76. Marine Tidal Swamp 36. Marl Prairie 77. Marine Unconsolidated Substrate 37. Seepage Slope 78. Marine Worm Reef

38. Slough Subterranean 39. Strand Swamp 40. Swale 79. Aquatic Cave 41. Wet Flatwoods 80. Terrestrial Cave

42. Wet Prairie Miscellaneous

Lacustrine 81. Ruderal 43. Clastic Upland Lake 82. Developed

44. Coastal Dune Lake MTC Many Types Of Communities 45. Coastal Rockland Lake OF Overflying

A 4 - 24 Addendum 5—Designated Species List Rank Explanations For FNAI Global Rank, FNAI State Rank, Federal Status And State Status

The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Heritage Program Network (of which FNAI is a part) define an element as any exemplary or rare component of the natural environment,such as a species,natural community,bird rookery,spring,sinkhole,cave,or other ecological feature. An element occurrence (EO) is a single extant habitat that sustains or otherwise contributes to the survival of a population or a distinct,self-sustaining example of a particular element.

Using a ranking system developed by The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Heritage Program Network,the Florida Natural Areas Inventory assigns two ranks to each element. The global rank is based on an element's worldwide status; the state rank is based on the status of the element in Florida. Element ranks are based on many factors,the most important ones being estimated number of Element occurrences,estimated abundance (number of individuals for species; area for natural communities),range,estimated adequately protected EOs,relative threat of destruction,and ecological fragility.

Federal and State status information is from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; and the Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission (animals),and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (plants),respectively.

FNAI GLOBAL RANK DEFINITIONS

G1 = Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences or less than 1000 individuals) or because of extreme vulnerability to extinction due to some natural or man-made factor. G2 = Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences or less than 3000 individuals) or because of vulnerability to extinction due to some natural or man-made factor. G3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range (21-100 occurrences or less than 10,000 individuals) or found locally in a restricted range or vulnerable to extinction of other factors. G4 = apparently secure globally (may be rare in parts of range) G5 = demonstrably secure globally GH = of historical occurrence throughout its range,may be rediscovered (e.g.,ivory-billed woodpecker) GX = believed to be extinct throughout range GXC = extirpated from the wild but still known from captivity or cultivation G#? = tentative rank (e.g.,G2?) G#G# = range of rank; insufficient data to assign specific global rank (e.g.,G2G3) G#T# = rank of a taxonomic subgroup such as a subspecies or variety; the G portion of the rank refers to the entire species and the T portion refers to the specific subgroup; numbers have same definition as above (e.g.,G3T1) G#Q = rank of questionable species - ranked as species but questionable whether it is species or subspecies; numbers have same definition as above (e.g.,G2Q) G#T#Q = same as above,but validity as subspecies or variety is questioned. GU = due to lack of information,no rank or range can be assigned (e.g.,GUT2). G? = not yet ranked (temporary) S1 = Critically imperiled in Florida because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences or less than 1000 individuals) or because of extreme vulnerability to extinction due to some natural or man- made factor. S2 = Imperiled in Florida because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences or less than 3000 individuals) or because of vulnerability to extinction due to some natural or man-made factor. S3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range (21-100 occurrences or less than 10,000 individuals) or found locally in a restricted range or vulnerable to extinction of other factors. S4 = apparently secure in Florida (may be rare in parts of range) S5 = demonstrably secure in Florida SH = of historical occurrence throughout its range,may be rediscovered (e.g.,ivory-billed woodpecker) SX = believed to be extinct throughout range SA = accidental in Florida,i.e.,not part of the established biota SE = an exotic species established in Florida may be native elsewhere in North America SN = regularly occurring,but widely and unreliably distributed; sites for conservation hard to determine SU = due to lack of information,no rank or range can be assigned (e.g.,SUT2). S? = not yet ranked (temporary)

A 5 - 1 Rank Explanations For FNAI Global Rank, FNAI State Rank, Federal Status And State Status

LEGAL STATUS

N = Not currently listed,nor currently being considered for listing,by state or federal agencies. FEDERAL (Listed by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service - USFWS)

LE = Listed as Endangered Species in the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act. Defined as any species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. PE = Proposed for addition to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants as Endangered Species. LT = Listed as Threatened Species. Defined as any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the near future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. PT = Proposed for listing as Threatened Species. C = Candidate Species for addition to the list of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Defined as those species for which the USFWS currently has on file sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threats to support proposing to list the species as endangered or threatened. E(S/A) = Endangered due to similarity of appearance. T(S/A) = Threatened due to similarity of appearance.

STATE

Animals (Listed by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission - FFWCC)

LE = Listed as Endangered Species by the FFWCC. Defined as a species,subspecies,or isolated population which is so rare or depleted in number or so restricted in range of habitat due to any man-made or natural factors that it is in immediate danger of extinction or extirpation from the state,or which may attain such a status within the immediate future. LT = Listed as Threatened Species by the FFWCC. Defined as a species,subspecies,or isolated population which is acutely vulnerable to environmental alteration,declining in number at a rapid rate,or whose range or habitat is decreasing in area at a rapid rate and as a consequence is destined or very likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future. LS = Listed as Species of Special Concern by the FFWCC. Defined as a population which warrants special protection,recognition,or consideration because it has an inherent significant vulnerability to habitat modification,environmental alteration,human disturbance,or substantial human exploitation which,in the foreseeable future,may result in its becoming a threatened species.

Plants (Listed by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - FDACS)

LE = Listed as Endangered Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state,the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue,and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973,as amended. LT = Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state,but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

A 5 - 2 O’Leno State Park And River Rise Preserve State Park Designated Species Plants

Common Name/ Designated Species Status Scientific Name FDA USFWS FNAI

Incised agrimony Agrimonia incisa E G3, S2 Modest spleenwort Asplenium verecundum E G1, S1 Southern lady fern Athyrium filix-femina T Woodland poppymallow Callirhoe papaver E G5, S2 Pineland butterfly pea Centrosema arenicola E G2, S2 Autumn coralroot Corallorhiza odontorhiza E G5, S1 Little ladiestresses Spiranthes tuberosa T Green fly orchid Epidendrum conopseum CE Spiked crested coralroot Hexalectris spicata E Pine lily Lilium catesbaei T Florida milkvine Matelea floridana E G2, S2 Angularfruit milkvine Matelea gonocarpos T Cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamomea CE Royal fern Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis CE Polypody Pecluma plumola E Giant orchid Pteroglossaspis ecristata T G2G3, S2 October ladiestresses Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata E Longlip ladiestresses Spiranthes longilabris T Threebirds orchid Triphora trianthophoros T

A 5 - 3 O’Leno State Park And River Rise Preserve State Park Designated Species Animals

Common Name/ Designated Species Status Scientific Name FFWCC USFWS FNAI

MOLLUSKS

Suwannee moccasinshell Medionidus walkeri G2, S?

FISH Suwannee bass Micropterus notius LS G2G3, S2S3

AMPHIBIANS

Tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum G5, S3 Florida gopher frog Rana capito LS G4, S3

REPTILES

American alligator Alligator mississippiensis LS T(S/A) G5, S4 Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus G5, S3 Eastern indigo snake Drymarchon corais cooperi LT LT G4T3, S3 Gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus LS G3, S3 Southern hognose snake Heterodon simus G2, S? Alligator snapping turtle Macroclemys temminckii LS G3G4, S3 Florida pine snake Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus LS G5T3?, S3 Suwannee cooter Pseudemys concinna suwanniensis LS G5T3, S3

BIRDS

Cooper’s hawk Accipiter cooperii G4, S3? Bachman’s sparrow Aimophila aestivalis G3, S3 Limpkin Aramus guarauna LS G5, S3 Great egret Ardea alba G5, S4 Little blue heron Egretta caerulea LS G5, S4 Snowy egret Egretta thula LS G5, S4 Tricolored heron Egretta tricolor LS G5, S4

A 5 - 4 O’Leno State Park And River Rise Preserve State Park Designated Species Animals

Common Name/ Designated Species Status Scientific Name FFWCC USFWS FNAI

Swallow-tailed kite Elanoides forficatus G4, S2S3 White ibis Eudocimus albus LS G5, S4 Merlin Falco columbarius G4, SU Southern bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus LT LT G4, S3 Worm-eating warbler Helmitheros vermivorus G5, S1 Wood stork Mycteria americana LE LE G4, S2 Osprey Pandion haliaetus G5, S3S4 Red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis LT LE G3, S2 Southern hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus G5, S3? Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla G5, S3

MAMMALS

Southeastern bat Myotis austroriparius G3, S3 Sherman’s fox squirrel Sciurus niger shermani LS G5T2, S2 Florida black bear Ursus americanus floridanus LT G5T2, S2

A 5 - 5 Addendum 6—Florida Master Site File List Of Cultural Sites O’Leno State Park And River Rise Preserve State Park Florida Master Site File Listed Cultural Sites

FMSF # Site Name Cultural Period Site Type

AL1 NN Prehistoric Lithic scatter AL131 Santa Fe Quarry Unknown Quarry AL179 Sweetwater Lake Mound A Weeden Island Mound AL180 Sweetwater Lake Mound B Prehistoric unspecified Mound AL2886 Sweetwater Village Weeden Island Village AL2926 Santa Fe Fish Weir Deptford Artifact Scatter AL3067 Ogden Pond Mound A Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse scatter, AL3068 Ogden Pond Mound B Prehistoric unspecified Dense scatter, burial AL3520 Natural Bridge Prehistoric to 19th Road CO19 Register Field Prehistoric unspecified Unknown CO21 Davidson’s Field Unspecified Unknown CO23 Columbia Springs Weeden Island Underwater refuse, CO28 Trestle Unspecified Lithic scatter CO31 Snipe’s Point Unspecified Lithic scatter CO32 O’Leno Mill Prehistoric unspecified Former mound site, CO34 NN Unknown Lithic scatter CO44 Buzzard’s Roost Prairie Archaic Lithic scatter CO50 Natural Bridge See above See above CO51 O’Leno also Old Leno 19th Century Historic Town CO57 Bellamy Road also Old Historic/ Spanish Road CO69 NN Prehistoric unspecified Artifact scatter CO234 Bellamy-O’Leno Lithics Prehistoric unspecified Lithic scatter CO659 North Black Lake Unknown Dense lithic scatter, CO660 River Rise Prehistoric unspecified, Dense artifact scatter, CO661 North Dowling Lake Prehistoric unspecified Dense lithic scatter, CO662 Limestone Holes Weeden Island Dense lithic scatter, CO385 Tower House New Deal Structure CO386 Cypress Log Pavilion New Deal Structure CO387 Recreation Hall New Deal Structure CO388 Stone Storage Building New Deal Structure CO389 Smokehouse New Deal Structure CO390 Barn New Deal Structure CO391 Infirmary New Deal Structure CO392 Fire Tower New Deal Structure CO720 Bellamy Road 1 Possible Archaic Diffuse lithic scatter, CO721 Bellamy Road 2 Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse lithic scatter, CO722 Bellamy Road 3 Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse lithic scatter, CO723 Bellamy Road 4 Alachua, Cades Pond, Diffuse artifact CO724 Bellamy Road 5 Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse lithic scatter, CO725 Bellamy Road 6 Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse lithic scatter, CO726 Bellamy Road 7 Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse lithic scatter, CO727 Bellamy Road 8 Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse lithic scatter, CO728 Bellamy Road 9 Cades Pond Diffuse artifact CO729 Bellamy Road 10 Alachua, Cades Pond Diffuse artifact CO730 Bellamy Road 11 Cades Pond Diffuse artifact CO731 Bellamy Road 12 Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse lithic scatter, CO732 Bellamy Road 13 Alachua, Hickory Pond, Diffuse artifact CO733 Bellamy Road 14 Alachua, Cades Pond, Diffuse artifact CO734 Bellamy Road 15 Prehistoric unspecified, Artifact scatter, CO735 Bellamy Road 16 Prehistoric unspecified, Artifact scatter, CO736 Bellamy Road 17 Prehistoric unspecified, Artifact scatter, AL3245 Bellamy Road 18 Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse lithic scatter, AL3246 Bellamy Road 19 Alachua Diffuse lithic scatter, AL3247 Bellamy Road 20 Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse lithic scatter, AL3248 Bellamy Road 21 Cades pond Diffuse lithic scatter,

A 6 - 3 O’Leno State Park And River Rise Preserve State Park Florida Master Site File Listed Cultural Sites

FMSF # Site Name Cultural Period Site Type

AL3249 Bellamy Road 22 Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse lithic scatter, extractive site, AL3250 Bellamy Road 23 Alachua, 1st Spanish Diffuse artifact AL3251 Bellamy Road 24 Cades Pond, Diffuse artifact AL3252 Bellamy Road 25 Late Archaic Diffuse lithic scatter, AL3253 Bellamy Road 26 Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse lithic scatter, AL3254 Bellamy Road 27 Prehistoric unspecified, Historic homestead, AL3255 Bellamy Road 28 Alachua, late archaic, Artifact scatter, AL3256 Bellamy Road 29 Prehistoric unspecified, Diffuse lithic scatter AL3257 Bellamy Road 30 Prehistoric unspecified Diffuse lithic scatter, AL3258 Bellamy Road 31 Prehistoric unspecified Campsite, diffuse

A 6 - 4 Addendum 7—Timber Management Analysis O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Timber Management Analysis

The timber assessment require by Chapters 253 and 259, Florida Statutes, was conducted by Scott Savery, Kelly McPherson, and Susanna Hetrick.

Stand 1

Stand 1 is an old field of approximately 50 acres that has been naturally colonized by slash, loblolly and a few longleaf pines. The long-term goal is to promote longleaf pine growth and regeneration. Timber harvest will be selective, removing loblolly pine and the less healthy slash pine in an attempt to reduce the susceptibility of the stand to the southern pine beetle. The thinning technique will leave sufficient pines to carry fire through the stand, but also create canopy openings of appropriate size (1/2 acre or larger) for planting longleaf pine seedlings. No longleaf pines will be removed. If feasible, off- site, invasive hardwoods will also be harvested.

The stand consists of mostly slash pines with loblolly and longleaf interspersed with approximately 100 to 160 pines per acre. Most trees are sawtimber, with some pulpwood-sized trees. Diameters range from 8 to 20 inches averaging 15 inches. Most dominant trees approach 90 feet or more in height. Hardwood trees are present on the site ranging from 0 to 60 trees per acre. Hardwood diameters range from 8 to 17 inches. Based on aerial photography, most dominant pines within the stand are approximately 55 years old. The stand overlaps two management zones with similar burn histories. Each zone has been burned 5 times in the last 15 years, approximately once every 3 years. The understory is typical of old field characterized by litter; laurel oak, sweetgum and red bay seedlings and saplings; shrubs such as sweetleaf; and in places grasses and herbs such as Andropogon spp. Numerous gopher tortoise borrows are present as well as signs of pocket gophers.

No known cultural resources lie within the stand, however several sinks are just to the east and a park residence is within the stand. A buffer strip will be maintained around sinks and park residence. Gopher tortoise burrows will be surveyed and marked, and a buffer established before harvesting commences. The stand is located just south of the park drive. A two-track park road leads south from the park drive into the stand. Access is good.

Thinning will be conducted at a time when southern pine beetle activity in the general area is minimal. The desired environmental conditions will be such that the remaining trees are not unduly stressed at the time of harvest so as to reduce the possibility of new beetle infestations.

Stand 2

Stand 2 is a 115-acre naturally colonized flatwoods site dominated by slash and loblolly pine. Timber removal will be selective. Harvesting will target mostly loblolly pines and suppressed and diseased slash pine. This management strategy is aimed at increasing stand resistance to the southern pine beetle and to create a more open environment to favor suppressed herbaceous species. No longleaf pine will be cut.

The stand consists of a fairly even mix of slash and loblolly pine with approximately 100 to 180 trees per acre. Pulpwood to sawtimber size product classes are present within the stand. Tree diameters range from 6 to 18 inches in diameter averaging 12 inches. Larger trees range from 80 to 100 feet in height. Hardwoods, primarily water oaks occur on site and range from 4 to 8 inches in diameter. The stand has been burned three times in 13 years approximately once every 4 years. Saw palmetto, gallberry, azalea, blueberries, and fetterbush dominate the understory. Many of the herbaceous species are suppressed. The northeastern portion of the stand, which grades into bottomland forest and is dominated by large loblolly pines, has been affected by a southern pine beetle infestation.

Two known cultural sites lie at the edge of the stand in addition to Bellamy Road to it’s north. A compliance review will be completed prior to harvesting and buffers will be established as necessary. The stand is located within River Rise Preserve south of the historic Bellamy Road. Access is to this site is poor. The Bellamy Road will not be used to access this stand to prevent damage to the historic

A 7 - 1 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Timber Management Analysis road from heavy truck traffic. Logging of this stand is contingent upon finding other suitable access.

Thinning will be conducted at a time when southern pine beetle activity in the general area is minimal. The desired environmental conditions will be such that the remaining trees are not unduly stressed at the time of harvest so as to reduce the possibility of new beetle infestations.

Stand 3

Stand 3 is a naturally seeded stand of mixed loblolly and longleaf pine comprising approximately 50 acres. Southern pine beetles attacked portions of this stand in 1995 and in 2001. Both times infestations were controlled through timber harvesting and in both cases longleaf pines were lost due to beetle attacks started in loblolly pines. Goals are to remove loblolly pine that are highly susceptible to future bark beetle attacks and to favor the development of a longleaf dominated stand that is naturally more resistant to beetle attacks. Timber harvesting will be selective. Harvesting will target loblolly pine. No longleaf pine will be harvested.

The stand consists of mixed age and mixed size loblolly and longleaf pines. Pine density ranges from 160 to 320 trees per acre averaging 200 trees per acre. Pulpwood to sawtimber size product classes are present within the stand. Pine tree diameter range from 6 to 14 inches. Dominant pine tree heights range from 80 to 90 feet or better. Hardwoods are also present at the site. Most hardwoods are desirable species and will not be targeted for harvest. The stand overlaps two management zones. The western portion, of which very little remains to be harvested has been burned 6 times in 23 years. The eastern portion has a similar burn history having been burned 5 times in 23 years. The understory is dominated by shrubs such as sweetleaf, and wax myrtle, but also has some intact groundcover including, wiregrass, fingergrass, dropseed, plumegrass and other herbaceous plants. Tree seedlings and saplings such as sweetgum, red bay and southern red oak also occur in the understory. This stand occurs on areas with slope. Access to the stand is good. A graded county road is nearby and the stand may be accessed through an old field.

Several cultural sites lie to the north of the stand, and a portion of the stand has been excluded from the proposed harvest area due to the presence of a cultural site. In addition, a “lost” cultural site, one that has not been located in many years, occurs in the area. Attempts will be made to locate this site before timber harvesting commences. Planning for the locations of skid trails and loading zones will consider slope and will be planned to minimize soil erosion.

Thinning will be conducted at a time when southern pine beetle activity in the general area is minimal. The desired environmental conditions will be such that the remaining trees are not unduly stressed at the time of harvest so as to reduce the possibility of new beetle infestations.

Prepared by: Kelly McPherson and Scott Savery

A 7 - 2

Addendum 8—Priority Schedule And Cost Estimates O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Priority Schedule And Cost Estimates

Estimates are developed for the funding and staff resources needed to implement the management plan based on goals, objectives and priority management activities. Funding priorities for all state park management and development activities are reviewed each year as part of the Division’s legislative budget process. The Division prepares an annual legislative budget request based on the priorities established for the entire state park system. The Division also aggressively pursues a wide range of other funds and staffing resources, such as grants, volunteers, and partnerships with agencies, local governments and the private sector for supplementing normal legislative appropriations to address unmet needs. The ability of the Division to implement the specific goals, objectives and priority actions identified in this plan will be determined by the availability of funding resources for these purposes.

1. Increase prescribed burning program to 10-20 burns (800-1100 acres) per year. 0-5 years. Average of $12,800/year for personnel and $5,500/year for equipment. Estimated Cost: $91,500. 2. Design and implement erosion control measures. Includes restrictive barriers, construction of designated access points, and interpretive signage around sinks and along riverbanks. Also includes design of a stormwater treatment system for the approach road, parking area and boat ramp at Bible Camp Road. 0-5 years. Estimated Cost: $40,000. 3. Continue, and expand, the large-scale replanting of areas clear cut during southern pine beetle suppression activities, using appropriate pine species, especially longleaf pine. 0-5 years. Estimate based on acres cut to date. Includes site prep and tree planting labor and materials. Estimated Cost: $40,000. 4. Target additional upland pine forest areas for restoration. Increase girdling and chemical treatment of offsite hardwoods in overgrown upland pine forest areas. Ten or more acres/year 0-5 years. Estimated Cost: $10,000. 5. Restore groundcover where necessary in areas clear-cut for southern pine beetle suppression. 0-5 years. Estimated Cost: $13,000. 6. Continue the exotics control program within the parks. Conduct follow-up treatments of exotics subsequent to their initial treatment via contract. Continue to monitor the parks for new infestations of exotic plants. Map and treat infestations as needed. 0-5 years. Includes equipment, herbicide and staff. Estimated Cost: $30,00.00. 7. Restore natural hydrology within the parks. Includes a surface water management system for Bible Camp Road sufficient to maintain natural flows between Buzzard Roost Prairie and its historic flow way that meanders south through O’Leno and removal or retrofitting of existing roads and causeways that disrupt natural sheet flow. 0-5 years. Estimated Cost: $100,000. 8. Improve the management of natural and cultural resources in the parks by pursuing an additional position, either park biologist or park service specialist. 0-5 years. Estimated Cost: $29,000. 9. Continue to monitor designated species within the park. Includes continued mapping of rare plant species, and monitoring of other designated species. Implement protective measures as needed. 0- 5 years. Estimated Cost: $15,000. 10. Enhance resource protection by securing boundaries of the parks. Includes survey of the park boundaries and fencing where needed. . 0-5 years. Estimated Cost: $30,000. 11. Preserve and protect historic structures and ruins within O’Leno. Includes historic structures reports to prioritize stabilization, to determine appropriate uses of structures, and to establish scheduled maintenance. Also includes stabilization of historic structures. 0-5 years. Estimated Cost: $250,000. 12. Record as yet unrecorded cultural resources within the parks. Includes beginning phase of architectural and archaeological surveys. 0-5 years. Estimated Cost: $100,000. 13. Preserve and protect archaeological sites. Includes professionally locating sites, and other protective measures. 0-5 years. Estimated Cost: $10,000.

A 8 - 1 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Priority Schedule And Cost Estimates

14. Develop a formal Scope of Collections Statement for each unit, inventory and catalog collections, provide for periodic assessment of collections conditions. 0-5 years. Estimated Cost $7,000. 15. Seek funding to execute the unfinished replica corduroy road element of the Historic Bellamy Road project. 0-5 years. Estimated Cost $2,000.

TOTAL ESTIMATED COST: $738,500.

A 8 - 2 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park

Priority Schedule And Cost Estimates

Item Quantity Unit Unit Price Multiplier Amount

Camping Areas Large Bathhouse 3.000 ea. $200,000.00 1.00 $600,000.00 Campground Road Improvements 1.500 mile $140,000.00 1.00 $210,000.00

Group Camp Barbecue Pit w/ Shelter 1.000 ea. $13,440.00 1.00 $13,440.00 Cabin Accessibility Upgrades 3.000 ea. $1,000.00 1.00 $3,000.00

Support Facilities 3 Bay Equipment Shelter 1.000 ea. $98,800.00 1.00 $98,800.00 3 Bay Shop Building 1.000 ea. $135,000.00 1.00 $135,000.00 Administrative Office 1.000 ea. $190,000.00 1.00 $190,000.00 Residence 2.000 ea. $170,000.00 1.00 $340,000.00 Sewage Treatment Plant 1.000 ea. $75,000.00 1.00 $75,000.00

Trails and Interpretation Interpretive Kiosk 3.000 ea. $20,000.00 1.00 $60,000.00 Interpretive Master Plan 1.000 ea. $6,000.00 1.00 $6,000.00 Interpretive Signs 6.000 ea. $5,000.00 1.00 $30,000.00

Sub-Total $1,761,240.00

20 Percent Design, Permitting and Contingency Fee $352,248.00

Total $2,113,488.00

NOTE: These preliminary cost estimates, based on Divisions standards, do not include costs for site-specific elements not evident at the conceptual level of planning. Additional costs should be investigated before finalizing budget estimates. All items fall in the new facility construction category © of the uniform cost accounting system required by ch. 259.037 F.S.

A 8 - 3 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Final Land Management Review Report LMR Review Date—October 8, 2002

Management Review Team Members

Agency Team member Team member Represented Appointed In attendance

DEP/DRP Kelly McPherson Kelly McPherson DEP South Florida District Don Jensen Don Jensen DACS/DOF Bill Korn Bill Korn FWCC Neal Eicholz Neal Eicholz Soil and Water Conservation Ken Morgan County Commission Michael Buono Tim Harris Conservation Organization Laura Butterfield Laura Butterfield Private Land Manager Paul Thomas Paul Thomas

Process for Implementing Regional Management Review Teams

Legislative Intent and Guidance: Chapter 259.036, F. S. was enacted in 1997 to determine whether conservation, preservation, and recreation lands owned by the state Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund (Board) are being managed properly. It directs the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) to establish land management review teams to evaluate the extent to which the existing management plan provides sufficient protection to threatened or endangered species, unique or important natural or physical features, geological or hydrological functions, and archaeological features. The teams also evaluate the extent to which the land is being managed for the purposes for which it was acquired and the degree to which actual management practices, including public access, are in compliance with the adopted management plan. If a land management plan has not been adopted, the review shall consider the extent to which the land is being managed for the purposes for which it was acquired and the degree to which actual management practices are in compliance with the management policy statement and management prospectus for that property. If the land management review team determines that reviewed lands are not being managed for the purposes for which they were acquired or in compliance with the adopted land management plan, management policy statement, or management prospectus, DEP shall provide the review findings to the Board, and the managing agency must report to the Board its reasons for managing the lands as it has. A report of the review findings are given to the managing agency under review, the Acquisition and Restoration Council, and to the Division of State Lands. Also, DEP shall report the annual review findings of its land management review teams to the Board no later than the second board meeting in October of each year.

Review Site

The management review of O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve SP considered approximately 6,274 acres in Alachua County that are managed by the Division of Recreation and Parks. The team evaluated the extent to which current management actions are sufficient, whether the land is being managed for the purpose for which it was acquired, and whether actual management practices, including public access, are in compliance with the management plan. The DRP revised the management plan on May 29, 1997, and the management plan update was due on May 29, 2002.

Review Team Determination

1. Is the land being managed for the purpose for which it was acquired? All team members agreed that O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park are being managed for the purpose for which they were acquired.

1 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Final Land Management Review Report LMR Review Date—October 8, 2002

2. Are actual management practices, including public access, in compliance with the management plan? Five team members agreed that actual management practices, including public access, were in compliance with the management plan for this site. Two team members did not agree that the actual management practices were in compliance with the management plan.

Commendations to the Managing Agency

The team commends the manager and staff on their interpretation and management of the cultural sites, including the CCC structures and the Bellamy road.

Exceptional Management Actions

The following items received high scores on the review team checklist that indicates that management actions exceeded expectations

1. Management and protection the sinkhole, upland mixed forest, basin swamp, dome, floodplain forest. Floodplain swamp, sinkhole lake, and swamp lake. 2. Protection, preservation and survey of the cultural resources. 3. Restoration of sinkhole communities. 4. Excellent control of non-native plants and animals. 5. Monitoring of the ground water quantity, and surface water quality and quantity. 6. Exceptional signage. 7. Excellent water access, parking and waste disposal.. 8. Exceptional recreational opportunities and interpretive facilities and signs.

Recommendations and Checklist Findings

Recommendations

The following recommendations resulted from a discussion and vote of review team members.

1. The team recommends that DRP continue addressing areas where there is a high density of off-site pines, to promote natural community restoration, and to improve forest health by selective thinning. Manager’s Response: Agree. The draft revision of the management plan now contains language that addresses natural community restoration in areas where there is a high density of off-site pines.

Checklist findings

The following items received low scores on the review team checklist which indicates that management actions, in the field, were insufficient (f) or that the issue was not sufficiently addressed in the management plan (p).

1. Discussion in the management plan listed plants and animals (p).

Manager’s Response: Agree. The draft revision of the management plan now contains a greatly expanded discussion of listed plants and animals.

2. Discussion in the management plan of the amount of acreage being burned (p)(f) and frequency of burns (f).

Manager’s Response: Agree. Staff will amend the draft revision of the management plan to include an expanded discussion of prescribed fire that will provide an estimate of the total acreage the park needs to burn each year in order to keep burn zones in maintenance condition.

2 O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Final Land Management Review Report LMR Review Date—October 8, 2002

3. Discussion in the management plan of the boat ramp(p).

Manager’s Response: Disagree. The Resource Management Component in the draft plan revision discusses environmental impacts of the boat ramp, which is maintained by Columbia County. Language will be added to describe the recreational function of the boat ramp.

4. Discussion in the management plan of inholdings and additions (f).

Manager’s Response: Agree. Text and Optimum Boundary maps in the Land Use Component of the plan need to be revised to reflect recently acquired knowledge about the ecological importance of several potential additions to River Rise Preserve State Park. Areas just east of River Rise Preserve that overlie a newly mapped cave system are especially critical. This cave system connects with the subterranean channel of the Santa Fe River near Sweetwater Lake in the park, and it contributes significant groundwater flow to the Santa Fe River.

5. Discussion in the management plan of staffing needs (f).

Manager’s Response: Agree. The draft revision of the management plan requests funding for a park biologist. Although additional staff is needed, no new staff can be assigned to this or any park unit unless the new positions are appropriated by the Legislature or reassigned from other units. Additional staff is needed by many of our parks, which is why we regularly seek positions, volunteers, and partners to help us overcome staff deficiencies.

3