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Determination of Mineral Composition of Lipsticks by Inductively Coupled Plasma- Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

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Determination of Mineral Composition of Lipsticks by Inductively Coupled Plasma- Atomic Emission Spectroscopy ISSN: 2665-8488 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL SCIENCES AND APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019, Vol. 1, Issue 2 An International Open Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal Pages: 70-79 Analytical Chemistry DOI: 10.48402/IMIST.PRSM/jasab-v1i2.19750 Determination of Mineral Composition of Lipsticks by Inductively Coupled Plasma- Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Mohammed El Amine GHANJAOUI1,2*, M Luisa CERVERA1, Mama EL RHAZI2 and Miguel DE LA GUARDIA1 1 Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia) Spain 2 Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies (Mohammedia) Morocco ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received July 15th, 2019 An inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) method Received in revised form December 20th, 2019 Accepted December 28th, 2019 was developed for the simultaneous determination of major, minor and trace elements in lipsticks purchased from Valencia markets. A comparative study between microwave-assisted digestion with HNO3/H2O2 and dry ashing with Keywords: Mg(NO ) /MgO, as ashing aid, was performed in order to provide the highest ICP-AES, 3 2 Trace Element, sensitivity and to maximize the number of the analytes to be quantified. Lipstick, Microwave assisted digestion can be considered better than dry ashing method for Microwave Assisted Digestion, avoiding Ba losses and providing data regarding Mg contents. Limit of detection Dry Ashing values, equal or lower than few g g-1, were obtained for all the elements under study. To assure the accuracy of the whole procedure, the recovery of the proposed microwave assisted digestion method was evaluated using spiked samples at different concentration levels from 40 to 1600 g L-1. Quantitative average recovery values were obtained for all the elements evaluated, demonstrating the suitability of this methodology for the determination of mineral elements in lipstick samples. Finely, results obtained for the analysed samples were compared with those found in the literature to fuelling the lack of information about many elements existing in the lipsticks. © 2019 EST-Khenifra, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction: As well as the consumption of water and food, we are exposed in daily life to mineral elements from a large variety of products: such as toys, detergents, other cleaning products and cosmetics. Lipstick is one of the decorative cosmetic products, which contains 65% castor oil, 15% beeswax, 10% carnauba wax, 5% lanolin, a number of soluble and insoluble dyes, pigments and perfumes that apply a colour and a texture to the lips 1. After the Second World War, the lipstick gained popularity as a result of its use in the movies industry, and it has become commonplace for women to apply make- up. The determination of mineral elements in cosmetic products has received an increasing attention during recent years because some of these elements like As, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Cd could provide allergic or toxic effects on the skin and mucosa 2. A study performed by US consumer group Campaign for Safe Cosmetics in October 2007 found that 60 percent of the lipsticks tested contained trace amounts of lead 3. The levels of lead varied from 0.03 to 0.65 parts per million. Thus, between lipsticks evaluated, some samples contained lead exceeding the 0.1ppm limit set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for lead in candy 4 assuming that lipstick can be ingested like candy. According to the FDA, this is not a fair comparison because candy is intended for ingestion and it may be consumed on a regular basis. While lipstick is a product intended for topical use and could be ingested in much smaller quantities than candy 5. (* )Corresponding author. Tel: +212675579577 E-mail address: [email protected] Journal of Analytical Sciences and Applied Biotechnology Ghanjaoui et al. In the aforementioned context, the levels of essential and toxic elements must be determined routinely in market available lipstick products. The first precedent was done in 1982 by Tsankov 6 using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) to evaluate Pb and Cu. Regarding the precedents concerning trace element determination in lipstick samples published in the literature, Table 1 resumes studies found, indicating the employed analytical method, elements determined and sample digestion procedures. As it can be seen, different sample pre-treatment techniques were used such as closed- vessel digestion bomb, chelation and extraction, conventional wet digestion, liquid-liquid extraction and micro-extraction by electromembrane isolation. Regarding the method of determination, different atomic spectrometry techniques such as, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 7-12, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) 13-17, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) 17-26, flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) 6, 27,28, and potentiometric stripping analysis 29, capillary electrophoresis 30, total reflection x-ray fluorescence spectrometry 31, neutron activation gamma-ray spectrometry (NA GRS) 32 and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy 33 have been used. Otherwise, in spite of all those interest publications there is always a lack of information concerning some elements that exist in the lipsticks. For this objective, two procedures of digestion were evaluated for their quantitative multi-element analysis. Then, the trace element found has been compared with data previously reported in the literature. 2. Material and methods: 2.1. Samples: Four different trademarks of lipstick samples, purchased from the Valencia (Spain) retail market, and originally produced in Spain, France and China, were analysed in this study. All the samples were originally stored in plastics bottles, digested and analysed by ICP-AES. 2.2. Analytical methods and instrumentation: Analysis were carried out using a Perkin Elmer ICP-AES Model Optima 5300 DV spectrometer (Norwalk, CT, USA) equipped with an auto sampler AS 93-plus and a Cross Flow nebulizer. Argon C-45 (purity higher than 99.995%), supplied by Carburos Metalicos (Barcelona, Spain), was employed as plasmogen and carrier gas. A multi-element standard solution of 100 µg mL-1 containing 26 elements (Al, As, Ba, Be, B, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, K, Se, Na, Sr, Tl, Ti, V, Zn) dissolved in 5 % HNO3 supplied by Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain) and a multi-element 100 µg mL-1 solution containing 16 lanthanide elements (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) dissolved in 5% HNO3 from Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany) were used as stock solutions for calibration. A sand bath PL 5125 Scharlau Raypa (Barcelona, Spain) and a muffle furnace Lenton Furnaces (Hope Valley, UK) equipped by control program Eurotherm 2416CG has been used to mineralize our samples. Microwave-assisted sample digestion was performed by using HNO3 69% (w/w) and H2O2 35% (w/w) reagent grade from Scharlau, and deionized water with a minimum resistivity of 18.2 MΩ·cm, obtained from a Milli-Q Millipore system (Bedford, MA, USA). A microwave laboratory system Ethos SEL from Milestone (Sorisole, Italy), equipped with a thermocouple for automatic temperature control, an automatic gas detector and 10 high pressure vessels of 100 mL inner volume was employed for microwave-assisted digestion of samples, operating at a maximum exit power of 1000 W. Teflon reactors were cleaned by immersion in a 10% (v/v) nitric acid solution bath for 48 hours to avoid any kind of contamination. An ultrasound water bath, from Selecta (Barcelona, Spain), of 350 mL volume with 50 W power and 50 Hz frequency, was employed for sample sonication after the digestion. 2.3. Sample pre-treatment: For the microwave digestion procedure 0.5 g of lipstick samples were weighed inside the digestion reactor. The digestion was performed by adding 6 mL of concentrated HNO3 and 2 mL of concentrated H2O2 to the samples. Lipstick samples were digested according to the following program: step 1, 10 min to reach 200ºC; step 2, 15 min at 200ºC; step 3, cooling down. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reactors were opened and sonicated to eliminate the nitrous oxide vapours. The resultant solution was transferred to a plastic flask, diluted with ultra-pure water until a volume of 50 mL, cooled in the refrigerator and transferred in other plastic flask for separating the fat which was adhered to the tube wall. Finally, this solution was centrifuged to eliminate the residual fat and measured by ICP-AES. For dry ashing mineralization 0.5 g of lipstick samples were treated with 2.5 mL of ashing aid suspension of 20% (w/v) Mg(NO3)2·6H2O + 2% (w/v) of MgO and 5 mL of nitric acid 50% (v/v). The mixture was evaporated to dryness in a sand bath and mineralized in a muffle furnace at 450 °C with a gradual increase of temperature 34. The white ashes were wetted with 1 mL of water and dissolved with 9 mL of 10% (v/v) HCl and diluted with ultra-pure water until a volume of 50 mL. 71 Journal of Analytical Sciences and Applied Biotechnology Ghanjaoui et al. Table 1. Methods proposed in the literature for the determination of trace elements in lipstick. Method Sample pre-treatment Elements determined Reference ICP-MS Liquid-liquid extraction Ba 7 Microwave assisted digestion Pb 8 Microwave assisted digestion Pb 9 Microwave assisted digestion Pb 10 Fractionation in n-hexane, glycerol Pb 11 extraction, and activated carbon adsorption VG-ICP-MS Emulsification-vapor generation Pb 12 ICP-AES Closed-vessel digestion bomb Al, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, 13 Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sc, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, Zr Wet digestion Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, 14 Ti Microwave assisted digestion Cd, Cr, Pb 15 Wet digestion Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, 16 Pb, Sb, Se, Zn.
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