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The Scuttle Fly (Diptera: Phoridae) Assemblages of Pine Plantations of the Biala Forest (Poland)

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The Scuttle Fly (Diptera: Phoridae) Assemblages of Pine Plantations of the Biala Forest (Poland) © Entomologica Fennica. 28 October 2009 The scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) assemblages of pine plantations of the Biala Forest (Poland) Ewa Durska Durska, E. 2009: The scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) assemblages ofpine planta- tions of the Biala Forest (Poland). — Entomol. Fennica 20: 170—178. Scuttle fly diversity in disturbed habitats was evaluated on plots in pine planta- tions ofPoland’s Biala Forest. The assemblages present in the two years were as- sessed for the abundance of species, dominance structure, similarity and species richness, as well as in regard to indices ofspecies diversity, evenness and fidelity. Megaselia brevicostalis was the first dominant on each of the three plots and in both study years. The number of species and their abundance was greatest on the turn ofAugust and September. Most ofthe dominants and characteristic species are multivoltine, showing spring and late summer/autumn activity. E. Darska, Department ofEcology andBiodiversity, Museum andInstitute ono— ology, PAS, Wilcza 64, 00—679 Warsaw, Poland; Email: edarska@miiz. waw.pl Received: 2 April 2008, accepted 5 Jane 2008 1. Introduction strongly to habitat pollution. An increase in pol- lution brings about significant changes in the pro- Phoridae (scuttle flies) constitute one ofthe most portion of trophic groups and the number of spe- abundant and diverse families of Diptera of cies with zoophagous larvae decreases while that woodlands, meadows, agroecosystems and urban of saprophagous increases (Durska 1996). habitats. To date, over 3200 species have been de- During my studies in the BialowieZa Primeval scribed, a quarter of these from the Palaearctic Forest I also stated that scuttle fly assemblages Region (Disney 1991). might be regarded not only as highly indicatory As recent studies make clear, assemblages of because oftheir sensitivity to habitat changes but scuttle flies not only offer an effective representa- also ofpossessing specific groups of characteris- tion of biodiversity, but also serve in investiga- tic species in all four age-classes (pine plantation, tions of habitat recolonisation (Disney 1994; young-growth stand, timber stand and old- Durska 2001a, 2002, 2003, 2006, Prescher et al. growth stand) (Durska 2001a). 2002; Disney & Durska 2008). It is known that “a complex ecosystem offers In my previous studies, I found that the scuttle more options than a simpler one when placed un- fly assemblage in pine plantations greatly dif- der stress” (Moore 2005), and habitat heterogene- fered in its species composition from the assem- ity due to such disturbances as cutting, grazing, blages in the older age-classes of the succession wildfires or windthrow may create very similar series of moist pine forest in the BialowieZa Pri- conditions for patch-assemblages of insects as meval Forest. I observed a complete exchange of within a patch surrounded by older-phase stands dominant species even in young-growth (Durska (Tschamtke & Brandl 2004). Indeed, disturbance 2001a) may be one of the factors controlling species di- The scuttle fly assemblages also react very versity (Ostman et al. 2006; Tanner & Belling- ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 20 ° Phoridae ofthe Biaia Forest, Poland 171 ham 2006). There is little information on how dis- in 1986. Distances between the plots did not ex- turbances affect the diversity of Phoridae in the ceed 5 km. earliest phase of succession. Only my investiga- Scuttle flies were collected using yellow plas- tions (Durska 2001a, 2006) in the pine planta- tic pans, 18 cm in diameter, containing water so- tions in the BialowieZa Primeval Forest and the lution of75% ethylene glycol for conservation of Tuchola Forest, and those by Prescher et al. the insects and some detergent (Bankowska & (2002) in the chestnut belt of the Alps after Garbarczyk 1982). Flies were thus sampled using wildfires, provides comparable data. five such traps installed (dispersed) on the ground The aim ofmy work was thus to determine the on each plot. Trapping continued from April structure ofthe assemblages of scuttle flies found through to October, with traps emptied fort- on small plots in pine plantations established fol- nightly. lowing clear—cutting in the moist pine forest habi- The use of the yellow plastic pans provides tats ofBiala Forest in Poland, as well as to docu- for the collection of material from both the can- ment the attendant phenology. opy and forest floor (Durska 1996, 2001a). Dis- In this paper, I examine the abundance of spe- ney (2004) reported yellow-trap selectivity for cies, dominance structure, similarity and species particular scuttle fly species while it is known that richness, as well as species diversity, evenness colour (from red via orange to yellow) can manip- and habitat fidelity (considering the level ofsimi- ulate “the direction of flies’ movements and as- larity of assemblages in stands in the old-growth sists the prolongation of the search for food” phase). (Lunau et al. 2005). Overall, studies using yellow pans by myself and others, confirm that ca. 70% of all Phoridae caught are flies of the genus 2. Materials and methods Megaselia (Disney 1994, Durska 1996, 2001a, 2006). In turn, studies by Goos (1975) on flying 2.1. Study area and sampling insects in sugar-beet plantations combine with my own investigations (Durska 1996, 2001a, This study formed a part of a wider research on 2006) to confirm the status ofthe Phoridae among the secondary succession of scuttle fly assem- the families ofDiptera caught most abundantly in blages in moist pine forest habitat, and was car- yellow pans. ried out in Biala Forest in Poland (52°30’—53°00’ N, 20°40’—21°30’ E) in 1986 and 1987. This is a large forest complex (over 64,000 ha) on the P01- 2.2. Statistical analyses ish Lowland with a preponderance of managed tree stands. Plant communities of moist pine fo- I confined my analysis of scuttle fly assemblages rest habitat are represented there by the associa- to the male individuals of all genus present, as tion Peucedano—Pinetum Mat, in its Sarmatian most Megaselia females are not identifiable to variant (Matuszkiewicz et al. 1993). species level at our present state of knowledge According to phytosociological analyses in and so have only been identified to genus level. the area there are slight differences in floristic In describing the assemblages, I took account composition between old-growth and clearings of the relative abundance of males of different with young tree seedlings (Matuszkiewicz et al. species, as well as the dominance structures, per- 1993). Under natural conditions, Scots pine is forming calculations for each plot and each study eliminated by Norway spruce, which shades the year. In terms of the male individuals, “Domi- understorey severely. Clear cutting is therefore nant” species were those with a relative abun- employed commonly to facilitate the regenera- dance 2 1%. tion of pine from seed. I calculated the Shannon-Weaver diversity Three plots (ca. 5 ha) were randomly selected index (H) using the data from each plot, in accor- within even-aged pine plantations. The plots dance with the formula: (coded 62g, 34fand 3271) had either two-year-old pines (34f) or three-year—old pines (62g and 32m) ’=—Zpilogepi (1) 172 Durska ' ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 20 where pi = Ni/N; Ni is the number of individuals F: a/b >< 100 (5) ofthe i-th species and N the total number of indi- viduals. The diversity index (H 3 was calcutated where a = the number of individuals of a given for each study year and the differences between species in a given habitat, and b = the total num- the years were tested using x_-test (Magurran ber of individuals of a given species in all com- 1988) pared habitats. To assess the habitat fidelity of as- My analysis for evenness involved the for- semblages to the study area, I compared the scut- mula: tle fly assemblages of pine plantations (three plots) with those ofBiala Forest stands in the old- J’ = H ’/loges (2) growth phase (also three plots, previous data; Durska 1996), five yellow pans being hung up on where s is the species richness (species number). the crowns of trees on each, during the same two I also applied Spearman rank correlation co- study seasons (1986 and 1987, simultaneous trap- efficients (rs) in comparing the scuttle fly assem- ping period in pine plantations and old-growth blages from the two years. I made further be- stands). I trapped from April through to October, tween-year comparisons of the assemblages us- emptying traps fortnightly at the same time in the ing two similarity indices: Sorensen’s quotient two habitats compared (pine plantations and old- (So) (Sorensen 1948) and Morisita’s quotient growth stands in 1986 and 1987) (Durska 1996). (M0) as modified by Horn (1966). The former is I also compared the seasonal and inter-annual based on presences and absences of species: changes in the abundance (number of individu- als) and species richness (number of species) of SQ = 2a/b+c (3) the scuttle fly assemblages from 1986 and 1987. where: a is the number of common species, b is the number of species of the first assemblage 3. Results (1986) and c is the number of species of the sec- ond assemblage (1987). IusedM0 to calculate the I collected a total of 6155 adult individuals of similarity ofdominance structures in respect to all phorid flies (3506 in 1986 and 2649 in 1987), at- species or dominants (abundance 2 1%) in the tributing these to 52 scuttle fly species (42 in 1986 pine plantation assemblages obtained in the two and 44 in 1987), and thus obtaining almost 50% years. The formula is: of the Phoridae known from pine plantations on the Polish Lowland (Disney 1991, Durska 2001a, 2ixiyi b, Durska 2006). (Tables 1—2). The number ofre- i:1 M0 = (4) corded species varied from 23 to 31 in the study ixaz+iyaz plots.
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