The Least Developed Countries Report 2010
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External Debt Sustainability and Development Report of The
United Nations A/67/174 General Assembly Distr.: General 24 July 2012 Original: English Sixty-seventh session Item 18 (c) of the provisional agenda* Macroeconomic policy questions External debt sustainability and development Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 66/189, reviews recent developments in the external debt of developing countries with a special focus on the role of credit rating agencies and on the problems relating to the design of a structured mechanism for dealing with sovereign debt restructuring. __________________ * A/67/150. 12-43653 (E) 080812 *1243653* A/67/174 I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted in accordance with paragraph 36 of General Assembly resolution 66/189. It includes a comprehensive analysis of the external debt situation and debt-servicing problems faced by developing countries and transition economies. It describes new developments and trends in external debt and related areas of development finance, discusses various issues relating to the design of a structured mechanism for dealing with sovereign debt restructuring, as well as the role of credit rating agencies, and provides a basis for deliberation of related policy issues. II. Recent trends 2. The total external debt of developing countries and countries with economies in transition (henceforth referred to as developing countries) surpassed $4 trillion by the end of 2010 (see annex). This corresponds to a 12 per cent increase in total external debt compared to 2009, marking a much higher growth rate in comparison to previous years. While data for 2011 from the World Bank Debtor Reporting System are not yet available, estimates made by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) secretariat indicate that debt levels continued to grow by approximately 12 per cent over 2010-2011, bringing the total external debt of developing countries to $4.5 trillion. -
Annual Report
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Development Bureau 2014 Measuring Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland the Information www.itu.int Society Report ISBN 978-92-61-14661-0 SAP id 2014 3 9 4 6 4 9 7 8 9 2 6 1 1 5 2 9 1 8 Price: 86 CHF Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2014 Photo credits: Shutterstock SocietyMeasuring the Information Report Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 © 2014 ITU International Telecommunication Union Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland Original language of publication: English. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the International Telecommunication Union. ISBN 978-92-61-15291-8 ii Foreword I am pleased to present to you the 2014 edition of the Measuring the Information Society Report. Now in its sixth year, this annual report identifies key information and communication technology (ICT) developments and tracks the cost and affordability of ICT services, in accordance with internationally agreed methodologies. Its core feature is the ICT Development Index (IDI), which ranks countries’ performance with regard to ICT infrastructure, use and skills. The report aims to provide an objective international performance evaluation based on quantitative indicators and benchmarks, as an essential input to the ICT policy debate in ITU Member States. Over the past year, the world witnessed continued growth in the uptake of ICT and, by end 2014, almost 3 billion people will be using the Internet, up from 2.7 billion at end 2013. -
The Secretary-General Message to the Solemn
THE SECRETARY-GENERAL MESSAGE TO THE SOLEMN MEETING ON THE THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (To be read on his behalf by Mr. Ibrahim Gambari, Under-Secretary- General' and Special Adviser on Africa) New York, 24 May 2001 I send my congratulations and best wishes to the Organisation of African Unity, which for 38 years has been the voice of Africa in the concert of nations, and has helped Africa to play its part on the international stage. More than that, the OAU has provided African states with a clear goal and a collective vision. In the years since 1963 steady progress has been made in forging closer links between the peoples of Africa - at regional and sub-regional levels - and in strengthening co-operation among them. Just as we remember with gratitude the OAU's role as a rally ing-point during the liberation struggle, so today we applaud its efforts to mobilise the collective will of the continent against mankind's ancient enemies - war, want, and disease - even when they take on new and hideous forms such as HIV/AIDS. Just last month, we saw a clear illustration of the OAU's continuing relevance in the successful convening and outcome of the Abuja summit on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases. Today, as Africa takes on the challenges and seizes the opportunities of globalisation, we see the OAU providing once again an indispensable forum and structure where its member states can consult and plan how best to further their shared interests. We also see African leaders planning to transform the OAU into a deeper "African Union" - a bold endeavour which deserves the fullest support from the international community. -
South-South Cooperation: a Challenge to the Aid System?
South-South Cooperation: A Challenge to the Aid System? The Reality of Aid Special Report on South-South Cooperation 2010 The Reality of Aid South-South Cooperation: A Challenge to the Aid System? is published in the Philippines in 2010 by IBON Books, IBON Center, 114 Timog Avenue, Quezon City, 1103 Philippines [email protected] www.ibon.org Copyright @2010 by the Reality of Aid Management Committee Layout: Jennifer T. Padilla Cover Photos: unescap.com, xanthis.files.wordpress.com Printed and bound in the Philippines by IBON Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved ISBN 978-971-0483-50-1 The Reality of Aid Network The Reality of Aid (RoA) Network exists to promote national and international policies that will contribute to new and effective strategies for poverty eradication built on solidarity and equity. Established in 1993, the Reality of Aid is a collaborative non-profit initiative involving non- governmental organisations from North and South. The Reality of Aid regularly publishes reliable reports on international development cooperation and the extent to which governments, North and South, address the extreme income inequalities and structural, social and political injustices that entrench people in poverty. The Reality of Aid has been publishing its reports and Reality Checks on aid and development cooperation since 1993. The Reality of Aid Global Management Committee is made up of regional representatives of all its member-organisations. Antonio Tujan, Jr. Chairperson / Representing Asia-Pacific CSO partners IBON Foundation/Chairperson of the Steering Committee RoA-Asia-Pacific Brian Tomlinson Vice Chairperson/Representing non-European Canadian Council for International Cooperation Country CSO partners (CCIC) Vitalice Meja Representing African CSO partners Coordinator, RoA-Africa Secretariat Ruben Fernandez Representing Latin American CSO partners Asociación Latinoamericana de Organizaciones de Promoción al Desarrollo, A.C. -
Towards the Third Cycle of the Upr: Stick Or Twist?
POLICY REPORT TOWARDS THE THIRD CYCLE OF THE UPR: STICK OR TWIST? Lessons learnt from the first ten years of the Universal Periodic Review Subhas Gujadhur and Marc Limon July 2016 PREFACE This report on the Human Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism is the result of a two-year project led by Subhas Gujadhur and Marc Limon. It reflects primary and secondary desk research, data analysis covering reports and recommendations from the first two UPR cycles, three policy dialogues in Geneva and over fifty interviews with key policymakers, including State delegates, capital-based experts, NGOs, UN officials and academics. The authors would like to extend particular thanks to Nicholas Alexander for his help with the statistical analysis that underpins many of the key findings of this report. Notwithstanding, the analysis, conclusions and recommendations presented in the report are entirely the authors' own responsibility. Authors Subhas Gujadhur Marc Limon Research assistants Nicholas Alexander Giovanna Voltolina Courtney Tran © Universal Rights Group 2016 ISBN: 978-2-9700961-6-0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 2 Part I: Promoting universal respect for the protection of all human rights 8 Part II: Lessons learnt from the UPR's first ten years 18 1. State reporting 22 2. Peer review in the UPR Working Group 23 3. Adoption of the review outcome 35 4. Implementation of accepted recommendations 35 5. Implementation: structures, reporting, patterns 39 Recommendations 42 _ 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW hoped for). States also agreed that the Council would ‘undertake a universal periodic review, based on objective and reliable infor- In 2005, Heads of State meeting at the UN’s World Summit re- mation, of the fulfilment by each State of its human rights obliga- solved to create the Human Rights Council (the Council) to re- tions and commitments in a manner which ensures universality place the Commission on Human Rights (the Commission). -
FINESSE 0.98, Frequency Domain Interferometer Simulation Software
FINESSE 0.98 Frequency domain INterferomEter Simulation SoftwarE Andreas Freise Finesse is a fast interferometer simulation software. For a given optical setup, the pro- gram computes the light field amplitudes at every point in the interferometer assuming a steady state. To do so, the interferometer description is translated into a set of linear equa- tions that are solved numerically. For convenience, a number of standard analyses can be performed automatically by the program, namely computing modulation-demodulation error signals, transfer functions and shot-noise limited sensitivities. Finesse can per- form the analysis using a plane-wave approximation or Hermite-Gauss modes. The latter allows to compute the effects of mode matching and misalignments. In addition, error signals for automatic alignment systems can be modeled. 28.02.2005 Finesse and the accompanying documentation and the example files have been written by: Andreas Freise European Gravitational Observatory Via E. Amaldi 56021 Cascina (PI) Italy [email protected] Parts of the Finesse source and ’mkat’ have been written by Gerhard Heinzel, the document ’sidebands.ps’ by Keita Kawabe, the Octave examples and its description by Gabriele Vajente. The software and documentation is provided as is without any warranty of any kind. Copyright c by Andreas Freise 1999-2005. For the moment I only distribute a binary version of the program. You may freely copy and distribute the program for non-commercial purposes only. Especially you should not charge fees or request donations for any part of the Finesse distribution (or in connection with it) without the author’s written permission. No other rights, such as ownership rights, are transferred. -
The Effectiveness of Debt Relief: Assessing the Influence of the HIPC Initiative and MDRI on Tanzania's Health Sector
American Journal of Undergraduate Research ZZZDMXURQOLQHRUJ The Effectiveness of Debt Relief: Assessing the Influence of the HIPC Initiative and MDRI on Tanzania’s Health Sector Fernando Lopez Oggier Center for American Politics and Public Policy, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA https://doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2019.021 Student: [email protected]*, [email protected] Mentor: [email protected] ABSTRACT Debt relief initiatives have been part of the international development sphere since the early 1990s. With the launch of the Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Initiative in 1996 and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) in 2005 many countries have been able to successfully qualify for debt relief. Tanzania has been one of the primary beneficiaries of debt relief over the years. While empirical evidence demonstrates that the country’s economic growth has been positively impacted by debt relief initiatives, other aspects of human development need to be analyzed to ensure a comprehensive assessment of the HIPC Initiative and the MDRI. This study compiles Tanzania’s health data into a composite indicator to perform a graphical analysis to compare the trends between health outcomes and external debt. The graphical analysis is contextualized through a qualitative analysis of political, economic and health financing literature from the Bank of Tanzania, UNICEF and USAID. The results indicate that health outcomes improved throughout the whole study’s time period particularly after the HIPC Initiative. The health financing literature also points to increased development expenditure during this period. Nonetheless, the effects of debt relief seem to diminish in the long-term due to fluctuations in external donors and logistical barriers to budget execution. -
U.N. Peacekeeping Operations in Africa
U.N. PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS IN AFRICA HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HEALTH, GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS, AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION April 30, 2019 Serial No. 116–30 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs ( Available: http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/, http://docs.house.gov, or http://http://www.govinfo.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 36–134PDF WASHINGTON : 2019 COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York, Chairman BRAD SHERMAN, California MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas, Ranking GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York Member ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia STEVE CHABOT, Ohio THEODORE E. DEUTCH, Florida JOE WILSON, South Carolina KAREN BASS, California SCOTT PERRY, Pennsylvania WILLIAM KEATING, Massachusetts TED S. YOHO, Florida DAVID CICILLINE, Rhode Island ADAM KINZINGER, Illinois AMI BERA, California LEE ZELDIN, New York JOAQUIN CASTRO, Texas JIM SENSENBRENNER, Wisconsin DINA TITUS, Nevada ANN WAGNER, Missouri ADRIANO ESPAILLAT, New York BRIAN MAST, Florida TED LIEU, California FRANCIS ROONEY, Florida SUSAN WILD, Pennsylvania BRIAN FITZPATRICK, Pennsylvania DEAN PHILLIPS, Minnesota JOHN CURTIS, Utah ILHAN OMAR, Minnesota KEN BUCK, Colorado COLIN ALLRED, Texas RON WRIGHT, Texas ANDY LEVIN, Michigan GUY RESCHENTHALER, Pennsylvania ABIGAIL SPANBERGER, Virginia TIM BURCHETT, Tennessee CHRISSY HOULAHAN, Pennsylvania GREG PENCE, Indiana TOM MALINOWSKI, -
Verge 7 Re-Orienting Neo-Liberal Development and Mainstreaming
Verge 7 Re-Orienting Neo-liberal Development and Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa Brianna Bowman The countries of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been sites of turbulent development practices since the Third World debt crisis of the 1970s. As illustrated in Tanzania, attempts by International Financial Institutions (IFIs), namely the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), to stabilize and liberalize the economy through the implementation of neo-liberal contingency based Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) only worsened conditions. It was in the shadow of deepening poverty and increasing debt obligations that the HIV virus began to permeate and devastate SSA. Government implementation of SAPs facilitated transmission of the disease by raising unemployment, increasing labor mobility, and restricting social services. Institutional reforms abated structural violence, defined by John Galtung as a process that causes ―avoidable insults to basic human needs, and more generally to life,‖ (292) and compromised the human right to health, as set forth in Article 25 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Under these conditions, AIDS deaths in SSA continued to rise throughout the 1980s. Poverty, debt, and illness lformed a destructive cycle that set back development gains, worsened poverty, and impeded the ability of governments to adequately assist their people or help resolve their mounting debts. In the early 1990s, worsening conditions and increasing discontent throughout the developing world necessitated that the World Bank and IMF revise their development approach. Acknowledging the incompatibility of goals for economic growth and expectations that countries Verge 7 Bowman 2 fulfill their crippling debt obligations, the IFIs introduced their most recent development programs, the Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) in 1996, followed by the the enhanced version in 1999, and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) in 2006. -
The UN Security Council and Climate Change
Research Report The UN Security Council and Climate Change Dead trees form an eerie tableau Introduction on the shores of Maubara Lake in Timor-Leste. UN Photo/Martine Perret At the outset of the Security Council’s 23 Feb- particular the major carbon-emitting states, will ruary 2021 open debate on climate and security, show the level of commitment needed to reduce world-renowned naturalist David Attenborough carbon emissions enough to stave off the more dire delivered a video message urging global coopera- predictions of climate modellers. tion to tackle the climate crisis. “If we continue on While climate mitigation and adaptation 2021, No. #2 21 June 2021 our current path, we will face the collapse of every- measures are within the purview of the UN thing that gives us our security—food production; Framework Convention on Climate Change This report is available online at securitycouncilreport.org. access to fresh water; habitable, ambient tempera- (UNFCCC) and contributions to such measures tures; and ocean food chains”, he said. Later, he are outlined in the Paris Agreement, many Secu- For daily insights by SCR on evolving Security Council actions please added, “Please make no mistake. Climate change rity Council members view climate change as a subscribe to our “What’s In Blue” series at securitycouncilreport.org is the biggest threat to security that humans have security threat worthy of the Council’s attention. or follow @SCRtweets on Twitter. ever faced.” Such warnings have become common. Other members do not. One of the difficulties in And while the magnitude of this challenge is widely considering whether or not the Council should accepted, it is not clear if the global community, in play a role (and a theme of this report) is that Security Council Report Research Report June 2021 securitycouncilreport.org 1 1 Introduction Introduction 2 The Climate-Security Conundrum 4 The UN Charter and Security there are different interpretations of what is on Climate and Security, among other initia- Council Practice appropriate for the Security Council to do tives. -
Development Committee Document
TIONAL BA A NK RN E F T O N R I DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE WORLD BANK R (Joint Ministerial Committee E T C N O E N M S P of the T O R L U E CT EV Boards of Governors of the Bank and the Fund ION AND D On the Transfer of Real Resources to Developing Countries) DC2007-0021 September 28, 2007 HEAVILY INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES (HIPC) INITIATIVE AND MULTILATERAL DEBT RELIEF INITIATIVE (MDRI)−STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION Attached for the October 21, 2007, Development Committee Meeting is a background report entitled “Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI)−Status of Implementation,” prepared by the staff of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. * * * INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION AND INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) —Status of Implementation Prepared by the Staffs of IDA and IMF Approved by Danny Leipziger and Mark Allen September 27, 2007 Contents Page Executive Summary................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................1 II. Review of the Implementation and Impact of the HIPC Initiative and the MDRI ...............2 A. Implementation of the HIPC Initiative and the MDRI .............................................2 B. Impact of the HIPC Initiative and the MDRI............................................................6 -
LYON, FRANCE • 12Th-26Th AUGUST 2017 “Bridge for Peace”
43rd WORLD BRIDGE TEAM CHAMPIONSHIPS LYON, FRANCE • 12th-26th AUGUST 2017 “Bridge for Peace” rd 43 BERMUDA BOWL Coordinator: Jean-Paul Meyer • Editor: Mark Horton 21st VENICE CUP 11th WORLD DAILY Co-Editors: Barry Rigal, Brian Senior 9th D’ORSI SENIOR TROPHY TRANSNATIONAL OPEN TEAMS Journalists: David Bird, John Carruthers, Jos Jacobs BULLETIN Lay-Out Editor: Monika Kümmel • Photos: Ron Tacchi Issue No. 15 Saturday evening, 26th August 2017 USA II ARE THE LIONS OF LYON Contents Brackets and Rosters . .2 Cumulative Medal Table . .3 WBF President Farewell . .4 Roll Of Honour . .6 The Unluckiest Man in Lyon? . .14 IOC and GAISF Officials visit Lyon 2017 . .15 USA 2, winners of the Bermuda Bowl, with officials: Gianarrigo Rona, Martin Fleisher, Chip Martel, Jan Martel (NPC), Michael Rosenberg, Brad Moss, Jacek Pszczola, Patrick Grenthe, On ne change pas Joe Grue, José Damiani une équipe qui gagne . .15 Le (bon) coin francophone . .16 RR13: OT Poland v USA1 . .19 F S4: OT USA 2 v Italy . .22 F S5: BB France v USA2 . .25 F S6: BB France v USA2 . .28 Championship Diary . .31 Swings and Arrows . .32 The Magnificent Seven . .34 F S8: BB France v USA2 . .35 Winners of the Funbridge Transnational Teams: Team MAZURKIEWICZ Krzysztof Jassem, Piotr Gawryś, Michał Klukowski, Marcin Mazurkiewicz (pc) After a wonderful match that contained many thrilling deals it was USA II who emerged as the new Bermuda Bowl Champions, beating France by just 2 IMPs. Bulgaria defeated New Zealand in the play-off for the bronze medals. There was also a close finish to the Funbridge World Transnational Open Teams which saw Mazurkiewicz hold off a strong challenge by Jinshuo while Percy convincingly won the third place play-off with Zimmermann .