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Neotropical Primates 16(2), August 2010

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Neotropical Primates 16(2), August 2010 ISSN 1413-4703 Neotropical primates A Journal of the Neotropical Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Volume 16 Number 2 December 2009 Editors Erwin Palacios Liliana Cortés-Ortiz Júlio César Bicca-Marques Eckhard Heymann Jessica Lynch Alfaro Liza Veiga News and Book Reviews Brenda Solórzano Ernesto Rodríguez-Luna PSG Chairman Russell A. Mittermeier PSG Deputy Chairman SPECIES SURVIVAL Anthony B. Rylands COMMISSION Neotropical Primates A Journal of the Neotropical Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA ISSN 1413-4703 Abbreviation: Neotrop. Primates Editors Erwin Palacios, Conservación Internacional Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia Liliana Cortés Ortiz, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Júlio César Bicca-Marques, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil Eckhard Heymann, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Göttingen, Germany Jessica Lynch Alfaro, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA Liza Veiga, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil News and Books Reviews Brenda Solórzano, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México Ernesto Rodríguez-Luna, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México Founding Editors Anthony B. Rylands, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International, Arlington VA, USA Ernesto Rodríguez-Luna, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México Editorial Board Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK Adelmar F. Coimbra-Filho, Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Carolyn M. Crockett, Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Stephen F. Ferrari, Universidade Federal do Sergipe, Aracajú, Brazil Russell A. Mittermeier, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA Marta D. Mudry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Horácio Schneider, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário de Bragança, Brazil Karen B. Strier, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA Maria Emília Yamamoto, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil Primate Specialist Group Chairman, Russell A. Mittermeier Deputy Chair, Anthony B. Rylands Coordinator, Special Section on Great Apes, Liz Williamson Regional Coordinators — Neotropics Mesoamerica, Ernesto Rodriguez Luna Andean Countries, Erwin Palacios and Eckhard W. Heymann Brazil and the Guianas, M. Cecília M. Kierulff Regional Coordinators — Africa West Africa, John F. Oates East Africa, David Mbora Regional Coordinator — Madagascar Jörg U. Ganzhorn Regional Coordinators — Asia China, Long Yongcheng Southeast Asia, Jatna Supriatna and Christian Roos South Asia, Sally Walker Layout: Kim Meek, Washington, DC <[email protected]> IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group logo courtesy of Stephen D. Nash, 2002. Front cover: Callimico clinging to vertical support at Camp Callimico, Department of Pando, Bolivia. Photo by Edilio Nacimento Becerra. This issue of Neotropical Primates was kindly sponsored by the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation, 432 Walker Road, Great Falls, Virginia 22066, USA, and the Los Angeles Zoo, Director John R. Lewis, 5333 Zoo Drive, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA. Neotropical Primates 16(2), December 2009 51 Articles SYMPATRIC ALOUATTA SENICULUS AND CEBUS CAPUCINUS IN AN ANDEAN FOREST FRAGMENT IN COLOMBIA: A SURVEY OF POPULATION DENSITY Néstor Roncancio Duque1, Carolina Gómez-Posada2 1 Universidad de Caldas. Present address: WCS Colombia, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Fundación EcoAndina / WCS Colombia. Present address: Department of Biology, University of Washington, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Due to human activities, the Colombian Andean forests have lost about 85% of their original cover and very few species of primates persist in these fragmented landscapes. In the Western Cordillera, we evaluated the population density of Alouatta seniculus and Cebus capucinus by line transect census methodology, in a pre-montane isolated forest fragment of 559 ha, be- tween 1200 to 1700 m of altitude. This is one of the few localities where the two species coexist naturally and the first study of their abundance in this cordillera. As we expected according to their diet and strategies, howlers had a higher density, 169 indv/km2 and an abundance of ~943 individuals. By contrast, the capuchins had a lower density, 13.5 ind/km2 with a population of ~76 individuals. Despite contrasting abundance, both species’ conservation in this isolated fragment will depend on landscape-level management to decrease isolation and increase habitat availability in the long term. Key Words: red howler, white-faced capuchin, premontane forest fragment, abundance, line transect surveys Resumen Debido a actividades humanas, los bosques Andinos de Colombia han perdido cerca del 85 % de la cobertura boscosa ori- ginal y muy pocas especies de primates subsisten en estos paisajes fragmentados. En la cordillera Occidental, evaluamos la densidad de Alouatta seniculus y Cebus capucinus por medio de muestreo por censos por transectos lineales, en un fragmento aislado de bosque premontano de 559 ha, entre 1200 y 1700 m de altitud. Esta es una de las pocas localidades donde las dos especies coexisten naturalmente y el primer estudio sobre su abundancia en dicha cordillera. Tal como era esperado de acuer- do a su dieta y estrategias, los aulladores presentaron una alta densidad (169 ind./km2) y una abundancia de ~943 individuos. Por el contrario los capuchinos presentaron una densidad menor, de 13,5 ind./km2 con una población de ~76 individuos. A pesar de presentar abundancias contrastantes la conservación de estas especies en dicho fragmento dependerá de un manejo de paisaje que disminuya el aislamiento y provea más hábitat disponible en el largo plazo. Palabras clave: Mono aullador rojo, mono cariblanco, fragmento de bosque premontano, abundancia, transectos lineales. Introduction Alouatta seniculus occurs from the north Colombian Andes to southern Bolivia. In Colombia, this herbivorous pri- Due to historical, geographical and ecological reasons, mate is found from 0 to 3200 m of altitude, in different most of Colombia’s human population is concentrated forest types, including isolated remnants and secondary in the Andean region and in the Caribbean plateau. The growth forest (Defler, 2004). C. capucinus is distributed ridges and valleys between 1000 and 2500 m have been from Central America to Colombia and northwestern Ec- highly transformed and fragmented and some regions are uador, between the Pacific Ocean and the Western Andes virtually deforested (Kattan and Alvarez-Lopez, 1996). In Mountains, reaching 1800 to 2000 m altitude. This om- some forest remnants a few primates have been able to sur- nivorous species prefers primary forest or advanced second- vive, including Alouatta seniculus, the red howler monkey, ary forest, but is also found in degraded forest remnants and Cebus capucinus, the white-faced capuchin monkey. (Hernández-Camacho and Cooper, 1976; Defler, 2004). These two species are not considered threatened; but the In Colombia, the capuchins were found in the valley of the rapid conversion of the forests to isolated fragments in the upper Cauca River, between Central and Western moun- Colombian mountains may carry a risk to primates and tain ranges (where the Western cordillera is not high), but other wildlife found there (Defler, 2004). most of those population are locally extinct and the current 52 Neotropical Primates 16(2), December 2009 distribution is not well documented (Hernández-Camacho Data collection and Cooper, 1976; Defler, 2004). We conducted a line transect survey to estimate the density of primates from February to June 2004 (Peres, 1999). We In the eastern slope of the Western Cordillera of Colombia, established ten transects across the reserve (with an average A. seniculus and C. capucinus coexist in an isolated premon- length of 1.19 km). Each transect was walked 21.2 times tane forest fragment (Yotoco), and this is one of the few on average, at a speed of approximately 0.5 km / hour on known localities where these species are sympatric. We es- average. We carried out each census at 8:00 am (the pres- timated the population density of these two species in the ence of fog in the mountain forests prevents census earlier) fragment. For howlers, this is the first density survey in the with a return census walk at 14:00. We estimated the pri- Western cordillera and in the premontane forest life zone. mate population density using DISTANCE 6.0 (Thomaset For white-faced capuchins, this is one of the first popula- al., 2009). This software calculates the probability of detec- tion density reports for South America and this fragment tion, modeled as a function of observed distances from the is one of the last remnants in Colombia where the species transect (using perpendicular distances), and then uses this survives other than the Pacific coast. probability to estimate the proportion of primate groups that were not detected in the sample (Thomaset al., 2002). We expected to find a high density and abundance of We compared six theoretical models on the distribution of howlers, due to their herbivorous diet, reduced space re- observed distances: 1) half-normal with cosine expansion, quirements, energy-saving strategy, and recognized abil- 2) half-normal with
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