China Officinalis (Cinchona Officinalis)
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Plant Systematics Economic Botany and Ethnobotany
CORE PAPER- VIII PLANT SYSTEMATICS ECONOMIC BOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY UNIT - III Rubiaceae Systematic position Class-Dicotyledons Sub class -Gamopetalae Series –Inferae Order - Rubiales Family-Rubiaceae Distribution of Rubiaceae: It is commonly known as Madder or Coffee family. It includes 6000 species and 500 genera. In India it is represented by 551 species. The members of this family are distributed in tropics, sub-tropics and temperate regions. Vegetative characters Habit and Habitatat. Trees -Adina cordifolia Shrubs- Gardenia (mostly), some are twinners- Paederia Climbers -Uncaria Herbs -Gallium Epiphytic eg Hymenopogon parasiticus Helophytic, or mesophytic, or xerophytic, or hydrophytic (Limnosipanea). Majority are perennials a few annuals, cultrivated as well as wild Root –branched tap root Stem- aerial,erect or weak, cylindrical or angular herbaceous Gallium or woody ,armed with spines Randia dementorum ,glabrous,pubescent hairy or smooth Stephegyne, branched, dichasial cymein Gallium. Leaf - Cauline and ramal Leaves stipulate. Stipules interpetiolar (between the petioles , or intrapetiolar; between the petiole and axis .leafy Gallium divided Borreria hair like Pentas sometimes fused to form a sheath GardeniaPetiolate, subsessile or sessile Gallium Leaves opposite Cinchona or whorled Gallium simple; Lamina entire; Cinchona opposite decussate Ixora ), reticulate Floral characters: Inflorescence- Flowers aggregated in ‘inflorescences’, or solitary (less often); in cymes, or in panicles, Cinchona or in heads (rarely, e.g. Morindeae, Gardenia). The ultimate inflorescence units compound cyme MussaendaInflorescences with involucral bracts (when capitate), or without involucral bracts; Flowers -Bracteate Gardenia ebracteate Cinchona Bracts persistant –Hymenopogan Pedicellate,subsessile Gardenia sessile RandinBracteolate or ebracteolate, complete or incomplete actinomorphic,, Rarely Zygomorphic Randeletin bisexual unisexual Coprosma , epigynous regular; mostly 4 merous, or 5 merous; cyclic; tetracyclic. -
God's Healing Leaves: the Colonial Quest for Medicinal Plants in The
GOD’S HEALING LEAVES: THE COLONIAL QUEST FOR MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE TORRID ZONE* ROBERT VOEKS and CHARLOTTE GREENE ABSTRACT. The colonial era witnessed a fevered quest for exotic medicinal plants by Eur- opean physicians and scientists. This essay explores the geographical principles that oriented the search towards the lands and peoples of the humid tropics. Believing that God had planted botanical cures for diseases in their places of origin, medicinal plant collectors concentrated their efforts in the pestilential equatorial latitudes. Although many subscribed to the ancient Doctrine of Signatures, colonial bioprospectors discov- ered early that indigenous and diasporic peoples represented storehouses of plant knowl- edge. Assuming that native knowhow constituted more instinct than intelligence, Europeans employed coercion, bribes, torture, and promises of freedom to extract their ethnomedical secrets. In the case of especially lucrative healing plants, imperial and colo- nial entities conspired to pilfer and naturalize endemic species in their distant colonies. In response to this legacy of inappropriate exploitation of native peoples and tropical plants during the colonial era, most present day bioprospectors follow established codes of ethnobotanical ethics. Keywords: Medicine, botany, tropical rainforest. In the late-twentieth century, the public’s attention was drawn to the world’s tropical rainforests, not just as exotic bestiaries and biodiversity hotspots, but as sources of miracle-cure drug plants. Popular magazines and books touted the pharmaceutical potential of rainforest vegetation, citing for example the case of quinine derived from South American cinchona trees, the historical remedy for malaria, and especially the 1970s discovery of vincristine from the Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), the highly-successful therapy for childhood leukemia. -
Cinchona Pubescens Quinine Tree Rubiaceae
Cinchona pubescens Quinine tree Rubiaceae Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i January, 2003 OVERVIEW Cinchona pubescens, native from Andean South America north to Costa Rica, has been cultivated in various tropical regions of the world mainly for use in the production of quinine, a medicine used to treat malaria, which is obtained from the root and bark of the tree. In some places where C. pubescens is cultivated, such as Galapagos and Hawai'i, it is spreading from initial plantings, invading nearby forests, forming dense thickets, and crowding out native plants. In Hawai'i, Cinchona plantations were planted as early as 1868 on Maui with later plantings by state foresters on O'ahu, Maui, and Hawai'i in the first half of the 1900's (Wagner et al. 1999). C. pubescens was reported as naturalized in 1978 from the island of Hawai'i and in 1987 from Maui (Wagner et al. 1999). On Maui, C. pubescens is locally abundant in the Makawao Forest Reserve of East Maui in areas near original plantings and alien forestry plantations, along old roads, and in thick native mixed mesic to wet forests. Though seed production is heavy, this species does not seem to disperse very far from original plants. Though locally abundant, it is fairly far along in its invasion process, and the terrain is very difficult, including steep gulches and thick under-story vegetation, making control of this species difficult. While eradication of C. pubescens in the Makawao Forest Reserve would be difficult, controlling small populations in pockets of rich native vegetation may help contain the infestation and slow the degradation of the remaining native forests in the area. -
The First Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Quinine
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 3239-3242 3239 The First Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Quinine Gilbert Stork,* Deqiang Niu, A. Fujimoto,† Emil R. Koft,‡ James M. Balkovec,§ James R. Tata,§ and Gregory R. Dake⊥ Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Columbia UniVersity, New York, New York 10027 ReceiVed December 22, 2000 Abstract: The first entirely stereoselective total synthesis of (-)-quinine is reported. Introduction Quinine (1)1 has occupied a central place among the many plant alkaloids which are used in medicine. For over three centuries, and until relatively recently, it was the only remedy available to deal with malaria,2 a disease from which millions have died.3-5 Rational attempts to synthesize quinine started early in the first half of the twentieth century6,7 and eventually resulted in total syntheses in which 3 of the 4 asymmetric centers in the molecule were established stereoselectively. 8,9 An entirely Figure 1. stereoselective synthesis of quinine has, however, not yet been achieved. This paper reports our successful efforts to meet this empirical formula of quinine, C20H24N2O2, had only recently challenge. been settled, tried to produce the alkaloid by the oxidation of We first put our work in context with a brief survey of some what was supposedly an N-allyl toluidine (C10H13N) according + ) + 10 of the previous synthetic efforts toward quinine. They go back to the equation 2(C10H13N) 3O C20H24N2O2 H2O. almost a century and a half. One of the early attempts has Although the arithmetic was suggestive, it is hardly surprising become part of the history and legend of chemistry: the well- that Perkin did not obtain quinine. -
3 Plants for Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases
3 Plants for Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases GENERAL CONCEPT Each year in the United States more than 1 million people are diagnosed with cancer, and about 500,000 people die from the disease. For the most part, the reason that cancer is a fatal disease is that cancer cells can invade through, and metastasize to, distant organs in the body. The hallmarks of malignant neoplastic tissue are unregulated cell proliferation, invasiveness, and metastasis to distant sites in the body. Surgery and radiotherapy can eradicate localized tumors but may fail because the cancer may have metastasized to other areas of the body; chemotherapy, if used properly, may control or eliminate metastasis. The array of drugs used for the treatment of cancer includes antimetabolites (methotrexate [Trexall®]), fluoouracil (Efudex®), mercaptopurine (Puri-Nethol®), cytarabine (Cytosar®), covalent DNA-binding drugs (nitrogen mustards, alkylating agents), noncovalent binding drugs (anthracyclines), antiestrogens, and inhibitors of chromatin function. Examples of inhibitors of chromatin function derived from flowering plants (Fig. 80) are etoposide (lignan) and alkaloids camptothecin, Vinca alkaloids, and 7 epitaxol. The rhi- zome of Podophyllum peltatum L. (May apple, Berberidaceae) has been used to remove warts and to relieve the bowels from costiveness since very early times. It contains podophyllo- toxin, a cytotoxic lignan from which etoposide (Vepesid®), which is used to treat lung cancer, lymphomas, and leukemias on account of its ability to inhibit the activity of From: Ethnopharmacology of Medicinal Plants: Asia and the Pacific Edited by: C. Wiart © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ 155 156 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS: ASIA AND THE PACIFIC topoisomerase, has been semisynthetically developed Attempts to verify the reputed anti- diabetic property of Catharanthus roseus G. -
Phylogeny of the Tribe Cinchoneae (Rubiaceae), Its Position in Cinchonoideae, and Description of a New Genus, Ciliosemina
54 (1) • February 2005: 17–28 Andersson & Antonelli • Phylogeny of Cinchoneae MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS Phylogeny of the tribe Cinchoneae (Rubiaceae), its position in Cinchonoideae, and description of a new genus, Ciliosemina Lennart Andersson* & Alexandre Antonelli Botanical Institute, Göteborg University, P. O. Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. alexandre.antonelli@ botany.gu.se (author for correspondence) Relationships of and within the Rubiaceae tribe Cinchoneae were estimated based on DNA sequence variation in five loci: the ITS region, the matK and rbcL genes, the rps16 intron, and the trnL-F region including the trnL intron and the trnL-F intergenic spacer. Within Cinchonoideae s.s., the tribe Naucleeae is the sister group of a clade that comprises all other taxa. Cinchoneae and Isertieae s.s., are strongly supported as sister groups. The tribe Cinchoneae is strongly supported as monophyletic in a restricted sense, including the genera Cinchona, Cinchonopsis, Joosia, Ladenbergia, Remijia and Stilpnophyllum. There is strong support that these genera are monophyletic as presently conceived, except that one species mostly referred to Remijia is of uncer- tain phylogenetic affinity. To accommodate this species and a morphologically closely similar one, a new genus, Ciliosemina A. Antonelli, is proposed and two new combinations are made. KEYWORDS: Cinchona, Cinchoneae, Cinchonopsis, Joosia, Ladenbergia, Remijia, Stilpnophyllum, Rubiaceae; ITS, matK, rbcL, rps16 intron, trnL-F. oideae. Bremekamp (e.g., 1966) revised Schumann’s INTRODUCTION classification and redefined Cinchonoideae to comprise Traditionally (e.g., Candolle, 1830; Schumann, only genera without raphides, with imbricate or valvate 1891, 1897; Robbrecht, 1988), the tribe Cinchoneae has corolla aestivation and testa cells with coarsely pitted been circumscribed to include about 50 genera with basal walls. -
Cinchona Or the Peruvian Bark
HISTORY PLANTS AGAINST MALARIA PART 1: CINCHONA OR THE PERUVIAN BARK M.R. Lee, Emeritus Professor of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Edinburgh One of the most compelling sagas in the history of were prepared to use their knowledge of the bark to aid medicine and therapeutics is the emergence of the their struggles for power within the Church! Peruvian bark (Cinchona) and also of the pharma- cologically active substance derived from it, quinine. Its An important ecclesiastical figure, Cardinal de Lugo, now discovery involved exploration, exploitation and secrecy, emerges to take the initiative in the history of Cinchona and it came, in the nineteenth century, to reflect the (Figure 1). De Lugo was born in Madrid in 1585 but struggles of the major European powers for domination, spent his early years in Seville where he later became a territory and profit. This short history shows how the Jesuit priest.4 In 1621 he was transferred to the Collegium use of Cinchona enabled the exploration of dangerous Romanum in Rome, then the leading educational malarial areas and in this way facilitated imperial institution of the Jesuits. He taught there with distinction expansion by the Western powers. from his arrival until 1643. Initially de Lugo probably obtained the Peruvian bark from Father Tafur S.J. and, impressed by his preliminary trials of its efficacy, he THE PERUVIAN; JESUIT’S OR CARDINAL’S BARK purchased large amounts of it at his own expense. Many physicians are familiar with the story of the Countess Sturmius, a contemporary, reported that de Lugo ‘gave it of Chinchón, wife of the Viceroy of Peru; it was claimed gratis to the fevered poor, on condition only, that they by Bado that she was cured of a certain ague by did not sell it and that they presented a physician’s Cinchona bark sometime in the late 1620s or early statement about the illness’. -
Woody and Herbaceous Plants Native to Haiti for Use in Miami-Dade Landscapes1
Woody and Herbaceous Plants Native to Haiti For use in Miami-Dade Landscapes1 Haiti occupies the western one third of the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic the remainder. Of all the islands within the Caribbean basin Hispaniola possesses the most varied flora after that of Cuba. The plants contained in this review have been recorded as native to Haiti, though some may now have been extirpated due in large part to severe deforestation. Less than 1.5% of the country’s original tree-cover remains. Haiti’s future is critically tied to re- forestation; loss of tree cover has been so profound that exotic fast growing trees, rather than native species, are being used to halt soil erosion and lessen the risk of mudslides. For more information concerning Haiti’s ecological plight consult references at the end of this document. For present purposes all of the trees listed below are native to Haiti, which is why non-natives such as mango (the most widely planted tree) and other important trees such as citrus, kassod tree (Senna siamea) and lead tree (Leucanea leucocephala) are not included. The latter two trees are among the fast growing species used for re-forestation. The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History’s Flora of the West Indies was an invaluable tool in assessing the range of plants native to Haiti. Not surprisingly many of the listed trees and shrubs 1 John McLaughlin Ph.D. U.F./Miami-Dade County Extension Office, Homestead, FL 33030 Page | 1 are found in other parts of the Caribbean with some also native to South Florida. -
Swietenia Febrifuga and the Cinchona Substitutes
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Kent Academic Repository Medical History, 2010, 54: 75–94 Empire and Alternatives: Swietenia febrifuga and the Cinchona Substitutes PRATIK CHAKRABARTI * Introduction This paper focuses on a cinchona substitute, the Swietenia febrifuga (also known as Soymida febrifuga1), whose medical virtues for treating intermittent fevers were discov- ered in India around 1791 by William Roxburgh, the English East India Company (EEIC) surgeon in charge of the Company’s botanical garden in Samulcottah (north of Chennai or Madras). The bark was subsequently subjected to several experiments in three main cities, Samulcottah, Madras (the EEIC headquarters on the east coast of India) and Tranquebar (the Danish base on the same coast). The research and promotion of the bark were carried out by Roxburgh, other surgeons, missionaries and also the EEIC’s commercial agents. One reason for such an interest in the bark was the commercial incentive to find local alternatives to cinchona. Monopolies of trade required availability and cultivability of similar species of commercial commodities within areas of control. Another was scien- tific. The bark promised a cure for a major disease for Europeans in the colonies and the search for a substitute had become a global scientific obsession. For botanists like Roxburgh, who were based in India, the discovery of a cinchona substitute was one of the few ways of achieving international recognition. Moreover, the scientific ambiguity of the most suitable species of cinchona prompted the trial of many alternatives in differ- ent regions. By focusing on the identification and scientific analyses of Swietenia and other similar substitutes, both in India and in England, this paper first investigates the trajectories of the search for medical alternatives in the empire through the burgeoning networks of trade and natural history. -
The Politics of Knowledge in Spain's Royal Monopoly Of
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Empire’s Experts: The Politics of Knowledge in Spain’s Royal Monopoly of Quina (1751-1808) A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History (Science Studies) by Matthew James Crawford Committee in charge: Professor John A. Marino, Co-Chair Professor Naomi Oreskes, Co-Chair Professor Paula De Vos Professor Marcel Henaff Professor Christine Hunefeldt Professor Robert S. Westman 2009 © Matthew James Crawford, 2009 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Matthew James Crawford is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2009 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ….……………………………………………………………………………iii Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………….iv List of Illustrations and Tables ….……………………………………………………………v Acknowledgements ….……………………………………………………………………….vi Vita …………………………………………………………………………………………….x Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….xiii Introduction: Empire, Experts, and the Estanco de Quina in the Spanish Atlantic World ….…………………………………………………1 PART I: THE RULE OF THE LOCAL ...…………………………………………………...39 Chapter 1: The “Necessary and Pious” Destiny of Quina: The Culture of Knowledge Production in the Spanish Empire (1751-1768) …………..40 Chapter 2: Imperial Science Inaction: Cooperation and Contention in the Estanco de Quina (c.1773) ...……………………………………………..99 Chapter 3: Not Expertise but “Vain Science:” South American Perspectives -
Cinchona Tree Bark
CINCHONA TREE BARK [The bark of the Cinchona tree] has turned out to be more precious for humanity than all the gold and silver that the Spaniards have removed from Peru. 17th century doctor Sebastiano Bado In the 17th century a Spanish priest in Peru – Agostino Salumbrino (1561–1642) – an apothecary (pharmacist) by training, had observed the native Peruvians using the bark of the cinchona tree to reduce symptoms of malaria, a recurring fever caused by a blood parasite. Salumbrino sent a small quantity to Rome for testing, as, at that time, malaria was common in the swamps and marshes surrounding Rome and was responsible Scientific name for the death of countless Roman citizens. In the years that followed, cinchona bark became one of the most Cinchona officinalis valuable commodities shipped from Peru to Europe. Common names The active ingredient of the bark, quinine, was isolated Holy bark, Peruvian bark and named in 1820 by two French scientists, Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou. The Where found name they gave to it was derived from the name the native Peruvians used for the bark, quina or South America quina-quina, which roughly means !bark of bark" or !holy bark". Therapeutic ingredient Quinine Large-scale use of quinine as a preventative treatment started around 1850. It remained the anti-malarial drug Used to treat of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs replaced it. Since then, many effective treatments for malaria have Malaria been introduced, although quinine is still used to treat the disease in certain critical situations; even though quinine can be produced synthetically, Cinchona trees remain the only economically practical source of the drug. -
Classification of Plants
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS Bonnie Okonek Linda Morganstein, editor Medicinal plants sold in Asuncion, Paraguay,in a plant market. Photo by Steven R. King, 1996. INTRODUCTION: WHAT'S IN A NAME? "A rose is a rose," it has been said. And most of us know a rose when we see one, as we know the African marigolds we plant beside the potatoes and beans in our gardens, and the maples, elms, cedars, and pines that shade our backyards and line our streets. We usually call these plants by their common names. But if we wanted to know more about the cedar tree in our front yard, we would find that "cedar" may refer to an eastern red cedar, an incense cedar, a western red cedar, an Atlantic white cedar, a Spanish cedar, a banak cedar, or the biblical cedar of Lebanon. In fact, we would find that cedars are found in three separate plant families. Later, after discovering that our "African" marigolds are in fact from Mexico and our "Spanish" cedar originated in the West Indies, we would realize how misleading the common names of plants can be. The same plant can have many different common names. The Euro- pean white lily has at least 245, while the marsh marigold has at least 280. Clearly, if we use only the common name of a plant, we cannot be sure of understanding very much about that plant. It is for this reason that the scientific community prefers to use a more precise way of naming, or classification. Scientific classification, how- ever, is more than just naming: it is a key to understanding.