DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparative Study of the Liver Anatomy in the Rat, Rabbit, Guinea Pig and Chinchilla

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparative Study of the Liver Anatomy in the Rat, Rabbit, Guinea Pig and Chinchilla Comparative Study of the Liver Anatomy in the Rat, Rabbit, Guinea Pig and Chinchilla DepartmentFlorin Gheorghe of Comparative STAN Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372, Cluj Napoca, Romania * corresponding author: [email protected] Bulletin UASVM Veterinary Medicine 75(1)/2018 Print ISSN 1843-5270; Electronic ISSN 1843-5378 doi:10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:002717 Abstract In liver surgical and histological research, small rodents are the most used experimental models. Although the small animals liver is typically lobulated and its macroscopic appearance do not resemble that of the compact human liver, a high degree of lobulation equivalence, allow the use of small rodents in biomedical research. The macroscopic anatomy of the liver of the rat, rabbit, guinea pig and chinchilla was studied from a comparative standpoint. The topography,Hepar lobulation and the connection elements of the liver were examined by detailedLobus hepatis in situ sinisterobservation lateralis and explanted liver of forty specimens. Lobus hepatis dexter Lobus caudatusThe rat liver ( ) consists of four distinct lobes of different size: the left lateral lobe - LLL ( ), theLobus median hepatis lobe sinister - ML, medialisthe right lobe – RL ( ) andLobus the quadratuscaudate lobe CL ( ). The largest lobe was the median lobe. The rabbit liver consists of five lobes: left lateral lobe - LLL, left medial lobe - LML ( ), right lobe - RL, quadrate lobe – QL ( ) and caudate lobe - CL.Lobus The hepatis most developed dexter lateralis lobe was the left lateral lobe. TheLobus caudate hepatis lobe dexter had a medialis very narrow attachment on the hilar region. The guinea pig liver show six lobes: left lateral lobe - LLL, left medial lobe - LML, right lateral lobe – RLL ( ), right medial lobe – RML ( Lig.), Falciformequadrate lobe hepatis - QL and caudate lobe - CL. The largest lobe of this specie was the left lateral lobe. In chinchilla liver showed four lobes like in the rat. In the rats Lig.the mostCoronarium developed hepatis hepatic ligament was the falciform ligament ( ) which spans from xyphoid process of the sternum and diaphragm to the liver, beginning at the interlobular fissure. The coronary ligament ( ) was well developedLig.triangulare in all rats. Interlobular dextrum ligaments connect the left lateralLig. lobeTriangulare with the sinistrum upper caudate lobe. In rabbits, guineaLig.hepatorenale pigs and chinchillas the connection elementsLig. hepatoduodenalewere represented by the falciform ligament, coronary ligament, right ( ) and left triangular ligaments ( ), hepatorenal ligament ( ) and hepatoduodenal ligament ( ) with varying degrees of development. Based on detailed study of the macroscopic anatomy of rat, rabbit, guinea pig and chinchilla a proper experimental model in liver research, could be assessed. In this regard, the vascular anatomy of the liver in the mentionedKeywords species is of a great importance and it is subject of another report. : anatomy, experimental models, hepatic ligaments, liver lobes Introduction pathological studies. In this context, experimental In recent years, mice and rats are the lobar resections of the liver have been practiced most used animals both in morphological and on both healthy liver and liver tumors. Particularly functional studies of the liver. Starting from the of the rodents is that they have the same models used in experimental liver transplantation, anatomical organization of the liver, in the sense anatomical and physiological studies, metabolic that each liver lobe has its own pedicle containing and immunological research, the area of interest a portal triad, namely the corresponding branch has expanded in the field of regenerative and of the portal vein, its own biliary pathway and the 34 STAN et al. et al. arterial branch (Popesco , 1997; Stamatova chinchillas (mean body weight 350±60g) were , 2012; Quesenberryet al. et Carpenter, 2012). Due to brought from breeding farms in the day of the this fact, lobar resections, more or less extensive examination. All animals received care according to (Madrahimov , 2006) are possible. All these the criteria outlined in the “Guide for care and Use interventions requires a good understanding of Laboratory Animals”. The study was performed of the liver’s macroscopic anatomy and its with approval of the Bioethics Committee of the vasculature. Due to the facts that rats are the most University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary commonly used in biomedical research because Medicine, Cluj Napoca. Euthanasia was performed they are easy to maintain and their procurement by administration of an overdose of isoflurane is cheap, anatomical liver studies have been made (AErrane, Baxter, USA) in all animals. A midline most often onLobus this rodent.hepatis The dexter rat and chinchillas incision of abdominal cavity was performed and liver is described as havingLobus hepatisfour main sinister lobes: the the liver, its topography, and connecting elements right lobe ( Lobus caudatus ), the medial were recorded. The hepatic ligaments were incised lobe, the left lobe ( et al ) and and the liver was extracted from abdominal cavity the caudate lobe ( ) (Martins and to be examined separately. Terms were used in Neuhaus 2007; Stan 2013; Novak ., 2015), accordanceResults with and NAV discussions 2012. while the guinea pig liver is divided into six lobes, the right and left lobes being subdivided in lateral and medialLig. part Falciforme (Breazile hepatisand Brown, • Topography,In the rats borders surfaces and relations 1976), topography determined by position onLobus the Heparwith adjacent structures hepatisfalciform dexter ligament lateralis ( ) and , the firm, smooth, dark red liver medianLobus plane. hepatis Thus, dexterthe right medialis lateral lobe ( ( ) was placed on the cranial abdominal Lobus) hepatis- RLL, sinisterthe right medialis medial region, half of its volume being situated in the lobe ( Lobus hepatis) – RML, sinister the intrathoracic part of abdominal cavity (Figure lateralisleft medial lobe ( Lobus) 1A). It has a compact appearance and a central caudatus- LML, the left lateral lobe ( Lobus position, the caudal edges reaching approximately quadratus)) – LLL,– besides the caudate lobe ( the same level on both sides of the abdominal ) – CL and the quadrate lobe ( cavity. On the right side, the caudal edge was made QL, are described. An intermediate by the rightFacies inferior diaphragmatica lobe and on the left side by situation is encountered in theet al.rabbit, in which the the left lateral lobe. The diaphragmatic or parietal liver has five lobes, the right lobe being undivided surface ( ) was smooth (Barone, 1997; Stamatova , 2012). Another and convex, being mostly Inmade situ by the medial distinguishing characteristicetv al., of rats compared lobes and by the left lateral lobe, and completely to the other three species is the absence of covered by theLobus peritoneum. hepatis sinister, onlateralis this surface gallbladder (Kongure 1999; Martins and were visible threeLobus lobes: hepatis the median dexter lobe, the left Neuhaus, 2007). Taking into account the fact that lateral lobe ( Lobus caudatus ), and the rodents share the same ancestor with the the right lobe ( ). Between lagomorphs on the one hand and on the other theLig. caudate Coronarium lobe hepatis( ), caudal vena hand the rabbits are used as much as experimental cava and the two layers of coronaryArea nuda ligament models as the rodents, this anatomical study ( ), a part of the liver was performs the comparative description of the lobes uncoveredFacies by the visceralis peritoneum, ( ) being of theMaterials liver at rat, and rabbit, methods guinea pig and chinchilla. in direct contact with the diaphragm. The visceral surface ( ) was deeply concave being in relation with the stomach, descending Forty animals (ten of each species) were duodenum, pancreas, transverse colon and right examined. Ten adult male Wistar rats (meanCluj flexure, spleen, right kidney andImpressio right suprarenal renalis body weight 460±40g) provided from the UMF gland. With the exeption of the right kidney, (University of Medicine and Pharmacy - that made the renal imprint ( ), Napoca) bio base, were used. Also, ten domestic the mentioned structures did not leave visible rabbits (mean body weight 980±250g), ten guinea imprints on the liver lobes. On the visceral surface, pigsBulletin UASVM(mean Veterinary body Medicine weight 75(1) / 2018420±50g), and ten 35 Comparative Study of the Liver Anatomy in the Rat, Rabbit, Guinea Pig and Chinchilla Figure 1. In situ visceral surface of the rat-A and chinchilla-B, liver. LLL-left lateral lobe; LML-left medial lobe; RML-right medial lobe; DRL-dorsal right lobe and VRL-ventral right lobe; FL-falciform ligament; Interlobar ligament-arrow; S-stomach; RK-right kidney; P-pancreas; RL-right lobe; CP- caudate process; PP-papillary process; Fossa vesicae felleae coveredIn thealmost rabbits completely by the peritoneum, was Inattached chinchillas to its, fossa ( ), four lobes were recognized. between the right medial lobe and quadrate lobe. , the red-brown liver was as in guinea pigs, two-thirds of positionedFacies diaphragmatica almost in intrathoracic part of the liver mass was situated in intrathoracic part abdominal cavity. The diaphragmatic surfaceFacies of abdominal cavity (Figure 1B). Diaphragmatic visceralis( ) was convex applied on concave surface showed three lobes, while the the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DETAILED MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION of the LIVER and Biotechnological Letters,Vol 16,No 2
    Scientific Works. Series C. Veterinary Medicine. Vol. LXIII (1) REFERENCES Predoi G., Belu C., Georgescu B., Dumitrescu I., Roșu P., ISSN 2065-1295; ISSN 2343-9394 (CD-ROM); ISSN 2067-3663 (Online); ISSN-L 2065-1295 Bițoiu C., 2011. Morpho-topographic study of the head Barach J., Hafner M.,2002. Biology and Natural lymphocentrers in small ruminants, Romanian DETAILED MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LIVER AND Biotechnological letters,vol 16,No 2. History of the Nutria,with special Reference to HEPATIC LIGAMENTS IN THE GUINEA PIG (CAVIA PORCELLUS) Nutria in Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Predoi G., Belu C., 2001. Anatomia animalelor domestice. Fisheries,by Genesis Laboratories, Inc.P.O. Box Anatomie Clinica, ed.BIC ALL București. 1 1 1 1195, Wellington, Colorado 80549. Suntsova N.A., Panfilov A.B., 2009. Comparative analysis Florin Gheorghe STAN , Cristian MARTONOȘ* , Cristian DEZDROBITU , of mesenteric lymphonodes of male and female of Hrițcu V., Coțofan V., 2000. Anatomia animalelor de Aurel DAMIAN1, Alexandru GUDEA1 blană Nutria,Dihorul, Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, nutria, RUDH Jurnal of Agronomy and Animal Industries, No 1. Iași. 1 Pérez W., Lima M., Bielli A., 2008. Gross anatomy of WoodsC.A.et. col,1992.Myocastor Coypus. Mamallian University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj Napoca, the intestine and its mesentery in the nutria [ Species 398:1-8. 3-5 Mănăștur Str. Romania Myocastor Copyus], Folia Morphoe,67(4) 286-291. ***Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (Fifth Edition) Zurich and Ithaca, New York. *Corresponding author: Cristian Martonos, email: [email protected] Abstract The paper aimed to present the gross anatomy of liver and its ligaments in guinea pigs.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Dog the Present Volume of Anatomy of the Dog Is Based on the 8Th Edition of the Highly Successful German Text-Atlas of Canine Anatomy
    Klaus-Dieter Budras · Patrick H. McCarthy · Wolfgang Fricke · Renate Richter Anatomy of the Dog The present volume of Anatomy of the Dog is based on the 8th edition of the highly successful German text-atlas of canine anatomy. Anatomy of the Dog – Fully illustrated with color line diagrams, including unique three-dimensional cross-sectional anatomy, together with radiographs and ultrasound scans – Includes topographic and surface anatomy – Tabular appendices of relational and functional anatomy “A region with which I was very familiar from a surgical standpoint thus became more comprehensible. […] Showing the clinical rele- vance of anatomy in such a way is a powerful tool for stimulating students’ interest. […] In addition to putting anatomical structures into clinical perspective, the text provides a brief but effective guide to dissection.” vet vet The Veterinary Record “The present book-atlas offers the students clear illustrative mate- rial and at the same time an abbreviated textbook for anatomical study and for clinical coordinated study of applied anatomy. Therefore, it provides students with an excellent working know- ledge and understanding of the anatomy of the dog. Beyond this the illustrated text will help in reviewing and in the preparation for examinations. For the practising veterinarians, the book-atlas remains a current quick source of reference for anatomical infor- mation on the dog at the preclinical, diagnostic, clinical and surgical levels.” Acta Veterinaria Hungarica with Aaron Horowitz and Rolf Berg Budras (ed.) Budras ISBN 978-3-89993-018-4 9 783899 9301 84 Fifth, revised edition Klaus-Dieter Budras · Patrick H. McCarthy · Wolfgang Fricke · Renate Richter Anatomy of the Dog The present volume of Anatomy of the Dog is based on the 8th edition of the highly successful German text-atlas of canine anatomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Digestive System
    Naziha Sultan Ahmed, BVMS, MSc Scientific degree (Assis. Prof.), Department of Anatomy College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2856-8277 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naziha_Ahmed Anatomy | Part 18| 2nd year 2019 Digestive System Fixation of the liver (Ligaments of the liver): 1-Lesser omentum: consist of two parts: a/Hepatogastric ligament: connect between hepatic porta and lesser curvature of the stomach . b/Hepatoduodenal ligament: connect between hepatic porta and the cranial part of the duodenum. 2-Coronary ligament: connect between the parietal (diaphragmatic ) surface of liver, with the diaphragm and the caudal vena cava. 3-Falciform ligament: connect between the notch of round ligament in the liver and the sternal part of the diaphragm. 4-Round ligament: the residue (remnants) of the umbilical vein of the fetus. 5-Hepatorenal ligament: connect between the right lobe of liver and the right kidney. 6-Right & left triangular ligaments: connect between the dorsal border of right and left lobes of the liver and the diaphragm . Both ligaments continue medially with the coronary ligament. CouAnatomy | Digestive system | Assis. Prof. Naziha Sultan Ahmed Page | 1 The pancreas: Pancreas has V-shape. It consists of base and two limbs (right & left limbs). *In horse: large pancreas body perforated by portal vein and long left limb, with short right limb (because of large size of cecum in horse ). The horse pancreas has two ducts: 1-Chief pancreatic duct: opens with bile duct at the major duodenal papilla. 2-Accessory pancreatic duct: opens at the minor duodenal papilla. *In dog: pancreas notched by the portal vein.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Surgeries Performed on Exotic Companion Mammals Peter G
    Common Surgeries Performed on Exotic Companion Mammals Peter G. Fisher, DVM, DABVP (Exotic Companion Mammal) Pet Care Veterinary Hospital, Virginia Beach, VA, USA FERRETS Adrenal Disease A ventral midline incision is made 1–2 cm caudal to the xiphoid process and extended caudally beyond the umbilicus to allow good visualization of the cranial and mid abdomen. A complete exploration of the abdomen should be performed to rule out metastasis, insulinoma, or other concurrent disease. It is ideal to visually and palpably inspect both adrenals before deciding on whether to resect either one or both. The left gland is more accessible, and may be found embedded in the fat and connective tissue cranial to the left kidney. To visualize the left adrenal gland, the spleen and much of the small intestines must be gently exteriorized and kept moist with warm isotonic saline during the surgery. In cases of less obvious adrenal enlargement gentle manipulation will allow location by palpation. Careful blunt and sharp dissection around the adrenal gland will allow more complete visualization of the gland and its blood supply. Cotton tipped applicators and Metzenbaum scissors may be used in conjunction for blunt and sharp dissection respectively in order to tease the adrenal away from the surrounding fat. Vascular clamps [Weck Hemoclips®, Teleflex Medical, RTP, NC] are essential in ligation of the fine adrenal vasculature. The right adrenal gland is cranial and medial to the right kidney, and is more difficult to excise due to its frequent adherence to the vena cava and location just dorsal to the caudate liver lobe.
    [Show full text]
  • When the Going Gets Tough: Improving Outcomes of Colonoscopy
    When the Going Gets Tough: Improving Outcomes of Colonoscopy Jenifer R. Lightdale, MD, MPH, FAAP Division Chief, Gastroenterology Chief Quality Officer UMass Memorial Children’s Medical Center Professor of Pediatrics University of Massachusetts 1 Faculty Disclosures – Mead‐Johnson – Perrigo – Norgine – Medtronic Objectives • Identify core skills required to perform pediatric colonoscopy • Discuss evidence‐based estimates of procedural volume required to achieve competence • Review basic and advanced measures which may help during “difficult colonoscopy” • Recognize the value of implementing CQA/CQI to improving procedural outcomes 1 Colonoscopy • A common and established endoscopic procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of many large bowel disorders • Often perceived by patients as inconvenient and painful • Recognized by physicians to be variably challenging to perform Witte, Enns, 2007; Bourque, Rex, 2012 A “typical” colon is rarely configured like this… Rather more often something like this! 2 Indications for Pediatric Colonoscopy 3 ASGE, Colonoscopy Core Curriculum, 2012 Core Skills for Pediatric Colonoscopy • Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Competency Assessment Tool for pediatric colonoscopy (GiECATKIDS) • Developed by Catharine M. Walsh, MD, PhEd • Via a Delphi method – >40 pediatric gastroenterologists from across North America – Heterogeneous group with broad expertise – 5 rounds of surveys (~76% participants all 5!) Walsh, GIE, 2014; Walsh, 2014, JPGN; Walsh, JPGN, 2014 Core Skills for Pediatric Colonoscopy • 3 main competency domains – Technical (psychomotor skill) – Cognitive (knowledge) – Integrative (judgment, clinical reasoning) Technical Integrative Cognitive skills skills skills Walsh, GIE, 2014; Walsh, 2014, JPGN; Walsh, JPGN, 2014 4 GiECATKIDS Global Rating Scale Walsh, 2014, JPGN GiECATKIDS GRS Likert Scale Walsh, GIE, 2014; Walsh, 2014, JPGN; Walsh, JPGN, 2014 GiECATKIDS Checklist Items (1=Y, 0=not done/N) • Pre‐procedure – Technical (1) • i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Ta2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA Second Edition (2.06) International Anatomical Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TA2, PART III Contents: Systemata visceralia Visceral systems Caput V: Systema digestorium Chapter 5: Digestive system Caput VI: Systema respiratorium Chapter 6: Respiratory system Caput VII: Cavitas thoracis Chapter 7: Thoracic cavity Caput VIII: Systema urinarium Chapter 8: Urinary system Caput IX: Systemata genitalia Chapter 9: Genital systems Caput X: Cavitas abdominopelvica Chapter 10: Abdominopelvic cavity Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Anatomica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, 2019 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Anatomica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: SYSTEMA DIGESTORIUM Chapter 5: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Latin term Latin synonym UK English US English English synonym Other 2772 Systemata visceralia Visceral systems Visceral systems Splanchnologia 2773 Systema digestorium Systema alimentarium Digestive system Digestive system Alimentary system Apparatus digestorius; Gastrointestinal system 2774 Stoma Ostium orale; Os Mouth Mouth 2775 Labia oris Lips Lips See Anatomia generalis (Ch.
    [Show full text]
  • Organs-Of-The-Abdomen-II.Pdf
    Falciform ligament round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres) Left lobe of liver Right lobe of liver Gallbladder Parietal (diaphragmatic) surface of liver Falciform ligament Left triangular ligament Right triangular ligament Hepatophrenic ligament Hepatorenal ligament bare area of the liver Visceral surface of the liver right sagittal fissure bounded by the inferior vena cava posteriorly gallbladder anteriorly left sagittal fissure bounded by the ligamentum venosum posteriorly ligamentum teres anteriorly transverse fissure or porta hepatis Quadrate lobe Caudate lobe Impressions on the visceral surface of the liver Gastric impression Duodenal impression (second part of duodenum) Colic impression (right colic flexure) Renal impression (right kidney) Suprarenal impression (right suprarenal gland) The Internal Structure of the Liver portal triad Branches of the portal vein portal triad Branches of the hepatic artery portal triad Small bile ducts. Tributaries of the hepatic veins The gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts Gallbladder fundus Gallbladder body Gallbladder neck Cystic duct Common hepatic duct Common bile duct Head of pancreas Uncinate process of pancreas Body of pancreas Tail of pancreas The visceral surface of the spleen Diaphragmatic surface Visceral surface Anterior border Gastrolienal ligament Splenic vein Splenic artery The kidney and its surrounding fasciae Perirenal fat Pararenal fat Section of the kidney, anterior view Cortex Medulla Renal pyramid Renal papillae Renal column Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis The suprarenal glands Right suprarenal gland Superior suprarenal artery Middle suprarenal artery Inferior suprarenal artery Suprarenal vein Left renal vein Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) artery and vein Inferior vena cava Right renal vein Parietal and visceral branches of the abdominal aorta Celiac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery Middle suprarenal Renal artery Lumbar arteries Common iliac arteries .
    [Show full text]
  • 101 Liver Anatomy
    101 Liver Anatomy The average adult liver weighs approximately 1,200 to artery. Blood is drained from the hepatic sinusoids to the 1,600 grams. The liver is located in the right upper quad- hepatic veins and then back to the systemic system rant beneath the rib cage. The inferior border of the liver through the IVC. is the costal margin, and the superior portion lies just The portal vein forms from the connection of the supe- beneath the diaphragm. The liver is located at the level rior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. The portal vein of the fifth rib on the right and the sixth rib on the left. runs in a superior direction behind the duodenum to Most of the liver is encapsulated except for the gallblad- enter the posterior portion of the hepatoduodenal liga- der bed, the porta hepatis, and the posterior surface adja- ment. The portal vein branches into a right lobar and left cent to the inferior vena cava (IVC). Ligaments are lobar branch at the porta hepatis. The right lobar branch formed from peritoneal reflections. The major ligaments runs through the liver tissue and then makes anterior and supporting the liver are the coronary ligaments (attach posterior divisions. These vessels divide further into liver to diaphragm), the triangular ligaments (attach liver anterosuperior, anteroinferior, posterosuperior, and pos- to diaphragm), the falciform ligament (connects liver to teroinferior segments. The left lobar branches run diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall), the ligamentum through the liver tissue for some distance before dividing teres (contains the left umbilical vein), the gastrohepatic into superior and anteroinferior branches.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical Description of the Liver, Hepatic Ligaments and Omenta in the Coypu (Myocastor Coypus)
    Int. J. Morphol., 25(1):61-64, 2007. Anatomical Description of the Liver, Hepatic Ligaments and Omenta in the Coypu (Myocastor coypus) Descripción Anatómica del Hígado, Ligamentos hepáticos y Omentos en el Coipo (Myocastor coypus) Pérez, W. & Lima, M. PÉREZ, W. & LIMA, M. Anatomical description of the liver, hepatic ligaments and omenta in the coypu (Myocastor coypus). Int. J. Morphol., 25(1):61-64, 2007. SUMMARY: The objective of this work is to give a complementary description of the hepatic lobulation, the hepatic ligaments and the omenta of the nutria. Thirty nutrias were studied by gross dissection. The liver of the nutria was divided into six lobules as follows: left lateral, left medial, quadrate, right medial, right lateral, and caudate lobes. The caudate lobe was divided into a papillary and a caudate process. A whole falciform ligament, extending as far as the navel, was found in all animals. This one was the only ligament that contained fat in between its sheets, and it was abundant in the umbilical part. The left triangular ligament had two parts. One of them was attached to the left lateral lobe of the liver and the other one to the left medial lobe. The right triangular ligament also was double. The lateral triangular ligaments where larger than the medial ones. The hepatorenal ligament it was attached to the right kidney and its ventral free border measured 3.0 cm. The coronary ligament was always relatively well marked and was continuous with all the previous ligaments. The omenta were similar to those described for the rabbit but had more fat.
    [Show full text]
  • Operative Surgery & Topographical Anatomy of the Abdomen. Surgical
    Operative surgery & topographical anatomy of the abdomen. Surgical anatomy of the inguinal canal and spermatic cord. Surgical anatomy of the inguinal canal and spermatic cord. Topographical peculiarities of the inguinal hernias.The descendense of the testicle, formation of scrotal layers. Boundaries: Superior boundary is formed by the margins of the costal arches (arcus costae) and xyphoid process Inferior boundary is formed by the inguinal folds, which are coincide with inguinal ligaments and pubic symphysis The lateral boundaries are the middle axillary (Lesgaft’s) lines. By two horizontal lines the anterior wall is divided into 3 regions: 1. Epigastrium 2. Mesogastrium 3. Hypogastrium The first horizontal line is between the lower points of the 10th pair of ribs and is called bicostal line (linea bicostarum) The second horizontal line is between spinae iliacae anteriores superiores and is called bispinal line (linea bispinarum) By two vertical lines which pass from the lower points of the 10th pair of ribs to the pubic tubercles the mesogastrium and hypogastrium are divided into three regions . The mesogastrium – into umbilical, right and left abdominal lateral regions, the hypogastrium – into pubic, right and left inguinal regions. So there are formed seven regions. If there will be drawn two vertical lines which coincide with the midclavicular lines to the pubic tubercles the epigastrium also can divided into three regions – the epigastric, right and left hypochondric regions. So nine regions are formed. Layers of anterior abdominal wall: 1. Skin is thin, elastic, moveable, except umbilical region, is covered by hair only in the pubic and inguinal parts, with sebaceous and sweat glands.
    [Show full text]
  • Strongylus Edentatus: Development and Lesions from Ten Weeks Postinfection to Patency
    Strongylus edentatus: Development and Lesions from Ten Weeks Postinfection to Patency B. M. McCraw and J. 0. D. Slocombe* ABSTRACT dont les voies genitales contenaient des oeufs, dans le contenu du caecum et du colon. Meme Pony foals inoculated with infective Strongy- si plusieurs larves migrent dans des endroits lus edentatus larvae were examined at necropsy eloignes de l'organisme, il semble que seules from ten to 72 weeks postinfection. At ten celles qui atteignent la base du caecum reus- weeks postinfection larvae were visible retro- sissent 'a atteindre la forme adulte, dans le peritoneally in the liver and flanks and were caecum et le colon. Au bout de 36 semaines, recovered from the ligaments of the liver. on trouva des larves dans le foie et, jusqu'a The fourth molt was detected at 16 weeks cette periode, on n'en retrouva aucune dans postinfection and larvae were also recovered la cavite peritoneale. On ne recouvra pas de from the wall of the cecum at this time. By 40 larves dans le parenchyme pulmonaire. Tout weeks adult S. edentatus containing eggs au long de l'experience, l'epiploon presenta were found in the contents of the cecum and souvent des adherences et des dommages ar- colon. While many larvae migrate to remote chitecturaux. On nota aussi, sous l'intima des parts of the body, it is likely that only those principales veines du caecum et du colon, des that attain the base of the cecum are success- amas d'eosinophiles necrotiques qui encer- ful in establishing in the cecum and colon as claient des sillons migratoires et des larves.
    [Show full text]
  • 32 Chapter 2 / the Thoracic Cavity
    chapter 2 / the thoracic cavity Lungs is the link between the superior lobe of the lung and the cervicothoracic junction. The lungs are attached to their surrounding The lung ligament is usually said to be structures by a suction system and the sus- formed from reflected folds of pleura under pensory, lung and interpleural ligaments. the pulmonary hilum. In fact, the fold does The suction system is created by the not stop at the pulmonary hilum, but con- negative pressure within the thoracic cavity, tinues as far as the diaphragm. Overall, the which forces the lung to be always flattened line of reflexion has the form of a tennis against the lining. The suction is localized at racquet, with the web-like part surrounding the periphery of the lungs and makes pos- the pulmonary hilum in the front, behind sible thoracic expansion. and above, while the handle is represented by the lung ligament, which is connected to the thorax like a mesentery. Both strips of this “mesentery” are joined together (Il- lustration 2-2). The lung ligament is linked to the esophagus by means of surrounding fascia. Illustration 2-1 The Suspensory Ligament of the Pleural Dome The suspensory ligament attaches the pleural dome to the skeleton (Illustration 2- 1). It consists of muscular fibers of the scale- nus minimus (sometimes mixed with fibers Illustration 2-2 of the anterior and medial scalene muscles), The Lung Ligament plus the fibrous fasciculi. This ligament is not directly inserted into the parietal pleu- ra, but rather into the intrathoracic fascia. Another link between the two lungs is the This fascia forms a “connective tissue dome” interpleural ligament, which is formed by at the level of the top of the lungs, where the joining of the two interazygos cul-de- it and the elements of the ligament form a sacs (Illustration 2-3).
    [Show full text]