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Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Safranin-T Dye Using

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Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Safranin-T Dye Using RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of safranin-T dye using functionalized graphene oxide Cite this: RSC Adv.,2018,8, 19659 nanosheet (FGS)/ZnO nanocomposites† Bhavani P. Nenavathu, *a Syam Kandula b and Swati Verma c Photocatalysts suffer from a lack of separation of photogenerated excitons due to the fast recombination of charge carriers, so a strong synergistic effect exhibited by photocatalysts is promising for effective photocatalysis. Herein, we have synthesized efficient visible light functionalized graphene oxide nanosheet (FGS)/ZnO nanocomposite photocatalysts via a simple and economical approach with large scale production for practical applications. A series of nanocomposites (FGS/ZnO NCs) with different amounts by weight of graphene oxide (GO) have been synthesized via a facile solution route followed by calcination under environmental conditions. The phase, purity and morphological studies of the synthesized FGS/ZnO NCs were carried out using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. electron microscopy (TEM). The optical properties were studied using UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). XRD results confirm the formation of a pure phase of ZnO in the FGS/ZnO NCs and TEM results show strongly adhered ZnO NPs on the surface of the FGS. DRS results confirm the extension of light absorption in the visible region while PL results confirm the effective separation of charge carriers in 0.09 wt% FGS/ZnO NCs. The synthesized photocatalyst efficiently degrades carcinogenic safranin-T dye under visible light illumination which is reported for the first time using FGS/ZnO nanocomposites. Photocatalytic studies confirm the higher photocatalytic activity of 0.09 wt% FGS/ZnO NCs (about 94.5%) towards the photodegradation of safranin-T dye in aqueous solution under visible light. The improved photocatalytic activity of 0.09 wt% This article is licensed under a Received 14th March 2018 FGS/ZnO NCs can be ascribed to the integrative synergistic effects of the enhanced adsorption capacity Accepted 11th May 2018 of safranin-T dye, effective separation of photogenerated excitons and effective interfacial hybridization DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02237b of FGS and ZnO NCs. The generation of reactive oxygen species was confirmed using terephthalic acid Open Access Article. Published on 31 May 2018. Downloaded 10/4/2021 11:58:03 PM. rsc.li/rsc-advances as a probe molecule and a scavenger test was conducted in presence of histidine. Introduction from many industries such as textile, paper, plastic, etc. Among them, textile industries are signicant consumers of various In the current decade, photocatalysis using either visible light organic dyes and release waste effluents into aqueous streams.4,5 or solar light has become one of the hot research areas due to In the catalogue of harmful dyes, azo dyes are commonly used in alarming levels of global warming caused by various industrial various industries and their associated colour in wastewater is pollutants.1–3 Organic dyes and their effluents have become the quite noticeable, and they are proven to be potentially carcino- – main sources of water contamination, which generally originate genic and teratogenic to aquatic life as well as the public.4 6 These azo dyes are easily water-soluble and difficult to remove or degrade due to their high solubility, stability and the composition aDepartment of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical ratio of the aromatic rings in their molecular structure. Most of University for Women, Delhi, 110006, India. E-mail: [email protected]. the azo dyes are known to be largely non-biodegradable in in; Tel: +91-11-23900275 aerobic conditions and they are also photochemically active.6,7 b Advanced Materials Institute for BIN Convergence Technology (BK21 Plus Global ff Program), Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National Therefore, huge research e orts have been devoted to destroying ffi University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of them e ciently in aqueous systems or dispersion systems using Korea UV and solar light. Photocatalysis using UV active semi- cDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur- conductors is quite difficult due to its limited use of the solar 208016, India spectrum. Additionally, photocatalysis using visible-light-active † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Photographs of the heteronanostructured semiconductors has shown remarkable samples, the effect of FGS concentration on adsorption of safranin-T dye, and reusability studies of FGS/ZnO NCs and pristine ZnO NPs. See DOI: progress due to its ease of operation, feasibility, reproducibility, 8–11 10.1039/c8ra02237b reliability, commercialization, etc. Photocatalytic degradation This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 RSC Adv.,2018,8, 19659–19667 | 19659 View Article Online RSC Advances Paper of organic dyes involves the following steps: (i) energy of a photon heterostructures and explored their use for the photocatalytic greater than or equal to the band gap energy of the semi- degradation of rhodamine B under UV light.33 Tian et al. have conductor is applied and electrons in the valence band are synthesized N, S co-doped graphene quantum dot (N, S-GQD)– – excited to the conduction band leaving the same amount of holes reduced graphene oxide (rGO) TiO2 nanotube (TiO2 NT) in the valence band, (ii) the photogenerated excitons can be composites and explored their use as visible light photocatalysts trapped by dissolved oxygen in aqueous solution resulting in the for the degradation of methyl orange.34 Tian et al. have fabricated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), for instance cOH, and a ternary hybrid of meso-TiO2/RGO/CdS and used it as a photo- (iii) the ROS can attack and mineralize the adsorbed organic dye catalyst for the degradation of methylene orange under simulated 12–14 35 molecules. To date, ZnO and TiO2 based photocatalysts have sunlight. In addition to these reports, various ZnO and gra- been widely studied because of their strong oxidizing power, non- phene based composite photocatalysts were employed for the toxic nature, low cost and ease of fabrication and because they are degradation of various organic dyes as well as the conversion of environmentally friendly.12–15 But the photocatalytic efficiency of toxic gases to environmentally friendly products.36–43 these individual materials remains very low because of the fast In the present study, a facile, economical and simple recombination of photogenerated excitons in the single phase chemical approach for the synthesis of FGS/ZnO nano- semiconductor. To overcome this drawback, these semi- composites has been reported. The synthesized FGS/ZnO conductor nanomaterials can be coated, deposited or combined nanocomposites were explored as photocatalysts for the pho- with other metals, semiconductors or carbon based mate- todegradation of safranin-T (3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl 14,16–18 ¼ À1 rials. These nanocomposites can exhibit better and tunable chloride, C20H19N4Cl, MW 350.85 g mol ) in an aqueous physicochemical properties as compared to those of their counter solution under visible light irradiation. Some of the reported parts. In the case of the carbon family, graphene has been paid photocatalysts are only useful under UV light which may not be more interest because of its unique optoelectronic properties and applicable for practical real-life applications, while the synthetic many excellent attributes, such as large specic surface area and process of some of the other reported photocatalysts is more 19,20 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. high transparency. Meanwhile, graphene oxide (GO) has been complicated. Moreover, the proposed synthetic method could receiving increasing attention because it possesses identical be useful for the large scale production of photocatalysts for real properties to graphene as well as a special surface structure with life practical applications. In addition, the photodegradation of many hydroxyl and carboxyl groups that help to make various safranin-T has been explored for the rst time using an FGS/ heteronanostructures on its surface.21 Recent studies have ZnO photocatalyst and we found excellent photocatalytic revealed that the governing factors for improving the efficiency of activity towards the photodegradation of safranin-T. a photocatalyst include increasing the adsorptivity of organic dyes, extending light absorption in the visible range of the solar Experimental spectrum and efficient charge separation and transportation of This article is licensed under a charge carriers to the surface of the photocatalyst, etc.22,23 Graphite powder (<20 mm, Sigma-Aldrich), sulphuric acid Therefore, it is believed that the anchoring of well-organized ZnO (99.99%, Rankem), potassium permanganate (99.0%, Rankem), ff NPs on GO nanosheets can e ectively utilize the combinative H2O2 (30.0%, Rankem), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (99.5%, Ran- Open Access Article. Published on 31 May 2018. Downloaded 10/4/2021 11:58:03 PM. features of ZnO and GO to attain a photocatalyst with superior kem), aqueous ammonia (30.0%, Rankem), ammonium bicar- performance. Junli et al. have synthesized ZnO/graphene oxide bonate (99.0%, Rankem), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, MW ¼
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