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Biologia Populacional E Dieta De Stellifer Rastrifer (Jordan, 1889), S

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Biologia Populacional E Dieta De Stellifer Rastrifer (Jordan, 1889), S Maíra Pombo Biologia populacional e dieta de Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan, 1889), S. stellifer (Bloch, 1790) e S. brasiliensis (Schultz, 1945) (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) na Enseada de Caraguatatuba (SP) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, área de Oceanografia Biológica Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alexander Turra São Paulo 2010 Universidade de São Paulo Instituto Oceanográfico Biologia populacional e dieta de Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan, 1889), S. stellifer (Bloch, 1790) e S. brasiliensis (Schultz, 1945) (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) na Enseada de Caraguatatuba (SP) Maíra Pombo Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, área de Oceanografia Biológica Julgada em __/__/____ _____________________________________ _______________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Conceito _____________________________________ _______________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Conceito _____________________________________ _______________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Conceito i Sumário AGRADECIMENTOS....................................................................................................vi RESUMO.......................................................................................................................ix ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................x INTRODUÇÃO...............................................................................................................1 CAPÍTULO 1 - Biologia populacional de Stellifer rastrifer, S. brasiliensis e S. stellifer na Enseada de Caraguatatuba, Litoral Norte de São Paulo, Brasil...................................10 INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................................10 OBJETIVOS............................................................................................................13 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS.........................................................................................14 Procedimentos amostrais....................................................................................14 Processamento das amostras e análise dos dados............................................16 RESULTADOS.........................................................................................................18 Abundância relativa, distribuição espaço-temporal e características sexuais.....18 Relação peso/comprimento e fator de condição.................................................25 DISCUSSÃO...........................................................................................................28 Abundância relativa e distribuição espaço-temporal...........................................28 Relação peso/comprimento e fator de condição.................................................34 CAPÍTULO 2 – Variação sazonal e interespecífica na dieta de espécies simpátricas de Stellifer (Sciaenidae) na Enseada de Caraguatatuba, SP, Brasil..................................39 INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................................39 OBJETIVOS............................................................................................................42 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS.........................................................................................42 RESULTADOS.........................................................................................................48 DISCUSSÃO...........................................................................................................70 CAPÍTULO 3 – Aspectos reprodutivos e crescimento de Stellifer rastrifer na Enseada de Caraguatatuba, Litoral Norte de São Paulo, Brasil..................................................88 INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................................88 OBJETIVOS............................................................................................................90 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS.........................................................................................90 Análise dos dados...............................................................................................90 RESULTADOS.........................................................................................................93 Variação da abundância e tamanho entre os sexos e índice gonadossomático..93 Crescimento e mortalidade.................................................................................98 DISCUSSÃO.........................................................................................................102 Variação na abundância e tamanho entre os sexos e índice gonadossomático102 Crescimento e mortalidade...............................................................................105 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS.......................................................................................108 LITERATURA CITADA................................................................................................110 ii Lista de Figuras Figura 1. Representação dos cienídeos Stellifer rastrifer, S. brasiliensis e S. stellifer (respectivamente). Fonte: Menezes & Figueiredo, 1980................................................8 Figura 2. Enseada de Caraguatatuba e adjacências com a esquematização dos arrastos (linhas tracejadas) de uma coleta mensal nas duas áreas de estudo (linhas sólidas), sul e norte......................................................................................................15 Figura 3. Média e erro padrão do número de indivíduos de Stellifer rastrifer; S. brasiliensis e S. stellifer, por mês e por área (norte e sul) da Enseada de Caraguatatuba. Indivíduos coletados de agosto de 2003 a outubro de 2004. Letras diferentes indicam áreas e meses significativamente diferentes dos demais discriminados através do teste SNK.............................................................................21 Figura 4. Histogramas da distribuição das classes de comprimento total, em centímetros, de Stellifer rastrifer; S. brasiliensis e S. stellifer, coletados na Enseada de Caraguatatuba de agosto de 2003 a outubro de 2004.................................................23 Figura 5. Média (± erro padrão; α=0,05) do comprimento total, em centímetros, ao longo do ano, de indivíduos de Stellifer rastrifer, S. brasiliensis e S. stellifer, coletados na Enseada de Caraguatatuba de agosto de 2003 a outubro de 2004. Letras diferentes indicam meses significativamente diferentes dos demais discriminados através do teste SNK. Valores entre parênteses no eixo das abcissas correspondem ao número de observações no período..........................................................................................24 Figura 6. Média (± erro padrão; α=0,05) do fator de condição relativo (K rel) ao longo do ano para Stellifer rastrifer, S. brasiliensis e S. stellifer, coletados na Enseada de Caraguatatuba de agosto de 2003 a outubro de 2004. Letras diferentes indicam meses significativamente diferentes dos demais discriminados através do teste SNK. Valores entre parênteses no eixo das abcissas correspondem ao número de observações.....27 Figura 7. Diagrama do método de análise de dieta proposto por Costello (1990).......45 Figura 8. Representação gráfica da importância de cada item e da estratégia alimentar com base nos dados de frequência de ocorrência (%) e porcentagem em peso (%), geral e por estação do ano, de Stellifer rastrifer, S. brasiliensis e S. stellifer (Sciaenidae, Perciformes), coletados na Enseada de Caraguatatuba de agosto de 2003 a outubro de 2004...............................................................................................53 Figura 9. Valores do índice de importância alimentar (IAi), geral e por estação do ano, dos conteúdos estomacais de Stellifer rastrifer, S. brasiliensis e S. stellifer. (Sciaenidae, Perciformes), coletados na Enseada de Caraguatatuba de agosto de 2003 a outubro de 2004. Informações detalhadas sobre os itens que compõem as categorias “outros Crustacea” e “não Crustacea” encontram-se na tabela 6. .............54 Figura 10. Representação gráfica dos subgrupos/espécies de Decapoda e Copepoda, através da frequência de ocorrência (FO) e composição porcentual dentro do grupo (CPEG), presentes na dieta de Stellifer rastrifer (Sciaenidae, Perciformes), coletados na Enseada de Caraguatatuba de agosto de 2003 a outubro de 2004........................60 Figura 11. Representação gráfica dos subgrupos/espécies de Decapoda e Copepoda, através da frequência de ocorrência (FO) e composição porcentual dentro do grupo (CPEG), presentes na dieta de Stellifer brasiliensis (Sciaenidae, Perciformes), coletados na Enseada de Caraguatatuba de agosto de 2003 a outubro de 2004........61 Figura 12. Representação gráfica dos subgrupos/espécies de Decapoda e Copepoda, através da frequência de ocorrência (FO) e composição porcentual dentro do grupo (CPEG), presentes na dieta de Stellifer stellifer (Sciaenidae, Perciformes), coletados na Enseada de Caraguatatuba de agosto de 2003 a outubro de 2004........................62 Figura 13. Proporção sexual ao longo do ano de indivíduos de Stellifer rastrifer, coletados na Enseada de Caraguatatuba de agosto de 2003 a outubro de 2004. Valores no topo das barras correspondem ao número de observações. * - Meses discriminados pelo teste chi-quadrado
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