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LIVELIHOOD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT to SOIL EROSION in KANO STATE, NIGERIA M.K.Yahaya,1 A. Mustapha,2 A. Suleiman2 and M.A.Abdul

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LIVELIHOOD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT to SOIL EROSION in KANO STATE, NIGERIA M.K.Yahaya,1 A. Mustapha,2 A. Suleiman2 and M.A.Abdul Journal of Agricultural Economics, Environment and Social Science 7(1):115-138: May, 2021 Copy Right © 2015. Printed in Nigeria. All rights of reproduction in any form is reserved. Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria Available on line: http://www.jaeess.com.ng ISSN: 2476 – 8423 LIVELIHOOD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT TO SOIL EROSION IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA M.K.Yahaya,1 A. Mustapha,2 A. Suleiman2 and M.A.Abdullahi1 1Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria 2Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria ABSTRACT Vulnerability is the capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of natural disasters. The study aims to assess the level of household livelihood vulnerability to soil erosion in Kano State. The study was conducted in six (6) purposively selected Local Government Areas of Kano state. Data were collected from 376 randomly selected households. The focusing parameters are: health, food, knowledge and skills, livelihood strategies, land, natural disaster and climate variability, socio demographic conditions, social networks, housing and production means and finance and income. The data were aggregated using a Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) and vulnerability scores were compared. Ungogo was found to be the least vulnerable with LVI of 0.322 because of better access to basic amenities and livelihood strategies while Dawakin Tofa with LVI score of 0.412 was the most vulnerable. The study also found that adaptive capacities of the households are important in limiting vulnerability and thus promotion of resilience. These results have implications for initiation and implementation of household resilience projects by the government, donor agencies and other related organizations. Keywords: Livelihoods, Resilience, Soil Erosion, Vulnerability Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Dryland systems are under threat from a combination of socio-economic and biophysical changes that are culminating in a downward spiral of land degradation and the consequences will be severe not only for the economies of individual countries but for the welfare of millions of households (FAO, 2013). Demand on the land for economic development and pressure from a burgeoning population are leading to unprecedented land use change. Thus, unsustainable 115 Yahaya et al JAEESS 7(1) May, 2021 land use is driving land degradation. The result is a loss of land productivity with impacts on livelihoods and the economy (Bai et al., 2008). Soil erosion is a major challenge to land and water resources and the problem may get worse in the future due to population growth and potential climatic and land use changes (Prosser et al., 2001). Soil erosion is the bodily removal of part or all of the soil from its resident position to other areas. This results in a spiraling decay in productive capacity of the affected soil to provide a suitable medium for crop growth (Ahaneku, 2010). It is a slow insidious problem that is continuous. Indeed, 1mm of soil, easily lost in one rain or wind storm is so minute that its loss goes unnoticed by the farmers yet replenishing this amount of soil under agricultural conditions requires a number of years. This threatens future food security by reducing crop productivity (Pimentel et al., 2009). Soil erosion disrupts the natural balance and leads to decrease in yield per unit of applied inputs, loss of income and profit to the farmer, a drop in the value of the agricultural land, pollution and destruction of water resources and public assets, flooding and silting up of waterways and migration of rural populations to urban areas (Telles et al., 2011) The vulnerability of farming households in Nigeria can be viewed in terms of the problems encountered by the households that hamper increased production. This can be categorized into shocks and trends. The shocks include soil erosion, desertification, soil pollution, drought, pest and diseases and flood while trends are fluctuation in prices, inconsistencies in policies, inadequate access to credit and arable land, land tenure insecurity and marketing problems (Tsue, 2015). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (2001) defines vulnerability as the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with adverse effect of climate change. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude and rate of shock to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity and its adaptive capacity (IPCC, 2007). Adaptive capacity describes the ability of a system to adjust to actual or expected stresses or to cope with the consequences (IPCC, 2007). It is considered as a function of wealth, technology, education, information, skills, infrastructure, and access to resources, stability and management capabilities (IPCC, 2007). The risk is believed to be more acute because of the reliance on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture and fisheries and have low GDPs, high level of poverty and limited human institutional, economic, technical and financial capacity (UNFCCC, 2007). Understanding livelihood strategies, capital base (human, natural, financial, social and physical), capabilities, the level of knowledge of communities and also their vulnerability to environmental risk such as soil erosion will shed more light on how to reduce vulnerability by empowering local livelihoods. Livelihood vulnerability in environmentally fragile areas is emerging as a key issue due to its positive feedback to environmental degradation. Assessment of sustainable livelihoods is therefore a prerequisite for targeting interventions for achieving sustainable and resilient livelihood outcomes (Wang, 2016). The recognition that reducing vulnerability is a legitimate normative goal of sustainable development has become apparent in the context of global change. Erosion clearly threatens the livelihood of farmers but the impact on overall household vulnerability is variable and 116 Yahaya et al JAEESS 7(1) May, 2021 conditions faced by households are remarkably diverse. The options available to poor households are more constrained than those available to rich households who have easier access to labour, livestock, land, credit and cash. Many farmers in the study area have been turned into marginal farmers and even landless due to soil erosion. Multi-crop producing land becomes single crop or bare land by huge siltation and the cropping pattern has been changed significantly. This research will seek to address this issue. The information on any strategy to increase agricultural productivity and enhance sustainability by improving livelihoods will be of great importance. Although it is a widely recognized environmental problem threatening sustained agricultural production in many States in Nigeria very little information is available about the status and effect on livelihoods of households affected. This study aims to assess the level of livelihood vulnerability to soil erosion in Kano State, Nigeria. METHODOLOGY Study Area Kano State lies between 11030`N and 8030`E and its vegetation falls mostly within the Sudan savannah agro ecological zone of Nigeria. The State has 44 Local Government Areas with a total land area of 42,582.8Km2comprising of 30,684.8 Km2 for agricultural land while 11,898.Km2for forest and grazing land (KNSG, 2004). The climate of the state is tropical dry climate with a mono modal rainfall distribution ranging from 884-1200mm (from north to south of the state). Average temperature is 290C with minimum temperature of 150C occurring from November to February and highest temperature of 390C occurring in March and April (Olafin and Tanko, 2002). The soils in Kano State as in the other northern region of Nigeria are reddish brown or brown soils and are light or moderately leached. They are known as tropical ferruginous soils with pH level of 6.0-7.0 and bulk densities of about 1.4 g/cm3 and as a result of the dominant kaolinitic type of parent material, the cation exchange capacity is low resulting in reduced buffering capacity (Adamu and Aliyu, 2012). Therefore, the soils are poor in fertility status and structure and are readily susceptible to degradation where the protective cover of vegetation is weakened or removed (Odunze, 2006). The major crops grown include rice, maize, sorghum, millet, groundnut, soybean and cotton. Pepper, onion and tomatoes are also grown. Though sole cropped fields of crops occur, intercropping is the dominant practice. Livestock production is also an integral part of the farming system as both crops and animals are sources of food and cash income for farmers. The State is the most populous of Nigeria’s 36 states with 44 Local Government Areas and has a projected population of 13,076,892 (NBS, 2018). Data Collection Primary data was used for this study. The primary data was obtained using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire contained information on livelihood strategies, health, food, knowledge and skills, land, natural disaster and climate variability, socio-demographic conditions, social networks, housing and production means and finance and income. 117 Yahaya et al JAEESS 7(1) May, 2021 Sampling Technique Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select study sites and sample farm households. The first stage involved purposive selection of 6 sites which include Shanono, DawakinTofa, Bagwai, Tofa, Ungogo and Makoda based on high level of soil erosion in the areas. The second stage involved
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