The Economic Cost of Invasive Non-Native Species on Great Britain

Annexes 1 and 2

F. Williams, R. Eschen, A. Harris, D. Djeddour, C. Pratt, R.S. Shaw, S. Varia, J. Lamontagne-Godwin, S.E. Thomas, S.T. Murphy

CAB/001/09 September 2010

1 www.cabi.org

KNOWLEDGE FOR LIFE NNS costs

Introductory Section

Invasive non-native species are non-native animals or plants that have the ability to spread causing damage to the environment, the economy, our health and the way we live.

These can include animals and plants that have been here a long time such as the rabbit, the brown rat, and Rhododendron, as well as more recent arrivals.

The economic impact of invasive non-native species is unknown.

Defra, the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government have asked CABI to undertake this research into the economic costs of invasive non-native species to the GB economy and to various sectors.

We have been asked to provide estimates not only for direct costs e.g. containment, management, eradication and restoration but also less obvious costs, such as reduction in recreational revenue, additional flooding, reduction in biodiversity etc.

You or your organisation have been identified as stakeholders for whom invasive non-native species either have a direct impact on activities or an indirect one. For example you may be involved in research on invasive non-native species or control invasive non-native species on behalf of clients or the public.

There now follows a brief questionnaire which we hope will be relatively easy to complete. For reference click here for a list of some of the species which have been flagged through literature review.

Please submit your response by Wednesday 25th November 2009.

1. In which country do you work?

gfedc Scotland gfedc England

gfedc Wales gfedc GB-wide

2. Which of the following sectors best captures your field of work?

gfedc Agriculture, Horticulture, gfedc Flooding gfedc Research

Forestry gfedc Land Management gfedc Tourism, Recreation

gfedc Aquaculture

gfedc Marine gfedc Transport

gfedc Biodiversity & Conservation

gfedc Quarantine & Surveillance gfedc Utilities

gfedc Construction & Development

Other (please specify)

Page 1 NNS costs *3. We are aware that people have different levels of involvement with invasive non-native species.

Some respondents will be directly involved in the clearance, control, eradication, awareness raising of invasive non-native species for themselves or their clients.

Others may be involved in invasive non-native species research or other activities that do not have a direct or immediate effect on invasive non- native species. Please choose the appropriate response below to direct you to the correct section of the questionnaire.

Please note that you will be given the opportunity to fill out all sections of the questionnaire that are relevant to you.

nmlkj Invasive non-native species have a direct impact on me, my clients or taxpayers

nmlkj Invasive non-native species don't have a direct impact on me but I have a quantifiable knowledge of invasive non-native species through research or otherwise

nmlkj Invasive non-native species have no relevance to me

Page 2 NNS costs

Research costs

We would like to capture the costs of invasive non-native species work that is not directly related to control, eradication etc.

In particular we are interested in the cost of projects, research etc. that focus on invasive non- native species, but do not undertake any direct management work.

1. Which of the following sectors benefit from your work?

gfedc Agriculture, Horticulture, gfedc Construction & Development gfedc Quarantine & Surveillance

Forestry gfedc Flooding gfedc Tourism, Recreation

gfedc Aquaculture

gfedc Land Management gfedc Transport

gfedc Biodiversity

gfedc Marine gfedc Utilities

gfedc Conservation

Other (please specify)

2. Which species (or groups of species) do you work with / on / research / have information on? (Please list) m

3. Please quantify how much your organisation spends (£) on invasive non-native species research per annum, including project work, invasive non-native species meetings, initiatives, answering queries and giving advice etc.

nmlkj 0 nmlkj 10,000-25,000 nmlkj 250,000-500,000

nmlkj <1,000 nmlkj 25,000-50,000 nmlkj >500,000

nmlkj 1,000-5,000 nmlkj 50,000-100,000

nmlkj 5,000-10,000 nmlkj 100,000-250,000

Please indicate whether this figure represents the costs for an individual, a team division or the organisation as a whole.

4. Please quantify in addition how many days both staff and volunteers, spent on invasive non-native species work per year.

nmlkj 0-10 nmlkj 50-100 nmlkj 500-1000

nmlkj 10-25 nmlkj 100-200 nmlkj >1000

nmlkj 25-50 nmlkj 200-500

Page 3 NNS costs 5. Please separate these total costs by species if possible. m

*6. Would you like to add details about any management costs or indirect (e.g. increased flooding, soil erosion etc.) costs that you incur?

nmlkj Yes

nmlkj No

nmlkj I have already completed the section on management costs

Page 4 NNS costs

Direct impact details

In order to estimate the costs of invasive non-native species we need a few details about the area that you manage or are responsible for.

1. Please state the location(s) which you are reporting on (e.g. National Park, Nature Reserve, development site, a specific river catchment etc). m

2. Please state the type of habitat you are reporting on (e.g. river catchment, SSSI, roads, construction site etc.) m

3. How many hectares are you reporting on?

*4. Are you providing information about the economic costs you or your organisation incurs annually on invasive non-native species as a total cost, or as costs broken down by species or species type (e.g. aquatic plants)?

nmlkj Total costs

nmlkj Costs by species or species type/ taxon

Page 5 NNS costs

Total costs

The ultimate goal of this research is to come up with a total figure for the costs of invasive non- native species to the GB economy. We recognise that it may be difficult to separate this out for individual species or types of species so this page focuses on annual figures or estimates for all invasive non-native species that you manage.

1. If it is difficult to separate out invasive non-native species from all species that your organisation controls with the same management practice then please estimate the proportion that are invasive non-native species, e.g. invasive non-native species make up 70% of the weeds that are controlled on our / my etc land. m

2. What are your annual direct costs on the management of invasive non- native species? (If you only know the total spend then please complete the final column.)

Material, equipment, Labour (staff /volunteer days, Total management costs (£,

transport (£, annually) annually) annually)

Awareness raising n n n

Containment, control n n n

Desk based work e.g. n n n admin, public enquiries & advice

Eradication n n n

Increased n n n infrastructure maintenance costs

Prevention n n n

Project management n n n

Restoration n n n

Please add any comments or clarification m n

Page 6 NNS costs 3. Invasive non-native species may also cause indirect costs such as those below. Please provide estimates for these lost benefits on an annual basis (£). 500- 1,000- 5,000- 10,000- 25,000- 50,000- 100,000- 1-500 >500,000 1,000 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 Reduced carrying nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj capacity e.g. people/ vehicles/ livestock Reduced profit nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced visitor income nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj Reduction in jobs or nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj recruitment Reduction in nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj yield/productivity

Please add any other indirect costs that you are aware of, and any comments or clarification m n

4. The presence of invasive non-native species may cause further effects on the environment, such as those below. Please estimate the additional costs that you incur due to invasive non-native species (£). 500- 1,000- 5,000- 10,000- 25,000- 50,000- 100,000- 1-500 >500,000 1,000 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 Increased access costs nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Increased erosion nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Increased flooding nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj Increased health and nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj safety costs Increased siltation nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced aesthetic value nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced biodiversity nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj Reduced drought nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj tolerance

Please specify any other costs due to invasive non-native species, or any comments m n

*5. Would you like to add costs by species?

nmlkj Yes

nmlkj No

Page 7 NNS costs

Details of Species 1

You may add details for up to five species or species type/ taxa on these pages.

*1. Please identify the species (or groups of species) you are reporting on.

2. What are your annual direct costs on the management of invasive non- native species? (If you only know the total spend then please complete the final column.)

Material, equipment, Labour (staff /volunteer days, Total management costs (£,

transport (£, annually) annually) annually)

Awareness raising n n n

Containment, control n n n

Desk based work e.g. n n n admin, public enquiries & advice

Eradication n n n

Increased n n n infrastructure maintenance costs

Prevention n n n

Project management n n n

Restoration n n n

Please add any comments or clarification m n

3. Invasive non-native species may also cause indirect costs such as those below. Please provide estimates for these lost benefits on an annual basis (£). 500- 1,000- 5,000- 10,000- 25,000- 50,000- 100,000- 1-500 >500,000 1,000 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 Reduced carrying nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj capacity e.g. people/ vehicles/ livestock Reduced profit nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Please add any other indirect costs that you are aware of, and any comments or clarification m n

Page 8 NNS costs 4. The presence of invasive non-native species may cause further effects on the environment, such as those below. Please estimate the additional costs that you incur due to invasive non-native species (£). 500- 1,000- 5,000- 10,000- 25,000- 50,000- 100,000- 1-500 >500,000 1,000 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 Increased access costs nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Increased erosion nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced aesthetic value nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced biodiversity nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj Reduced drought nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj tolerance

Please specify any other costs due to invasive non-native species, or any comments m n

*5. Do you have another species (or groups of species) to add?

nmlkj Yes

nmlkj No

Page 9 NNS costs

Details of Species 2

Please provide details of your second species or species type/ taxa

*1. Please identify the species (or groups of species) you are reporting on.

2. What are your annual direct costs on the management of invasive non- native species? (If you only know the total spend then please complete the final column.)

Material, equipment, Labour (staff /volunteer days, Total management costs (£,

transport (£, annually) annually) annually)

Awareness raising n n n

Containment, control n n n

Desk based work e.g. n n n admin, public enquiries & advice

Eradication n n n

Increased n n n infrastructure maintenance costs

Prevention n n n

Project management n n n

Restoration n n n

Please add any comments or clarification m n

Please add any other indirect costs that you are aware of, and any comments or clarification m n

Page 10 NNS costs 4. The presence of invasive non-native species may cause further effects on the environment, such as those below. Please estimate the additional costs that you incur due to invasive non-native species (£). 500- 1,000- 5,000- 10,000- 25,000- 50,000- 100,000- 1-500 >500,000 1,000 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 Increased access costs nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Increased erosion nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced aesthetic value nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced biodiversity nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj Reduced drought nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj tolerance

Please specify any other costs due to invasive non-native species, or any comments m n

*5. Do you have another species (or group of species) to add?

nmlkj Yes

nmlkj No

Page 11 NNS costs

Details of Species 3

Please provide details of your third species or species type/ taxa

*1. Please identify the species (or groups of species) you are reporting on.

2. What are your annual direct costs on the management of invasive non- native species? (If you only know the total spend then please complete the final column.)

Material, equipment, Labour (staff /volunteer days, Total management costs (£,

transport (£, annually) annually) annually)

Awareness raising n n n

Containment, control n n n

Desk based work e.g. n n n admin, public enquiries & advice

Eradication n n n

Increased n n n infrastructure maintenance costs

Prevention n n n

Project management n n n

Restoration n n n

Please add any comments or clarification m n

Please add any other indirect costs that you are aware of, and any comments or clarification m n

Page 12 NNS costs 4. The presence of invasive non-native species may cause further effects on the environment, such as those below. Please estimate the additional costs that you incur due to invasive non-native species (£). 500- 1,000- 5,000- 10,000- 25,000- 50,000- 100,000- 1-500 >500,000 1,000 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 Increased access costs nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Increased erosion nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced aesthetic value nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced biodiversity nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj Reduced drought nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj tolerance

Please specify any other costs due to invasive non-native species, or any comments m n

*5. Do you have another species (or group of species) to add?

nmlkj Yes

nmlkj No

Page 13 NNS costs

Details of Species 4

Please provide details of your fourth species or species type/ taxa

*1. Please identify the species (or groups of species) you are reporting on.

2. What are your annual direct costs on the management of invasive non- native species? (If you only know the total spend then please complete the final column.)

Material, equipment, Labour (staff /volunteer days, Total management costs (£,

transport (£, annually) annually) annually)

Awareness raising n n n

Containment, control n n n

Desk based work e.g. n n n admin, public enquiries & advice

Eradication n n n

Increased n n n infrastructure maintenance costs

Prevention n n n

Project management n n n

Restoration n n n

Please add any comments or clarification m n

3. Invasive non-native species may also cause indirect costs such as those below. Please provide estimates for these lost benefits on an annual basis (£). 500- 1,000- 5,000- 10,000- 25,000- 50,000- 100,000- 1-500 >500,000 1,000 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 Reduced carrying nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj capacity Reduced profit nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Please add any other indirect costs that you are aware of, and any comments or clarification m n

Page 14 NNS costs 4. The presence of invasive non-native species may cause further effects on the environment, such as those below. Please estimate the additional costs that you incur due to invasive non-native species (£). 500- 1,000- 5,000- 10,000- 25,000- 50,000- 100,000- 1-500 >500,000 1,000 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 Increased access costs nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Increased erosion nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced aesthetic value nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced biodiversity nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj Reduced drought nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj tolerance

Please specify any other costs due to invasive non-native species, or any comments m n

*5. Do you have another species (or group of species) to add?

nmlkj Yes

nmlkj No

Page 15 NNS costs

Details of Species 5

Please provide details of your last species or species type/ taxa

*1. Please identify the species (or groups of species) you are reporting on.

2. What are your annual direct costs on the management of invasive non- native species? (If you only know the total spend then please complete the final column.)

Material, equipment, Labour (staff /volunteer days, Total management costs (£,

transport (£, annually) annually) annually)

Awareness raising n n n

Containment, control n n n

Desk based work e.g. n n n admin, public enquiries & advice

Eradication n n n

Increased n n n infrastructure maintenance costs

Prevention n n n

Project management n n n

Restoration n n n

Please add any comments or clarification m n

3. Invasive non-native species may also cause indirect costs such as those below. Please provide estimates for these lost benefits on an annual basis (£). 500- 1,000- 5,000- 10,000- 25,000- 50,000- 100,000- 1-500 >500,000 1,000 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 Reduced carrying nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj capacity Reduced profit nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Please add any other indirect costs that you are aware of, and any comments or clarification m n

Page 16 NNS costs 4. The presence of invasive non-native species may cause further effects on the environment, such as those below. Please estimate the additional costs that you incur due to invasive non-native species (£). 500- 1,000- 5,000- 10,000- 25,000- 50,000- 100,000- 1-500 >500,000 1,000 5,000 10,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 Increased access costs nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Increased erosion nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced aesthetic value nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

Reduced biodiversity nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj Reduced drought nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj tolerance

Please specify any other costs due to invasive non-native species, or any comments m n

*5. Would you like to add details about any research costs that you or your organisation may incur?

nmlkj Yes

nmlkj No

Page 17 NNS costs

Additional questions

*1. Would you like to add details about any research costs that you or your organisation may incur?

nmlkj Yes

nmlkj No

Page 18 NNS costs

Final page

If you would like to be contacted by CABI directly to provide further information on the economic costs of invasive non-native species to the UK, please click here and submit the email that is generated. Please ensure that you then complete the remainder of the

questionnaire.

1. We may have some follow up questions once we have studied the results of the questionnaire. Please tick here if you do not want CABI to contact you.

nmlkj Please do not contact me further

*2. Please provide us with your name and contact details. This information will be used for internal purposes only and will not be made public or passed on to third parties.

Name: Company: Email Address: Phone Number:

3. If there is anyone else in your organisation who you think we should be in contact with please provide their details here.

Name

Organisation

E-mail address

4. If you have any other comments or information on economic costs related to non-native species, please complete this box or Email CABI. m

Thank you for taking the time and effort to complete this questionnaire for CABI.

Page 19 NNS costs

Page 20 Database Year species Taxon Species name Common name (if poss) Sector Industry Crop introduced Amphibia Lithobates catesbeianus American bullfrog Biodiversity NA NA NA Amphibia Rana catesbeiana American bullfrog Biodiversity NA NA NA Amphibia Xenopus laevis African clawed Toad Biodiveristy NA NA NA Animalia Botrylloides violaceus A Sea Squirt Biodiversity ports, harbours, mNA 2004 Animalia Clymenella torquata Bamboo worm Coastal/transitional waters NA NA 1936 Animalia Corella eumyota southern circumpolar tunicate Biodiversity NA NA 2004 Animalia Didemnum vexillum Carpet Sea Squirt Marine NA Mussels 2001 Animalia Ficopomatus enigmaticus A tubeworm Marine fisheries NA NA 1922 Animalia Gymnocephalus cernuus Ruffe Biodiversity NA NA 1982 Animalia Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow trout Freshwater NA NA NA Animalia Potamopyrgus antipodarum Jenkin's spire shell Freshwater/Coastal and transNA NA 1859 Animalia Pseudorasbora parva Topmouth Gudgeon (Clicker BaBiodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Styela clava Leathery sea squirt Coastal/transitional waters Fisheries/TranspoOysters 1952 Animalia Tricellaria inopinata A bryozoan Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Urosalpinx cinerea American oyster drill Coastal/transitional waters commercial oyster Oysters 1900 Annelida Marenzelleria viridis Marine polychaete Coastal/transitional waters NA NA 1982 Arachnida Cecidophyopsis grossulariae Gooseberry or Blind Bud Mite Agriculture NA NA Arachnida Cecidophyopsis ribis Blackcurrent gall mite Agriculture NA NA NA Arachnida Panonychus ulmi European red spider mite Agriculture fruit growing apples, pears NA Arachnida Varroa destructor Varroa mite Agriculture Beekeeping Pollination, Honey 1993 Aves Anser anser Greylay goose Agriculture NA NA NA Aves Branta canadensis Canada goose Agriculture NA Corn, soyabean, wheat 1731 Aves Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Bubo bubo Eagle Owl Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Myiopsitta monachus Monk parakeet Agriculture Field crops and orNA 1936 Aves Oxyura jamaicensis Ruddy duck Biodiveristy NA NA 1940s Aves Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet Biodiversity Agriculture/HorticuNA 1969 Crustacea Corophium sextonae Marine amphipod Coastal/transitional waters NA NA 1930 Crustacea Crangonyx pseudogracilis Freshwater amphipod Freshwater NA NA 1936 Crustacea Dreissena polymorpha Zebra mussel Freshwater Utilities NA 1920s Crustacea Elminius modestus Barnacle spec Coastal/transitional waters NA NA 1943 Crustacea Eriocheir sinensis Chinese mitten crab Freshwater/Coastal and transindustry, utilities NA 1935 Crustacea Gammarus tigrinus An amphipod Biodiveristy NA NA NA Crustacea Lernaea cyprinacea Freshwater copepod Freshwater NA NA NA Crustacea Pacifastacus leniusculus Signal crayfish Freshwater NA NA 1975 Crustacea Procambarus clarkii Red swamp crayfish Biodiversity NA NA NA Crustacea Rhithropanopeus harrisii Dwarf crab Biodiversity NA NA NA Insecta Acrolepiopsis assectella Leek moth Agriculture Vegetables Leek, onions and Garlic 1950s Insecta Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit tortrix Agriculture Orchards Quince, apple, apricot, sweet cherry, plum 1950s Insecta Alphitobius diaperinus Darkling beetle Agriculture Poultry Farms Poultry NA Insecta Ametastegia A small genus of sawflies Agriculture NA Apples, rhubarb and grapevine NA Insecta Anarsia lineatella Peach Twig Borer Agriculture NA NA 1959 Insecta Andricus quercuscalicis Knopper gall wasp Agriculture UK NA NA Insecta Arge berberidis Berberis sawfly Agriculture NA NA late 90s Insecta Aspidiotus nerii Aucuba scale Agriculture ornamentals Ornamentals NA Insecta Bemisia afer Whitefly Agriculture Ornamentals Laurus nobilis 1980 Insecta Bemisia tabaci Tobacco whitefly, sweet potato Agriculture NA vegetable and salad crops 1987 Insecta Blastobasis decolorella N/A Agriculture Fruit crops NA 1946 Insecta Bradysia difformis A sciarid fly Agriculture Glasshouses pot herbs 2005< Insecta Cacoecimorpha pronubana Tortrix or Mediterranean carnatiAgriculture Glasshouses Ornamentals (esp. Carnations), Citrus & V NA Insecta Cameraria ohridella Horse chestnut leaf miner Agriculture Forestry Aesculus hippocastanum 2002C Insecta Cephalcia lariciphila European web-spinning larch saAgriculture Forestry Larix & Picea spp. 1953 Insecta Chrysolina americana Rosemary beetle Agriculture Lavender growing NA 2000 Insecta Cinara cupressi Cyprus aphid Agriculture Forestry & ornameCupressus, Juniperus, Thuja, Callitris, W NA Insecta Contarinia tritici Wheat yellow blossom midge Agriculture NA wheat, barley, oats and rye. NA Insecta Crioceris asparagi Asparagus Beetle Agriculture NA Asparagus 1829 Insecta Cryptococcus fagisuga Beech coccus Forestry Forestry Common and American beech NA Insecta Cryptolestes ferrugineus Rusty grain beetle Agriculture NA rice, sorghum, wheat, maize NA Insecta Cryptomyzus ribis Blue gum psyllid Agriculture NA 21 species of eucalypts 1922 Insecta Cryptomyzus ribis Currant Blister Aphid Agriculture NA NA NA Insecta Dasineura oxycoccana Blueberry Gall Midge Agriculture/threats Blueberry nurserieblueberries 2008 Insecta Delia coarctata Wheat bulb fly Agriculture NA Winter wheat and other winter cereals NA Insecta Delia floralis Turnip maggot Agriculture NA turnip, rape, onion, leak, rape, collards, ra NA Insecta Delia platura Bean seed fly Agriculture NA NA NA Insecta Dendroctonus micans Great spruce bark beetle Agriculture Forestry Pinus spp 1973 Insecta Diabrotica virgifera Western corn rootworm Agriculture NA Maize, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae a 2003 Insecta Ectoedemia heringella A leaf-miner on Holm Oak Agriculture Forestry Holm oak 2002 Insecta Elatobium abietinum Green spruce aphid Forestry Forestry Spruce (Picea ) spp. 1847 Insecta Ephestia elutella Warehouse Moth/Cocoa Moth/TStored products Stored food cereals, fruit, shelled nuts, cocoa beans, NA Insecta Ephestia kuehniella Mill or flour moth Stored products NA cereals NA Insecta Epiphyas postvittana Light brown apple moth Agriculture Orchard crops NA 1936 Insecta Eriosoma lanigerum Woolly aphid Agriculture Ornamental & orcapple, pears NA Insecta Euophryum confine New Zealand Weevil Agriculture Forestry NA 1937 Insecta Frankliniella occidentalis Western flower thrip Agriculture/ horticulture Glasshouses Ornamentals & Vegetable crops NA Insecta Gilpinia hercyniae European spruce sawfly Agriculture Forestry Picea spp. 1906 Insecta Grapholita funebrana Red plum maggot Agriculture Orchard crops Major: Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunu NA Insecta Harmonia axyridis Harlequin lady beetle Biodiversity NA NA 2004 Insecta Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Black tea thrips Agriculture Glasshouses Copperleaf, Norway maple NA Insecta Hylotrupes bajulus House longhorn beetle Agriculture Forestry, stored wfirs, spruces, pines NA Insecta Lampides boeticus Pea blue butterfly Agriculture NA NA 1859 Insecta Laodelphax striatellus Small brown planthopper Agriculture NA oats, barley, rice, wheat NA Insecta Liposcelis bostrychophila Book louse Agriculture Cereals and dried oats, rice, wheat, sorghum, maize NA Insecta Lygus rugulipennis European tarnished plant bug Agriculture Fruit and Vegetab cucumber, strawberry, lettuce, aubergine NA Insecta Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Agriculture NA wheat, barley, rye 1886 Insecta Melolontha melolontha White grub cockchafer Agriculture NA cereals, potato, strawberries, meadow gra NA Insecta Merodon equestris Greater Bulb-Fly Agriculture ornamentals bulb plants Insecta Oryzaephilus mercator Merchant grain beetle Stored products NA NA NA Insecta Oryzaephilus surinamensis Saw-toothed grain beetle Agriculture NA NA Insecta Ostrinia nubilalis European corn borer Agriculture NA Maize NA Insecta Otiorhynchus sulcatus Black vine weevil Agriculture NA Cyclamen, strawberry NA Insecta Pentarthrum huttoni Wood-Boring Weevil Agriculture Forestry NA 1854 Insecta Phytomyza hellebori Leaf miner Horticulture Ornamentals Helleborus 1997 Insecta Pieris brassicae Cabbage caterpillar Agriculture NA Brassica NA Insecta Plodia interpunctella Indian meal moth Agriculture NA cereal food products and whole grains NA Insecta Prays fraxinella Ash budmoth Agriculture Forestry NA NA Insecta Pyralis farinalis Meal Moth/ Flour Moth Agriculture NA NA NA Insecta Rhopalosiphum padi Grain aphid Agriculture NA wheat, barley, oats and maize NA Insecta Saissetia coffeae Hemispherical scale Agriculture ornamentals NA NA Insecta Scolytus laevis An elm bark beetle Agriculture Forestry NA 1981 Insecta Scolytus spp. An elm bark beetle Agriculture Forestry NA 2000 Insecta Steganoptycha pinicolana (ZeiraphLarch budmoth Agriculture Forestry NA NA Insecta Sturmia bella A tachinid fly Biodiveristy NA NA 1998 Insecta Thaumetopoea processionea Oak processionary moth Biodiversity NA All oaks - native/ non native/ hybrids NA Insecta Thrips palmi Melon thrip Agriculture Glasshouse, orna NA 2000 Insecta Thrips simplex gladiolus thrips Agriculture ornamentals Crocus , Freesia , Gladiolus NA Insecta Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Agriculture Stored products Cereals, oilseeds, pulses NA Mammalia Cervus nippon Sika deer Agriculture Forestry & Arable NA 1860 Mammalia Dama dama Fallow Deer Biodiversity NA NA NA Mammalia Felis catus Feral Cat Agriculture NA NA 1100C Mammalia Glis glis Edible dormouse Agriculture NA conifers, fruit (apple, plum) 1902 Mammalia Hydropotes inermis Chinese water deer Agriculture Forestry & Arable NA 1915 Mammalia Muntiacus reevesi Reeves' Muntjac Agriculture Forestry & Arable NA 1900s Mammalia Mustela furo Feral Ferret Agriculture Livestock Livestock 1066 Mammalia Mustela vison American mink Biodiveristy Poultry farming NA 1929 Mammalia Myocastor coypus Coypu / Nutri Agriculture/biodiversity/land mNA sugar beet 1950s Mammalia Oryctolagus cuniculus European Rabbit Agriculture NA NA 1066 Mammalia Rattus norvegicus Brown Rat Cross cutting NA NA 1700 Mammalia Sciurus carolinensis Grey squirel Agriculture Forestry NA 1876-1930 Mollusca Arion lusitanicus Spanish / Iberian slug Agriculture Vegetables and orBrassica , lettuce. 1950s Mollusca Aulacomya ater Agellen mussel Coastal/transitional waters NA NA NA Mollusca Boettgerilla pallens Worm Slug Agriculture NA Polyphagous 1972 Mollusca Corbicula fluminea Asian Clam Utilities Power stations NA 1998 Mollusca Crassostrea gigas Pacific oyster Biodiversity NA NA NA Mollusca Crepidula fornicata Slipper limpet Coastal/transitional waters Fisheries Oysters 1887 Mollusca Deroceras panormitanum Caruana's or Sicilian Slug Agriculture NA NA 1931 Mollusca Helix aspersa /Cornu aspersum/ CCommon snail Agriculture NA Chinese gooseberry, onion, beetroot 0043 Mollusca Mercenaria mercenaria American hard-shell clam Coastal/transitional waters Fisheries NA 1925 Mollusca Mytilopsis leucophaeata Conrad's false mussel Utilities Water cooling sys NA NA Mollusca Petricola pholadiformis American Piddock Biodiversity NA native piddocks before 1890 Mollusca Solidobalanus fallax A barnacle Biodiveristy NA NA 1994 Mollusca Tandonia budapestensis Budapest Slug/ Keeled slug Agriculture NA root crops 1880 Nematoda Anguillicola crassus Swim bladder nematode Freshwater/Coastal and transNA NA NA Pisces Ambloplites rupestris Rock bass Coastal/transitional waters NA NA NA Pisces Carassius auratus Goldfish Freshwater aquaculture NA NA Pisces Cottus gobio Bullhead (fish) Biodiversity NA NA NA Pisces Ctenopharyngodon idella Chinese Grass Carp Biodiversity NA NA NA Pisces Cyprinus carpio Common carp Freshwater NA NA NA Pisces Lepomis gibbosus Pumpkinseed Freshwater/biodiversity NA NA NA Pisces Leuciscus idus Orfe Freshwater NA NA NA Pisces Micropterus salmoides Largemouth bass Freshwater NA NA NA Pisces Rhodeus seceus Bitterling Freshwater NA NA NA Pisces Salvelinus fontinalis Brook charr Biodiversity NA NA NA Pisces Silurus glanis Danube catfish Biodiversity NA NA NA Pisces Stizostedion lucioperca Pikeperch (zander) Freshwater aquaculture NA NA Plantae Acaena novae-zelandiae Piri-piri bur Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Acorus calamus Sweetflag Freshwater NA NA NA Plantae Allium paradoxum Few-flowered garlic Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Allium triquetrum Three-cornered Garlic Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Alopecurus myosuroides Black grass Agriculture Arable crops Rape, Barley, Rye, Wheat NA Plantae Ambrosia artemisifolia Common ragweed Agriculture Cereal crops sunflower, sugarbeet, corn and other cere NA Plantae Ambrosia trifida Giant ragweed Agriculture Arable Crops soyabean, maize and beans NA Plantae Amsinckia micrantha Common Fiddleneck Agriculture NA NA 1836 Plantae Anchusa arvensis Bugloss Agriculture NA NA 1400BC Plantae Anisantha diandra Great Brome Agriculture Arable Crops NA 1804 Plantae Anisantha sterilis Barren Brome Agriculture Arable Crops cereals 4000 BC Plantae Apera interrupta Dense Silky-bent Agriculture NA NA NA Plantae Aponogeton distachyos Cape pondweed Freshwater NA NA NA Plantae Armoracia rusticana Horse-radish Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Avena fatua Wild oat Agriculture Arable Crops Grass crops 1805 Plantae Avena sterilis Winter wild oat Agriculture Arable Crops Triticum spp., Cereals, Hordeum spp. 1640 Plantae Azolla filiculoides Water fern Freshwater Agricultural, utilitieNA 1880 Plantae Bromus secalinus Rye Brome Agriculture NA NA 2000 BC Plantae Buddleja davidii Buddleia Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Cabomba caroliniana Fanwort cross sector NA NA 1969 Plantae Campylopus introflexus Heath star moss Biodiversity NA NA 1941 Plantae Carpobrotus edulis Hottentot-fig, Ice plant, Sour fig Biodiversity NA NA 1886 Plantae Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut Biodiversity/ conservation NA NA NA Plantae Celastrus orbiculatus Asian bittersweet Agriculture Forestry NA NA Plantae Claytonia sibirica Pink purslane Forestry NA NA NA Plantae Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoide Green sea fingers Fisheries NA NA NA Plantae Convolvulus arvensis Bindweed Agriculture NA NA NA Plantae Conyza canadensis/ Erigeron canaCanadian fleablane Agriculture NA NA NA Plantae Conyza sumatrensis Tall fleablane Agriculture NA NA 1984 Plantae Cotoneaster bullatus Hollyberry Cotoneaster Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Cotoneaster horizontalis Rock Cotoneaster Biodiversity NA NA 1879 Plantae Cotoneaster integrifolius Entire-leaved Cotoneaster Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Cotoneaster microphyllus Littleleaf cotoneaster Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Cotoneaster microphyllus agg. Small-leaved Cotoneasters Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Cotoneaster simonsii Himalayan Cotoneaster Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Crassula helmsii Australian swamp stonecrop Freshwater NA NA 1911 Plantae Crocosmia aurea x pottsii (C. x croMontbretia Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Montbretia Freshwater NA NA NA Plantae Disphyma crassifolium Purple dewplant NA NA NA NA Plantae Egeria densa Large-flowered Waterweed Flooding NA NA NA Plantae Elodea canadensis Canadian pondweed Freshwater NA NA 1836 Plantae Elodea nuttallii Nuttal's pondweed Freshwater NA NA 1966 Plantae Epilobium ciliatum American Willowherb Agriculture NA NA 1891 Plantae Fallopia convolvulus Black bindweed Agriculture NA NA 4000 BC Plantae Fallopia japonica Japanese knotweed Land management Forestry NA NA Plantae Fallopia sachalinensis Giant Knotweed Agriculture NA 1860s Plantae Galinsoga parviflora Gallant soldier Agriculture NA NA 1796 Plantae Galinsoga quadriradiata Shaggy Soldier Agriculture NA NA NA Plantae Gaultheria mucronata Prickly Heath Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Gaultheria shallon Shallon Biodiversity NA heathlands NA Plantae Gunnera tinctoria Giant Rhubarb Agriculture NA NA NA Plantae Heracleum mantegazzianum Giant hogweed Land management NA NA 1817 Plantae Hippohae rhamnoides Sea Buckthorn Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Hyacinthoides hispanica Spanish Bluebell Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Floating Pennywort Freshwater NA NA 1980s Plantae Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Floating Pennywort Freshwater Tourism, agricultuNA 1991 Plantae Impatiens capensis Orange balsam Freshwater NA NA NA Plantae Impatiens glandulifera Himalayan balsam Land management NA NA 1839 Plantae Impatiens parviflora Small Balsam Agriculture Forestry NA 1823 Plantae Lagarosiphon major Curly Waterweed Utilities Hydroelectric pow NA 1944 Plantae Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. aVariegated Yellow Archangel Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Lilioceris lilii Red Lily Beetle Agriculture Ornamental lilies fritillaries NA Plantae Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle Agriculture UK NA NA Plantae Ludwigia spp. Water primroses Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Lupinus nootkatensis Lupin Freshwater NA NA NA Plantae Lysichiton americanum Western Skunk Cabbage Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Matricaria discoidea Pineapple weed Agriculture NA Vegetable crops and cereals NA Plantae Mimulus guttatus Monkey-flowers Freshwater NA NA NA Plantae Myriophyllum aquaticum Parrot's-feather Cross cutting NA NA NA Plantae Myriophyllum aquaticum Parrot's feather Freshwater NA NA 1960 Plantae Oxalis corniculata N/A Agriculture NA NA NA Plantae Oxalis debilis Large-flowered Pink-sorrel Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Oxalis latifolia N/A Agriculture NA NA NA Plantae Oxalis pes-caprae Bermuda butercup Agriculture NA NA 1756 Plantae Persicaria campanulata/ PolygonuLesser Knotweed Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Persicaria wallichii/ Polygonum po Himalayan Knotweed Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Petasites albus White Butterbur Biodiversity NA NA 1683 Plantae Petasites fragrans Winter Heliotrope Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Petasites japonicus Giant butterbur Freshwater NA NA NA Plantae Polysiphonia harveyi Red algae Biodiversity NA NA before 1908 Plantae Pontederia cordata Pickerelweed Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Prunus laurocerasus Cherry Laurel Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Prunus serotina Black cherry Biodiversity Forestry NA NA Plantae Quercus cerris Turkey Oak Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Quercus ilex Evergreen Oak/ Holm oak Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Rhododendron ponticum Rhododendron Land management Forestry NA 1763 Plantae Robinia pseudoacacia False-acacia Agriculture NA NA NA Plantae Rosa rugosa Japanese Rose Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Sagittaria latifolia Duck-potato Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Sargassum muticum Japanese weed Coastal/transitional waters Fisheries, recreati Oysters 1966 Plantae Solidago canadensis Canadian goldenrod Agriculture Forest production NA 1648 Plantae Solidago giganteum Giant goldenrod Agriculture Forest production NA NA Plantae Spartina anglica Common cord-grass Coastal/transitional waters Amenity/recreationNA <1870 Plantae Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry Biodiversity na NA 1817 Plantae Taraxacum officinale Dandelion Agriculture crop production; liNA NA Plantae Undaria pinnatifida Japanese Kelp/ Wakame Marine fisheries NA NA 1994 Plantae Vallisneria spiralis Tapegrass Freshwater NA NA NA Plantae Veronica hederifolia Ivy-leaved Speedwell Agriculture NA winter cereals _4000 BC Plantae Veronica persica Common field speedwell Agriculture Arable Crops cereals NA PlatyhelminArthurdendyus triangulatus New Zealand Flatworm Agriculture Grass & grasslandNA 1965 PlatyhelminAustaloplana sanguinea Australian flatworm Agriculture NA Predator of earth worms 1980 Quarantine and Threats

Year species Taxon Species name Common name (if poss) Sector Industry Crop introduced Amphibia Alytes obstetricans Mildwife toad Biodiversity NA NA NA Amphibia Bufo marinus Cane toad Amphibia Rana esculenta Edible frog Animalia Alopex lagopus Arctic Fox NA NA NA Animalia Ameiurus melas/Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurid catfishes Animalia Aonyx cinerea Short-clawed otter Animalia Capra ibex Ibex Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Castor canadensis American beaver Animalia Cervus canadensis Elk Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Chrysemys picta Painted turtle Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Corvus splendens Indian House Crow Quarantine and surveillance NA UK NA Animalia Cynomys ludovicianus Black tailed pairie dog Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Felis bengalensis Leopard cat Animalia Gambusia holbrooki Eastern mosquitofish Animalia Glaucomys sp. Flying squirrel Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Hemitragus jemlahicus Himalayan Tahr Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Hydrochoerus hydrochoaeris Capybara Animalia Hystrix brachyura Himalayan Porcupine Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Hystrix cristata Crested Porcupine Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Kontikia andersoni Flatworm species Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Kontikia ventrolineata Flatworm species Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Lepus californicus Black-Tailed Jack Rabbit Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Macropus rufogriseus Red Necked Wallaby Biodiversity NA NA 1939 Animalia Mephitis mephitis Striped skunk Animalia Meriones unguiculatus Mongolian Gerbil Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Mesocricetus auratus Golden Hamster Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Misgurnus fossilis European Weatherfish Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Moschus moschiferus Siberian Musk Deer Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Muntiacus muntjak Common Muntjac Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Nasua nasua Coatimundi Animalia Neogobius melanostomus Round goby Animalia Nyctereutes procyonoides Raccoon Dog NA NA NA Animalia Odocoileus virginianus White Tailed Deer Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Ondatra zibethicus Musk Rat Animalia Pecari tajacu Collared Peccary Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Pelophylax lessonae Pool frog Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Pelophylax ridibundus Marsh frog Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Pelophylax. esculenta Edible frog Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Procyon lotor Raccoon Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Proterorhinus marmoratus Tubenose goby Animalia Rangifer tarandus Reindeer Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Sigmodon hispidus Cotton Rat Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern Cottontail Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Tamias sibiricus Siberian Chipmunk Biodiversity NA England NA Animalia Tamias striatus Eastern Chipmunk Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Trechemys scripta elegans Red Eared Terrapin Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Triturus alpestris Alpine newt Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Triturus carnifex Italian Crested Newt Biodiversity NA NA NA Animalia Xenopus laevis African clawed Toad Biodiveristy NA NA NA Arachnida Aceria ficus Arachnida Aceria hibisci Hibiscus erineum mite Arachnida Aceria pterocaryae Arachnida Aceria tulipae Arachnida Panonychus citri Citrus red spider mite Arachnida Tetranychus evansi Spider mite Arachnida Trisetacus chamaecyparis Mite Aves Acridotheres cristatellus Crested mynah Aves Acridotheres ginginianus Bank mynah Aves Acridotheres tristis Common mynah Aves Agapornis roseicollis Rosy-Faced Lovebird Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Aix sponsa Wood duck Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Anas cyanoptera Cinnamon Teal Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Anas discors Blue-Winged Teal Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Anser albifrons Greater White-Fronted Goose biBiodiversity NA NA NA Aves Anser brachyrhynchus Pink-Footed Goose bird Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Anser caerulescens Snow Goose Agriculture NA NA NA Aves Anser cygnoides Swan Goose bird Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Anser erythropus Lesser White-Fronted Goose birdBiodiversity NA NA NA Aves Anser fabalis Anser fabalis Bean Goose Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Anser indicus Bar-Headed Goose Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Aratinga acuticaudata Blue-Crowned Parakeet Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Athene noctua Little Owl Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Branta ruficollis Red-Breasted Goose Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret Aves Buteo jamaicensis Red-Tailed Hawk Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Chen caerulescens Snow Goose Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Chen canagica Emperor Goose Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Chen rossii Ross’s Goose Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Chloephaga picta Upland Goose Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Chrysolophus amherstiae Lady Amherst's Pheasant Biodiversity Forestry NA 1828 Aves Chrysolophus pictus Golden Pheasant Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Colinus virginianus Northern Bobwhite Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Cygnus atratus Black swan Biodiveristy NA England 1791 Aves Cygnus buccinator Trumpeter Swan Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Garrulax formosus Red-Winged Laughingthrush Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Lophura nycthemera Silver Pheasant Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Molothrus spp. Cowbirds Aves Netta rufina Red-Crested Pochard Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Nycticorax nycticorax Black-Crowned Night Heron Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine Parakeet Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Syrmaticus reevesii Reeves’s Pheasant Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck Biodiversity NA NA NA Aves Threskionis aethiopicus Sacred ibis Threat Biodersity and Con NA 1970s/1980s Chelicerata Aceria kuko Goji gall mite Quarantine and surveillance Horticulture L. chinense, Capsicum NA Chelicerata Aculops fuchsiae Fuchsia gall mite Quarantine and surveillance Horticulture Fuchsia spp. NA Chelicerata Tropilaelaps clareae Asian parasitic brood mite Quarantine and surveillance Beekeeping/PollinaHoney/Crop pollination NA Chelicerata Tropilaelaps koenigerum A type of honey bee mite Quarantine and surveillance Beekeeping/PollinaHoney/Crop pollination NA Crustacea Astacus leptodactylus Long-clawed, Turkish crayfish, DBiodiveristy NA NA NA Crustacea Caprella mutica Japanese skeleton shrimp Threat NA NA NA Crustacea Marsupenaeus (Penaeus) japonicus Japanese tiger prawn Crustacea Orchonectes limosus Spiny Cheeked Crayfish NA NA NA NA Crustacea Paralithodes camtschaticus Red king crab Crustacea Procambarus clarkii Red swamp crayfish Freshwater NA NA NA Crustacea Procambarus sp. Marbled Crayfish Insecta Acleris spp. Insecta Agrilus planipennis Emerald ash borer Threat Foestry and amentiSah NA Insecta Amauromyza maculosa Chrysanthemum leaf miner, burdQuarantine and surveillance Horticulture/Ornamental NA Insecta Anoplophora chinensis Citrus-root cerambycid, black andQuarantine and surveillance Forestry, horticulture, NA Insecta Anoplophora glabripennis Asian long-horn beetle Quarantine and surveillance Forestry, horticulturPopulus, Salix, Acer, NA Insecta Anoplophora malasiaca White-spotted longicorn/longhorn beetle Insecta Arrhenodes minutus Oak timberworm Quarantine and surveillance Forestry Oak, elm, poplar, beech NA Insecta Aulacaspis yasumatsui Cycad Aulacaspis scale Insecta Blitopertha (Anomala) orientalis Oriental beetle Quarantine and surveillance Agriculture/Horticulture NA Insecta Calepitrimerus russoi Insecta Cecidophyopsis malpighianus Insecta Chlorophorus annularis Bamboo longhorn beetle Insecta Choristoneura spp. (non-European) Spruce budworms Insecta Chrysophtharta spp. Eucalyptus beetles Insecta Cicadellidae (non-European) Insecta Conotrachelus nenuphar Apple curculio, Western curculio, large apple curculio, plum curculio, plum weevil Insecta Corythuca ciliata Sycamore lace bug Insecta Cydia inopinate Manchurian fruit moth Agriculture Orchards Apples, pears NA Insecta D. undecimpunctata howardi Southern corn rootworm Insecta Dacus ciliatus Ethiopian fruit flu, lesser pumpkinAgriculture Vegetable Cucurbit crops NA Insecta Dendroctonus frontalis Southern pine beetle Agriculture Forestry Pinus spp NA Insecta Dendrolimus pini Pine-tree lappet Agriculture Forestry Forest trees NA Insecta Diabrotica balteata Banded cucumber beetle Agriculture Insecta Diabrotica barberi Northern corn rootworm Insecta Diabrotica barberi Northern corn rootworm Agriculture Insecta Diabrotica significata Three spotted leaf beetle Agriculture Insecta Diabrotica speciosa Chrysanthemum beetle Agriculture Insecta Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Insecta Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpWestern spotted cucumber beetl Agriculture Insecta Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Western corn rootworm Quarantine and surveillance Agriculture Maize ted in uk in 2003 Insecta Diaphania indica Cucumber moth Quarantine and surveillance NA NA NA Insecta Diaphania perspectalis Box tree caterpillar Quarantine and surveillance Horticulture Box tree NA Insecta Dryocosmus kuriphilus Insecta Duponchelia fovealis Southern European marshland p Agriculture ornamentals Begonia , Cyclamen 1996 Insecta Echinothrips americanus NA NA NA NA Insecta Eotetranychus lewisi Lewis spider mite Agriculture NA Citrus spp NA Insecta Eotetranychus orientalis Oriental red mite, citrus mite Agriculture NA Citrus spp NA Insecta Ephestia callidella Carob or dried fruit moth Stored products Insecta Ephestia cautella / Cadra cautella Dried currant or fig moth Stored products Agriculture NA Insecta Epichoristodes acerbella South African carnation tortrix Agriculture Glasshouse Carnations, chrysanthe NA Insecta Eulecanium excrescens Wisteria scale Agriculture Orchard crops apple, almond, apricot 2000 Insecta Eupoecilia ambiguella Grapevine moth Agriculture NA plum, blackcurrent NA Insecta Gonipterus scutellatus Eucalyptus weevil Agriculture Ornatmentals Eucalyptus NA Insecta Grapholita molesta Oriental fruit moth Agriculture Orchard Prunus, Malus, Pyrus NA Insecta Gynaikothrips ficorum Cuban laurel thrips Agriculture NA UK NA Insecta Helicoverpa (Heliothis) zea Insecta Helicoverpa armigera Cotton bollworm Quarantine and surveillance Glasshouses Ornamentals, vegetable eaks 1997-2007 Insecta Heliothis armigera Insecta Hemiberlesia rapax Greedy scale Quarantine and surveillance fruit and woody ornNA NA Insecta Hyphantria cunea Fall webworm, American white mAgriculture Orchards Forest and fruit trees NA Insecta Ips amitinus Small spruce bark beetle Agriculture Forestry NA NA Insecta Ips duplicatus Northern bark beetle Agriculture Forestry NA Insecta Ips sexdentatus Six-toothed bark beetle Agriculture Forestry NA NA Insecta Ips typographus Eight-toothed spruce bark beetle Quarantine and surveillance Forestry NA Insecta Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado beetle Quarantine and surveillance Agriculture Potato 1947 Insecta Linepithema humile Argentine ant NA NA NA NA Insecta Liriomyza brassicae Insecta Liriomyza huidobrensis South American Leaf miner Quarantine and surveillance Glasshouses aubergines, beets NA Insecta Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner Insecta Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf miner Quarantine and surveillance Glasshouses Ornamentals, vegetable NA Insecta Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus American water weevil Insecta Lopholeucaspis japonica Japanese long scale Agriculture Orchards, GlasshoCitrus, Apples, NA Insecta Lymantria dispar Gypsy Moth Biodiversity Forestry Quercus spp. NA Insecta Matsucoccus feytaudi Maritime pine scale, pine bast scAgriculture Forestry NA Insecta Monochamus sartor Sawyer beetle Agriculture Forestry NA NA Insecta Monochamus spp. (non-European) Longhorn beetles Insecta Myndus crudus Pallid cane leafhopper Insecta Naupactus leucoloma White-fringed weevil Insecta Neotoxoptera formosana Onion aphid Agriculture NA Allium species 1999 Insecta Nesidiocoris tenuis N/A Quarantine and surveillance Hoticulture Tomato NA Insecta Nezara viridula Southern Green Stink Bug Agriculture NA Polyphagous 2003 Insecta Numonia pirivorella Pear fruit moth Agriculture Orchards pears NA Insecta Ophelimus maskelli A gall wasp of Eucalyptus Agriculture ornamentals Eucalyptus 2004 Insecta Opogona sacchari Banana moth Quarantine and surveillance Horticulture Woody-stemmed house 1971 Insecta Otiorhynchus armadillo Vine weevil Threat NA cherry laurel, ivy NA Insecta Otiorhynchus salicicola Vine weevil Agriculture forestry NA NA Insecta Otiorhynchus spp Insecta Parabemisia myricae Japanese bayberry whitefly Agriculture NA NA Insecta Parasaissetia nigra Black scale, Hibiscus scale, HibisAgriculture Glasshouses Ornamentals NA Insecta Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leaf miner Agriculture Vegetable onion, spring onion, lee 2003 Insecta Pissodes castaneus Lesser banded pine weevil Quarantine and surveillance Forestry NA Insecta Popillia japonica Japanese Beetle Quarantine and surveillance Horticulture, Agriculture NA Insecta Premnotrypes spp. (non-European) Insecta Pristiphora erichsonii Large larch sawfly Agriculture Forestry larch break 1906-1913 Insecta Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli Magnolia white scale Agriculture Greenhouses NA Insecta Pseudaulacaspis pentagona White peach scale Insecta Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus Small oak bark beetle Insecta Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus Oak bark beetle Insecta Quadrapidiotus pernicosus San José scale Agriculture Fruit crops and prnApples, Peach, Pears NA Insecta Rhagoletis completa Walnut husk fly Agriculture NA Walnuts and peaches NA Insecta Rhagoletis indifferens Western cherry fruit fly Agriculture Orchards Cherries NA Insecta Rhizoecus hibisci Root mealybug Quarantine and surveillance Horticulture NA Insecta Rhyzopertha dominica Lesser Grain Borer Agriculture Stored products oats, barley, rice NA Insecta Scaphoideus luteolus White-banded elm leafhopper Insecta Schizotetranychus celarius Insecta Scirtothrips citri Citrus thrips Insecta Scirtothrips dorsalis Chilli thrips Insecta Spodoptera eridania Southern armyworm Insecta Spodoptera frugiperda Fall armyworm Insecta Spodoptera littoralis Cotton leafworm, Egyptian cottonQuarantine and surveillance Agriculture/Horticul Polyphagous 1963 Insecta Spodoptera litura Tobacco cutworm, cotton leafwo Threat Glasshouses Ornamentals, vegetable 1973 Insecta Tetropium fuscum Brown spruce longhorn beetle Agriculture Forestry spruce, pine NA Insecta Thaumetopoea pityocampa Pine processionary Agriculture Forestry NA Insecta Tuta absoluta South American tomato moth Quarantine and surveillance Horticulture Tomato NA Insecta Viteus vitifoliae Grapevine phylloxera Threat NA 1980s Insecta Viteus vitifoliae/ Daktulosphaira vitifoliaGrapevine phylloxera, vine louseThreat Viticulture Vitis spp. NA Mollusca Corbicula fluminea Asian Clam Mollusca Mytilopsis leucophaeata False Dark Mussel Biodiversity NA NA NA Mollusca Rapana venosa Veined rapa whelk NA NA NA NA Mollusca Selenochlamys ysbryda Ghost slug Research NA NA NA Mollusca Tandonia rustica N/A Agriculture NA NA NA Nematoda Bursaphelenchus xylophilus pinewood nematode Nematoda Globodera pallida Nematoda Globodera rostochiensis Nematoda Hirschmanniella spp., other than Hirschmanniella gracilis Nematoda Longidorus diadecturus Nematoda Meloidogyne chitwoodi Nematode Nematoda Meloidogyne fallax Nematode Nematoda Nacobbus aberrans Nematoda Xiphinema californicum Planta Arceuthobium spp. Dwarf mistletoes Plantae Ailanthus altissima Tree Of Heaven Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Ragweed Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Cabomba carolinana Fanwort Threat NA NA NA Plantae Echium plantagineum Purple Viper's-bugloss Agriculture NA NA 0999 Plantae Eichhornia crassipes Water hyacinth threat Plantae Epilobium brunnescens New Zealand Willowherb Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Lemna minuta Lesser duckweed Biodiversity NA NA NA Plantae Lemna spp. Duckweed NA NA NA Plantae Leucaspius delineatus Sunbleak Biodiversity NA NA NA plantae Pistia stratiotes Water Lettuce NA NA NA NA Plantae Watersipora subtorquata A bryozoan Biodiversity NA NA NA Reptilia Boa constrictor imperator Common boa Climate change Reptilia Chelydra serpentina Common Snapping Turtle Biodiversity NA NA NA Reptilia Elaphe spp. Rat snakes Biodiversity NA UK NA Reptilia Emys orbicularis European pond terrapin Reptilia Lampropeltis spp. King/milk snakes Biodiversity NA NA NA Reptilia Macrochelys temminckii Alligator Snapping Turtle Biodiversity NA NA NA Reptilia Mauremys caspica Stripe-necked terrapin Reptilia Python molurus bivittatus Burmese python Reptilia Thamnophis spp. Garter snakes Biodiversity NA NA NA