Nanocellulose: A Case of Emerging Potential Environmental Contaminant
Super-material or Environmental and Health Hazard?
Gargi Singh, Paramjeet Pati, Qingqing Li, Amy Pruden, Scott Renneckar, Peter J. Vikesland Civil & Environmental Engineering Virginia Tech Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Engineered Nanocellulose New Super Material: Nanocellulose ● Diminishing resources ● Known toxicity
● High strength ● Low density ● Renewable and Abundant Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Engineered Nanocellulose New Super Material: Nanocellulose
Green!! Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Cellulose vs. Engineered Nanocellulose Nanocellulose
Crystalline Amorphous Wood biomass
HCl, 105 C 3-7 h Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose
Cellulose
en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose
Cellulose
Cellobiose
en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose
Cellulose
Cellobiose
Glucose
en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose
Cellulose
Cellobiose
Glucose
en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose
Cellulose
Cellobiose
Rate Limiting
Glucose
en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose
Cellulose
Cellobiose
Rate Limiting
Glucose
en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose Carbohydrate Binding Modules Cellulos
Cellobiose ● Increased Crystallinity ● Modified Surface Chemistry
en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Toxicity Environmental Impact
http://www.yourcoloradospringshouse.com/colorados-hazards-beware-homebuyers-and-homeowners/ Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Built Environment Important Environments Handling Emerging Contaminants
mda.state.mn.us http://humboldt.edu/ Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Toxicity Important Microbial Communities
http://farm9.staticflickr. http://images1.friendseat. com/8004/7444372968_9fd5d com/2011/11/Methicillin-resistant- d6719_z.jpg Staphylococcus-Aureus-MRSA-Bacteria.jpg
Nutrients
http://microbes.nres. mda.state.mn.us illinois.edu/ http://humboldt.edu/ Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Engineered Nanocellulose
en.wikipedia.org
en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Engineered Nanocellulose
AFM image of HCl hydrolysed nanocellulose
en.wikipedia.org
Surface Functionality Projected Toxic Response Projected Stability HO None Minimal - SO3 Unknown Enhanced Cl- None Enhanced COONa- None Enhanced + (CH3)3N Yes Enhanced
CH3(CH2CH2O)- None, sterically Enhanced + (CH(CH3)CH2O)29-N hindered Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Enquiring Environmental Impacts
Enriched Cellulose degrading community
Anaerobic Digestor Pandapas Pond
Nano vs micro-crystalline cellulose Toxicity Biodegradation Characterization Short term Long term
RT-qPCR: 16S rRNA, Characterization cel48 qPCR: 16S rRNA, cel48 High throughput High throughput sequencing NREL/HPLC method sequencing SEM/TEM: spore SEM/TEM, Raman Lag times formation FTIR Rate Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Cellulose Degrading Environments
Set-up Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Cellulose Degrading Microbial Communities 37C Step feed reactor Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Cellulose Degrading Microbial Communities Enriching Microbial Communities Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Work in Progress Biodegradation Nanocellulose Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Work in Progress Biodegradation Nanocellulose Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Work in Progress Biodegradation Nanocellulose Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Work in Progress Biodegradation Nanocellulose IntroductionNanocellulose EnvironmentEnvironment BiodegradationSustainability Preliminary Results Take Home Message ● Microbial Communities originating from wetlands and anaerobic digester respond differently to exposure of same nanocellulose
● Various surface functionalizations on nanocellulose induce differential response from microbial communities IntroductionNanocellulose EnvironmentEnvironment BiodegradationSustainability On Going Work Biodegradation Assays ● On-going Biodegradation Assays ○ Monitoring cel48 and 16S rRNA ○ HPLC for tracking Cellulose Degradation ○ SEM, AFM and Raman microscopies to observe ■ microbe-nanocellulose interaction ■ Transformation of nanocellulose ○ High throughput sequencing for Microbial Community Shifts
Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Support
Thanks to Elizabeth Smiley, Julie Petruska, Meghan Laporta, Kathryn Hopkins, and Danny Yang for lab assistance IntroductionNanocellulose EnvironmentSustainability ToxicitySustainability & Biodeg Work in Progress Toxicity
Slide under Construction IntroductionNanocellulose EnvironmentSustainability ToxicitySustainability & Biodeg Work in Progress Toxicity
Slide under Construction IntroductionNanocellulose EnvironmentSustainability ToxicitySustainability & Biodeg Cellulose Degrading Microbial Communities Temperature Effect
cel48 Expression of enriched community from Anaerobic Digester
16S rRNA
22C vs. 37C IntroductionNanocellulose EnvironmentSustainability ToxicitySustainability & Biodeg Cellulose Degrading Microbial Communities Temperature Effect
cel48 Expression of enriched community from Anaerobic Digester
16S rRNA
22C vs. 37C IntroductionEnvironment EnvironmentSustainability ToxicitySustainability & Biodeg Work in Progress References
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:506963/FULLTEXT02
Nanocelluloses: A New Family of Nature-Based Materials ● Prof. Dr. Dieter Klemm1,*,
● Dr. Friederike Kramer1,
● Sebastian Moritz1,
● Prof. Tom Lindström2,*,
● Mikael Ankerfors2,
● Prof. Derek Gray3,*,
● Dr. Annie Dorris3
Article first published online: 20 MAY 2011
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001273