Chapter 13: Marking Site Selection by Free Ranging Snow Leopard
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Ladakh Himalayan Homestays.Pdf
Homestays Benefit Local People and Threatened Species - Rinchen Wangchuk The Himalayan Homestays Programme: The snow leopard is more than just a beautiful and powerful symbol – as the top predator in its mountain realm, it is a barometer for the health of its fragile high altitude ecosystem The Himalayan-Homestays initiative emerged out of a series of brainstorming sessions with villagers in Hemis National Park on how best to resolve conflicts with snow leopards and other predators that were killing 12% of their livestock annually. The SLC and local communities developed alternatives that would transform a centuries-old problem into an opportunity. Villagers decided tourism was an opportunity that had potential and one that was giving them little benefit at the time even though some 5000 visitors were passing through the Park and their settlements. Starting in 2000, with initial assistance from The Mountain Institute and later UNESCO’s financial support, villagers and SLC developed a community based tourism program that would generate income and require minimal capital investment on the part of the villagers (see definition below). For all participating groups it was an opportunity to develop and demonstrate how an income generating activity such as ecotourism, could be fully integrated with wildlife conservation, and the protection of one of the Himalaya’s most charismatic and elusive species and an important Ladakhi cultural symbol, the snow leopard. During the workshops that followed villagers defined the Himalayan Homestays in the following way: “A traditional village based Ladakhi Homestay would share their traditional way of life and values with visitors, provide traditional food, in an eco-friendly environment that requires little initial investment.” This definition was a key component of the vision that was the driving force of the Himalayan Homestays programme in Ladakh. -
Helogale Parvula)
Vocal Recruitment in Dwarf Mongooses (Helogale parvula) Janneke Rubow Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Science at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Michael I. Cherry Co-supervisor: Dr. Lynda L. Sharpe March 2017 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Janneke Rubow, March 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Vocal communication is important in social vertebrates, particularly those for whom dense vegetation obscures visual signals. Vocal signals often convey secondary information to facilitate rapid and appropriate responses. This function is vital in long-distance communication. The long-distance recruitment vocalisations of dwarf mongooses (Helogale parvula) provide an ideal opportunity to study informative cues in acoustic communication. This study examined the information conveyed by two recruitment calls given in snake encounter and isolation contexts, and whether dwarf mongooses are able to respond differently on the basis of these cues. Vocalisations were collected opportunistically from four wild groups of dwarf mongooses. The acoustic parameters of recruitment calls were then analysed for distinction between contexts within recruitment calls in general, distinction within isolation calls between groups, sexes and individuals, and the individuality of recruitment calls in comparison to dwarf mongoose contact calls. -
RTM-February -2020 Magazine
INSIGHTSIAS IA SIMPLIFYING IAS EXAM PREPARATION RTM COMPILATIONS PRELIMS 2020 FEBRUARY 2020 www.insightsactivelearn.com | www.insightsonindia.com Revision Through MCQs (RTM) Compilation (February 2020) Telegram: https://t.me/insightsIAStips 2 Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpoccbCX9GEIwaiIe4HLjwA Revision Through MCQs (RTM) Compilation (February 2020) Telegram: https://t.me/insightsIAStips 3 Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpoccbCX9GEIwaiIe4HLjwA Revision Through MCQs (RTM) Compilation (February 2020) Table of Contents RTM- REVISION THROUGH MCQS – 1st Feb-2020 ............................................................... 5 RTM- REVISION THROUGH MCQS – 3st Feb-2020 ............................................................. 10 RTM- REVISION THROUGH MCQS – 5th Feb-2020 ............................................................. 16 RTM- REVISION THROUGH MCQS – 6th Feb-2020 ............................................................. 22 RTM- REVISION THROUGH MCQS – 7th Feb-2020 ............................................................. 28 RTM- REVISION THROUGH MCQS – 8th Feb-2020 ............................................................. 34 RTM- REVISION THROUGH MCQS – 10th Feb-2020 ........................................................... 40 RTM- REVISION THROUGH MCQS – 11th Feb-2020 ........................................................... 45 RTM- REVISION THROUGH MCQS – 12th Feb-2020 ........................................................... 52 RTM- REVISION THROUGH MCQS – 13th Feb-2020 .......................................................... -
23D Markha Valley Trek
P.O Box: 26106 Kathmandu Address: Thamel, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: +977 1 5312359 Fax: +977 1 5351070 Email: [email protected] India: 23d Markha Valley Trek Grade: Easy Altitude: 5,150 m. Tent Days: 10 Highlights: Markha Valley Trekking is one of the most varied and beautiful treks of Nepal. It ventures high into the Himalayas crossing two passes over 4575m. As it circles from the edges of the Indus Valley, down into parts of Zanskar. The trekking route passes through terrain which changes from incredibly narrow valleys to wide-open vast expanses. Markha valley trek becomes more interesting by the ancient form of Buddhism that flourishes in the many monasteries. The landscape of this trek is perched with high atop hills. The trails are decorated by elaborate “charters”(shrines) and “Mani”(prayer) walls. That further exemplifies the region’s total immersion in Buddhist culture. As we trek to the upper end of the Markha Valley, we are rewarded with spectacular views of jagged snow-capped peaks before crossing the 5150m Kongmaru La (Pass) and descending to the famous Hemis Monastery, where we end our trek. This trekking is most enjoyable for those who want to explore the ancient Buddhism with beautiful views of Himalayas. Note: B=Breakfast, L= Lunch, D=Dinner Day to day: Day 1: Arrival at Delhi o/n in Hotel : Reception at the airport, transfer and overnight at hotel. Day 2: Flight to Leh (3500m) o/n in Hotel +B: Transfer to domestic airport in the morning flight to Leh. Transfer to hotel, leisurely tour of the city to acclimatize: the old bazaar, the Palace, the Shanti Stupa, mosque; afternoon free. -
Mammalian Predators Appropriating the Refugia of Their Prey
Mamm Res (2015) 60:285–292 DOI 10.1007/s13364-015-0236-y ORIGINAL PAPER When prey provide more than food: mammalian predators appropriating the refugia of their prey William J. Zielinski 1 Received: 30 September 2014 /Accepted: 20 July 2015 /Published online: 31 July 2015 # Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland (outside the USA) 2015 Abstract Some mammalian predators acquire both food and predators) may play disproportionately important roles in their shelter from their prey, by eating them and using the refugia communities. the prey construct. I searched the literature for examples of predators that exhibit this behavior and summarize their taxo- Keywords Predator–prey . Dens . Herbivore . Behavior . nomic affiliations, relative sizes, and distributions. I hypothe- Habitat . Resting . Foraging sized that size ratios of species involved in this dynamic would be near 1.0, and that most of these interactions would occur at intermediate and high latitudes. Seventeen species of Introduction Carnivorans exploited at least 23 species of herbivores as food and for their refugia. Most of them (76.4 %) were in the Mammals require food and most require shelter, either to pro- Mustelidae; several small species of canids and a few tect them from predators or from thermal stress. Carnivorous herpestids were exceptions. Surprisingly, the average mammals are unique in that they subsist on mobile food predator/prey weight ratio was 10.51, but few species of pred- sources which, particularly if these sources are vertebrates, ators were more than ten times the weight of the prey whose may build their own refuges to help regulate their body tem- refugia they exploit. -
Field Guide Mammals of Ladakh ¾-Hðgå-ÅÛ-Hýh-ºiô-;Ým-Mû-Ç+Ô¼-¾-Zçàz-Çeômü
Field Guide Mammals of Ladakh ¾-hÐGÅ-ÅÛ-hÝh-ºIô-;Ým-mÛ-Ç+ô¼-¾-zÇÀz-Çeômü Tahir Shawl Jigmet Takpa Phuntsog Tashi Yamini Panchaksharam 2 FOREWORD Ladakh is one of the most wonderful places on earth with unique biodiversity. I have the privilege of forwarding the fi eld guide on mammals of Ladakh which is part of a series of bilingual (English and Ladakhi) fi eld guides developed by WWF-India. It is not just because of my involvement in the conservation issues of the state of Jammu & Kashmir, but I am impressed with the Ladakhi version of the Field Guide. As the Field Guide has been specially produced for the local youth, I hope that the Guide will help in conserving the unique mammal species of Ladakh. I also hope that the Guide will become a companion for every nature lover visiting Ladakh. I commend the efforts of the authors in bringing out this unique publication. A K Srivastava, IFS Chief Wildlife Warden, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir 3 ÇSôm-zXôhü ¾-hÐGÅ-mÛ-ºWÛG-dïm-mP-¾-ÆôG-VGÅ-Ço-±ôGÅ-»ôh-źÛ-GmÅ-Å-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-ŸÛG-»Ûm-môGü ¾-hÐGÅ-ÅÛ-Å-GmÅ-;Ým-¾-»ôh-qºÛ-Åï¤Å-Tm-±P-¤ºÛ-MãÅ-‚Å-q-ºhÛ-¾-ÇSôm-zXôh-‚ô-‚Å- qôºÛ-PºÛ-¾Å-ºGm-»Ûm-môGü ºÛ-zô-P-¼P-W¤-¤Þ-;-ÁÛ-¤Û¼-¼Û-¼P-zŸÛm-D¤-ÆâP-Bôz-hP- ºƒï¾-»ôh-¤Dm-qôÅ-‚Å-¼ï-¤m-q-ºÛ-zô-¾-hÐGÅ-ÅÛ-Ç+h-hï-mP-P-»ôh-‚Å-qôº-È-¾Å-bï-»P- zÁh- »ôPÅü Åï¤Å-Tm-±P-¤ºÛ-MãÅ-‚ô-‚Å-qô-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-¾ÛÅ-GŸôm-mÝ-;Ým-¾-wm-‚Å-¾-ºwÛP-yï-»Ûm- môG ºô-zôºÛ-;-mÅ-¾-hÐGÅ-ÅÛ-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-Tm-mÛ-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-BôzÅ-¾-wm-qºÛ-¼Û-zô-»Ûm- hôm-m-®ôGÅ-¾ü ¼P-zŸÛm-D¤Å-¾-ºfh-qô-»ôh-¤Dm-±P-¤-¾ºP-wm-fôGÅ-qºÛ-¼ï-z-»Ûmü ºhÛ-®ßGÅ-ºô-zM¾-¤²h-hï-ºƒÛ-¤Dm-mÛ-ºhÛ-hqï-V-zô-q¼-¾-zMz-Çeï-Çtï¾-hGôÅ-»Ûm-môG Íï-;ï-ÁÙÛ-¶Å-b-z-ͺÛ-Íïw-ÍôÅ- mGÅ-±ôGÅ-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-Bôz-Çkï-DG-GÛ-hqôm-qô-G®ô-zô-W¤- ¤Þ-;ÁÛ-¤Û¼-GŸÝP.ü 4 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The fi eld guide is the result of exhaustive work by a large number of people. -
The 2008 IUCN Red Listings of the World's Small Carnivores
The 2008 IUCN red listings of the world’s small carnivores Jan SCHIPPER¹*, Michael HOFFMANN¹, J. W. DUCKWORTH² and James CONROY³ Abstract The global conservation status of all the world’s mammals was assessed for the 2008 IUCN Red List. Of the 165 species of small carni- vores recognised during the process, two are Extinct (EX), one is Critically Endangered (CR), ten are Endangered (EN), 22 Vulnerable (VU), ten Near Threatened (NT), 15 Data Deficient (DD) and 105 Least Concern. Thus, 22% of the species for which a category was assigned other than DD were assessed as threatened (i.e. CR, EN or VU), as against 25% for mammals as a whole. Among otters, seven (58%) of the 12 species for which a category was assigned were identified as threatened. This reflects their attachment to rivers and other waterbodies, and heavy trade-driven hunting. The IUCN Red List species accounts are living documents to be updated annually, and further information to refine listings is welcome. Keywords: conservation status, Critically Endangered, Data Deficient, Endangered, Extinct, global threat listing, Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable Introduction dae (skunks and stink-badgers; 12), Mustelidae (weasels, martens, otters, badgers and allies; 59), Nandiniidae (African Palm-civet The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the most authorita- Nandinia binotata; one), Prionodontidae ([Asian] linsangs; two), tive resource currently available on the conservation status of the Procyonidae (raccoons, coatis and allies; 14), and Viverridae (civ- world’s biodiversity. In recent years, the overall number of spe- ets, including oyans [= ‘African linsangs’]; 33). The data reported cies included on the IUCN Red List has grown rapidly, largely as on herein are freely and publicly available via the 2008 IUCN Red a result of ongoing global assessment initiatives that have helped List website (www.iucnredlist.org/mammals). -
Markha Valley Trek
Anchor A WALK TO REMEMBER The Markha Valley in central Ladakh is a remote high altitude desert region snugly tucked between the Ladakh and Zanskar ranges. This is one of the most diverse and picturesque treks, taking one through the Hemis National Park, remote Buddhist villages, high altitude passes and a lake—the perfect way to acquaint with the mystical kingdom of Ladakh. Words HIMMAT RANA Photography HIMMAT RANA & KAMAL RANA Snow-capped mountains in the backdrop, star-studded sky above and a river flowing right outside the camp— everything came together perfectly at this night halt site near Hanker Village 56 AUGUST 2018 DIC0818-Anchor-Markha.indd 56-57 03/08/18 3:12 pm his is a story from my bag of adventures, in order to stretch the trek to over a week, decided to tweak about two boys, or to be more precise the trekking route a little. While the conventional trekking two men, stubbornly refusing to grow up, routes start from either Chilling (three-four day trek) or trekking by themselves through the Markha Zingchen (five-six day trek) and end at Shang, ours was going Valley in Ladakh, for eight days and seven to commence from Leh city itself and boasted of an additional nights. Not sure if you choose to make a plan pass in Stok La (4,850 metres/15,910 feet), stretching the Tor the plan chooses you, but whichever way it works, it worked duration of the trek to seven to eight days. With a heavy perfectly for me and Kamal as we embarked on an impromptu Ladakhi breakfast in our bellies, we commenced our little trip to Ladakh—the land of high passes, to figure out what the adventure from Leh city. -
The Role of Small Private Game Reserves in Leopard Panthera Pardus and Other Carnivore Conservation in South Africa
The role of small private game reserves in leopard Panthera pardus and other carnivore conservation in South Africa Tara J. Pirie Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of The University of Reading for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Sciences November 2016 Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my supervisors Professor Mark Fellowes and Dr Becky Thomas, without whom this thesis would not have been possible. I am sincerely grateful for their continued belief in the research and my ability and have appreciated all their guidance and support. I especially would like to thank Mark for accepting this project. I would like to acknowledge Will & Carol Fox, Alan, Lynsey & Ronnie Watson who invited me to join Ingwe Leopard Research and then aided and encouraged me to utilize the data for the PhD thesis. I would like to thank Andrew Harland for all his help and support for the research and bringing it to the attention of the University. I am very grateful to the directors of the Protecting African Wildlife Conservation Trust (PAWct) and On Track Safaris for their financial support and to the landowners and participants in the research for their acceptance of the research and assistance. I would also like to thank all the Ingwe Camera Club members; without their generosity this research would not have been possible to conduct and all the Ingwe Leopard Research volunteers and staff of Thaba Tholo Wilderness Reserve who helped to collect data and sort through countless images. To Becky Freeman, Joy Berry-Baker -
Causes and Consequences of Coati Sociality
chapter 28 Causes and consequences of coati sociality Ben T. Hirsch and Matthew E. Gompper Ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) © B. Hirsch Introduction of Kaufmann’s work, and similar studies on pri- mates and other carnivores, have greatly enhanced Over fifty years ago John Kaufmann conducted a our understanding of how and why animals live in two-year study on the white-nosed coati (Nasua groups. Such issues frame the core of the modern narica) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. The field of behavioural ecology. resulting monograph (Kaufmann 1962) is a solid Animals live in groups when the benefits (e.g. examination of the natural history of the species, a greater ability to survive threats from predators with an emphasis on understanding its social struc- and pathogens) are greater than the costs (e.g. in- ture. Although many such studies now exist, Kauf- creased competition for resources such as food or mann’s study bordered on revolutionary at the time mates) (Krause and Ruxton 2002). Overlaying such because this was one of the first studies to gather cost–benefit ratios are the genetic relatedness of in- detailed ethological data of wild vertebrates via dividuals and the willingness of animals to coop- habituation of free-living social animals. The idea erate in a manner that increases the benefits and of following animals from a distance of just a few decreases the costs of sociality. Among the mus- metres, and observing the nuances of their behav- teloid carnivores, studies of coatis have contrib- iour, was relatively novel at the time. The results uted more to our understanding of the causes and Hirsch, B. -
Interspecific Killing Among Mammalian Carnivores
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC vol. 153, no. 5 the american naturalist may 1999 Interspeci®c Killing among Mammalian Carnivores F. Palomares1,* and T. M. Caro2,² 1. Department of Applied Biology, EstacioÂn BioloÂgica de DonÄana, thought to act as keystone species in the top-down control CSIC, Avda. MarõÂa Luisa s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; of terrestrial ecosystems (Terborgh and Winter 1980; Ter- 2. Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology and borgh 1992; McLaren and Peterson 1994). One factor af- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, fecting carnivore populations is interspeci®c killing by California 95616 other carnivores (sometimes called intraguild predation; Submitted February 9, 1998; Accepted December 11, 1998 Polis et al. 1989), which has been hypothesized as having direct and indirect effects on population and community structure that may be more complex than the effects of either competition or predation alone (see, e.g., Latham 1952; Rosenzweig 1966; Mech 1970; Polis and Holt 1992; abstract: Interspeci®c killing among mammalian carnivores is Holt and Polis 1997). Currently, there is renewed interest common in nature and accounts for up to 68% of known mortalities in some species. Interactions may be symmetrical (both species kill in intraguild predation from a conservation standpoint each other) or asymmetrical (one species kills the other), and in since top predator removal is thought to release other some interactions adults of one species kill young but not adults of predator populations with consequences for lower trophic the other. -
Mountain Weasel Mustela Altaica Records in Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir State, India
SHORT COMMUNICATION Mountain Weasel Mustela altaica records in Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir state, India Tomer BEN-YEHUDA1 1. Mammal Watching Around the Abstract. World. 14355 Rainy Lake Dr. Distribution maps for Mountain Weasel Mustela altaica do not include Ladakh in the Chesterfield MO USA 63017 north Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. However, it is common knowledge that this species occurs there and that it is observed on a weekly basis by nature guides and eco- Correspondence: tourists. This is an account of my sightings with exact coordinates and altitudes where Tomer Ben-Yehuda this species has been observed, along with referenced reports of colleagues who have seen the species in the area. Based on this information, the distribution maps for this [email protected] species should be corrected to include the locations specified; this information was used to update the 2016 account of this species in The IUCN Red List of Threatened Associate editor: Species. Daniel Willcox Keywords: Hemis National Park, Mustela altaica, Ladakh, Northern India, Altai Weasel, Mountain Weasel http://www.smallcarnivoreconservation.org ISSN 1019-5041 Mountain Weasel Mustela altaica, also known as the Altai Weasel, is found throughout central Asia and in the Himalayan mountain range. According to the previous distribution map (Abramov 2016) this weasel is very localized in India (Figure 1) and was thought to be restricted to a small area near the tri-point junction with Tibet (China) and Nepal. It was not recognized to occur within 420 km of Hemis National Park or the city of Leh. Lariviere & Jennings (2009) did not include Ladakh in their distribution map for this species.