DOCSLIB.ORG

Nanocellulose: a Case of Emerging Potential Environmental Contaminant

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nanocellulose: a Case of Emerging Potential Environmental Contaminant Nanocellulose: A Case of Emerging Potential Environmental Contaminant Super-material or Environmental and Health Hazard? Gargi Singh, Paramjeet Pati, Qingqing Li, Amy Pruden, Scott Renneckar, Peter J. Vikesland Civil & Environmental Engineering Virginia Tech Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Engineered Nanocellulose New Super Material: Nanocellulose ● Diminishing resources ● Known toxicity ● High strength ● Low density ● Renewable and Abundant Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Engineered Nanocellulose New Super Material: Nanocellulose Green!! Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Cellulose vs. Engineered Nanocellulose Nanocellulose Crystalline Amorphous Wood biomass HCl, 105 C 3-7 h Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose Cellulose en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose Cellulose Cellobiose en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose Cellulose Cellobiose Glucose en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose Cellulose Cellobiose Glucose en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose Cellulose Cellobiose Rate Limiting Glucose en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose Cellulose Cellobiose Rate Limiting Glucose en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Biodegradation Nanocellulose Carbohydrate Binding Modules Cellulos Cellobiose ● Increased Crystallinity ● Modified Surface Chemistry en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Toxicity Environmental Impact http://www.yourcoloradospringshouse.com/colorados-hazards-beware-homebuyers-and-homeowners/ Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Built Environment Important Environments Handling Emerging Contaminants mda.state.mn.us http://humboldt.edu/ Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Toxicity Important Microbial Communities http://farm9.staticflickr. http://images1.friendseat. com/8004/7444372968_9fd5d com/2011/11/Methicillin-resistant- d6719_z.jpg Staphylococcus-Aureus-MRSA-Bacteria.jpg Nutrients http://microbes.nres. mda.state.mn.us illinois.edu/ http://humboldt.edu/ Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Engineered Nanocellulose en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Engineered Nanocellulose AFM image of HCl hydrolysed nanocellulose en.wikipedia.org Surface Functionality Projected Toxic Response Projected Stability HO None Minimal - SO3 Unknown Enhanced Cl- None Enhanced COONa- None Enhanced + (CH3)3N Yes Enhanced CH3(CH2CH2O)- None, sterically Enhanced + (CH(CH3)CH2O)29-N hindered Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Enquiring Environmental Impacts Enriched Cellulose degrading community Anaerobic Digestor Pandapas Pond Nano vs micro-crystalline cellulose Toxicity Biodegradation Characterization Short term Long term RT-qPCR: 16S rRNA, Characterization cel48 qPCR: 16S rRNA, cel48 High throughput High throughput sequencing NREL/HPLC method sequencing SEM/TEM: spore SEM/TEM, Raman Lag times formation FTIR Rate Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Cellulose Degrading Environments Set-up Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Cellulose Degrading Microbial Communities 37C Step feed reactor Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Cellulose Degrading Microbial Communities Enriching Microbial Communities Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Work in Progress Biodegradation Nanocellulose Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Work in Progress Biodegradation Nanocellulose Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Work in Progress Biodegradation Nanocellulose Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Work in Progress Biodegradation Nanocellulose IntroductionNanocellulose EnvironmentEnvironment BiodegradationSustainability Preliminary Results Take Home Message ● Microbial Communities originating from wetlands and anaerobic digester respond differently to exposure of same nanocellulose ● Various surface functionalizations on nanocellulose induce differential response from microbial communities IntroductionNanocellulose EnvironmentEnvironment BiodegradationSustainability On Going Work Biodegradation Assays ● On-going Biodegradation Assays ○ Monitoring cel48 and 16S rRNA ○ HPLC for tracking Cellulose Degradation ○ SEM, AFM and Raman microscopies to observe ■ microbe-nanocellulose interaction ■ Transformation of nanocellulose ○ High throughput sequencing for Microbial Community Shifts Nanocellulose Environment Biodegradation Support Thanks to Elizabeth Smiley, Julie Petruska, Meghan Laporta, Kathryn Hopkins, and Danny Yang for lab assistance IntroductionNanocellulose EnvironmentSustainability ToxicitySustainability & Biodeg Work in Progress Toxicity Slide under Construction IntroductionNanocellulose EnvironmentSustainability ToxicitySustainability & Biodeg Work in Progress Toxicity Slide under Construction IntroductionNanocellulose EnvironmentSustainability ToxicitySustainability & Biodeg Cellulose Degrading Microbial Communities Temperature Effect cel48 Expression of enriched community from Anaerobic Digester 16S rRNA 22C vs. 37C IntroductionNanocellulose EnvironmentSustainability ToxicitySustainability & Biodeg Cellulose Degrading Microbial Communities Temperature Effect cel48 Expression of enriched community from Anaerobic Digester 16S rRNA 22C vs. 37C IntroductionEnvironment EnvironmentSustainability ToxicitySustainability & Biodeg Work in Progress References http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:506963/FULLTEXT02 Nanocelluloses: A New Family of Nature-Based Materials ● Prof. Dr. Dieter Klemm1,*, ● Dr. Friederike Kramer1, ● Sebastian Moritz1, ● Prof. Tom Lindström2,*, ● Mikael Ankerfors2, ● Prof. Derek Gray3,*, ● Dr. Annie Dorris3 Article first published online: 20 MAY 2011 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001273.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nanocellulose: from Fundamentals to Advanced Applications
    Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications Djalal Trache, Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun, Mehdi Derradji, Tuan Sherwyn Hamidon, Nanang Masruchin, Nicolas Brosse, M. Hazwan Hussin To cite this version: Djalal Trache, Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun, Mehdi Derradji, Tuan Sherwyn Hamidon, Nanang Masruchin, et al.. Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications. Frontiers in Chemistry, Frontiers Media, 2020, 8, pp.392. 10.3389/fchem.2020.00392. hal-02649346 HAL Id: hal-02649346 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-02649346 Submitted on 29 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 06 May 2020 doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00392 Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications Djalal Trache 1*†, Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun 1, Mehdi Derradji 1, Tuan Sherwyn Hamidon 2, Nanang Masruchin 3, Nicolas Brosse 4 and M. Hazwan Hussin 2*† 1 UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Bordj El-Bahri, Algeria, 2 Materials Technology Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, 3 Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia, 4 Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France Over the past few years, nanocellulose (NC), cellulose in the form of nanostructures, has been proved to be one of the most prominent green materials of modern times.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Opportunities in Manufacturing Panel
    Challenges and Opportunities in Manufacturing Panel Kim Nelson, PhD American Process Inc. Cellulose Nanomaterials –A Path Towards Commercialization A Workshop Co‐Sponsored by USDA Forest Service National Nanotechnology Initiative Sugar is the New Crude® American Process Inc. • Currently installing a 1 ton per day (dry basis) nanocellulose pilot line at our existing AVAP Biorefinery in Thomaston, Georgia to produce cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and hydrophobic, lignin‐coated varieties directly from biomass CNF Biomass lignin coated product SO2, ethanol, CNC water CNF + CNC Fractionation and Cellulose Separation / Mechanical Mix Bleaching Washing / Lignin Coating treatment L‐CNF Liquor (hemicelluloses , L‐CNC Chemical solvent, SO2, lignin) 1% 10% Regenerated Regeneration L‐CNF + L‐CNC ethanol/ SO2 Mix AVAP CNC Hemicelluloses Hydrolysis Lignin for energy Hemicelluloses sugars to biofuels/biochemicals 1% 10% AVAP L‐CNC 2 Manufacturing Opportunities • Low Production Cost for CNC and CNF with estimates of <$1 lb (wet basis). • Low cost feedstock utilization with omnivorous processes. • Low tonnage “side line” production in existing pulp mills for coproduction with pulp, lignin, and biofuels or biochemicals • High tonnage “stand alone” production in repurposed pulp mills using existing infrastructure including wood delivery and handling, utilities, waste water treatment, bleach lines etc. • Large demand potential with a near term global market size estimate for nanocellulose of 34 million tons per year (recent USDA funded study)1. 1. Cowie, J., Bilek, E.M., Wegner, T.H., et al.(2014) 3 Possible Global Production Curve 500 Plastics Timeline USDA’s near Nanocellulose Timeline term global 2002 market size 400 PLA estimate for nanocellulose tonnes of 34 million 300 tons per year.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Nanocellulose As a Novel Vehicle for Drug Delivery David V
    Special Issue: NANOCELLULOSE Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal Vol 29 no (1) 2014 A review of nanocellulose as a novel vehicle for drug delivery David V. Plackett, Kevin Letchford. John K. Jackson, and Helen M. Burt KEYWORDS: Cellulose nanocrystals, Cellulose has generally been viewed positively by the European nanofibrils, Bacterial cellulose, Antimicrobial, Antibiotic, and North American forest industries because of the Anti-cancer, Drug delivery potential for new value-added products to complement the existing portfolio of pulp and paper commodities and SUMMARY: The current state of research into specialty paper products. The possible applications cited nanocellulose in drug delivery is reviewed in this article. There are three types of nanocellulose: cellulose for the various forms of nanocellulose are quite diverse nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and and have included polymer composites, packaging materials, cosmetics, rheology modifiers in foods, and bacterial cellulose (BC), all of which may be produced in additives for oil-drilling muds, as well as a range of suitable amounts at reasonable cost. All three have been biomedical uses such as tissue culture scaffolds, implants, investigated as drug delivery vehicles with CNC and wound dressings and vehicles for drug delivery. CNF reported to bind and release some water-soluble drugs via ionic interactions whereas BC has been used to The interest in application of nanocelluloses in medicine release drugs from flexible membranes. The rationale for has been stimulated by their perceived non-toxicity, biocompatibility, good mechanical properties, high using nanocellulose is the high surface area-to-volume surface area-to-volume ratio and potential versatility in ratio of the material that may enable high levels of drug terms of chemical modification.
    [Show full text]
  • Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose in Adhesive Systems for the Production of Wood-Based Panels
    molecules Article Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose in Adhesive Systems for the Production of Wood-Based Panels Emmanouil Karagiannidis *, Charles Markessini and Eleftheria Athanassiadou CHIMAR HELLAS S.A.,15 km National Road, Thessaloniki–Polygyros, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (E.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-2310-424167 Academic Editors: Alejandro Rodríguez, Eduardo Espinosa and Fabrizio Sarasini Received: 31 July 2020; Accepted: 18 October 2020; Published: 21 October 2020 Abstract: Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC) is a new type of bio-based additive, coming from wood cellulose. It can compete and substitute oil derived chemicals in several application fields. In the present work, the use of micro-fibrillated cellulose, in waterborne adhesive systems applied in the manufacture of composite wood-based panels was evaluated. Research was conducted to test the potential of improving the performance of wood-based panel types such as particleboard, waferboard or randomly-oriented strand board and plywood, by the application of MFC and the substitution of conventional and non-renewable chemical compounds. The approaches followed to introduce MFC into the adhesive systems were three, i.e., MFC 2% suspension added during the adhesive resin synthesis, MFC 10% paste admixed with the already prepared adhesive resin and MFC 2% suspension admixed with the already prepared resin. It was found that MFC improves not only the performance of the final wood panel products but also the behaviour of the applied adhesive polymer colloids (e.g., rheology improvement), especially when admixed with the already prepared resins. Moreover, it was proven that when MFC is introduced into the adhesive resin system, there is a possibility of decreasing the resin consumption, by maintaining the board performance.
    [Show full text]
  • CNC) from Eucalyptus Published: Xx Xx Xxxx Hardwood Renli Zhang & Yun Liu
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN High energy oxidation and organosolv solubilization for high yield isolation of cellulose Received: 23 April 2018 Accepted: 18 October 2018 nanocrystals (CNC) from Eucalyptus Published: xx xx xxxx hardwood Renli Zhang & Yun Liu Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have been widely used as responsive materials, chiral templates, and tough nano-composites due to its unparalleled properties. Acid and enzyme hydrolyses are extensively employed to prepare CNC. These traditional approaches exhibit inherent limitations of corrosion hazards, time-consuming process, and/or low yield. Herein, irradiation oxidation and organosolv solubilization are conducted to cause rapid degradation with simultaneous crystallization of cellulose to achieve approx. 87% yield of CNC. The morphology, spectroscopic, and stability properties of the as-prepared CNC are characterized through UV-vis spectroscopy, zetal potential, XRD, TEM, DLS, GPC, FT-IR and TGA techniques. The resultant CNC suspension presents unique property with high stability after 9 months storage at 4 °C. Moreover, CNC liquid crystal phase is successfully generated by addition of anions or cations solution to the CNC aqueous dispersion without stirring. The innovative approach in this work opens an avenue to obtain CNC directly from lignocellulosic biomass through irradiation oxidation and organosolv solubilization without acid hydrolysis and washing procedure. Cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose are the three principal structural components of lignocellulosic biomass.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on the Application of Nanocellulose in Cementitious Materials
    nanomaterials Review A Review on the Application of Nanocellulose in Cementitious Materials Aofei Guo 1, Zhihui Sun 1, Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh 2 and Hu Feng 3,* 1 Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (Z.S.) 2 Chemical Engineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; [email protected] 3 School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100#, Zhengzhou 450001, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 November 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 10 December 2020 Abstract: The development of the concrete industry is always accompanied by some environmental issues such as global warming and energy consumption. Under this circumstance, the application of nanocellulose in cementitious materials is attracting more and more attention in recent years not only because of its renewability and sustainability but also because of its unique properties. To trace the research progress and provide some guidance for future research, the application of nanocellulose to cementitious materials is reviewed. Specifically, the effects of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), cellulose nanofibril (CNF), bacterial cellulose (BC), and cellulose filament (CF) on the physical and fresh properties, hydration, mechanical properties, microstructure, rheology, shrinkage, and durability of cementitious materials are summarized. It can be seen that the type, dosage, and dispersion of nanocellulose, and even the cementitious matrix type can lead to different results. Moreover, in this review, some unexplored topics are highlighted and remain to be further studied. Lastly, the major challenge of nanocellulose dispersion, related to the effectiveness of nanocellulose in cementitious materials, is examined in detail.
    [Show full text]
  • California Assessment of Wood Business Innovation Opportunities and Markets (CAWBIOM)
    California Assessment of Wood Business Innovation Opportunities and Markets (CAWBIOM) Phase I Report: Initial Screening of Potential Business Opportunities Completed for: The National Forest Foundation June 2015 CALIFORNIA ASSESSMENT OF WOOD BUSINESS INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIES AND MARKETS (CAWBIOM) PHASE 1 REPORT: INITIAL SCREENING OF POTENTIAL BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES PHASE 1 REPORT JUNE 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER 1 – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Interim Report – brief Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 California’s Forest Products Industry ............................................................................................... 1 1.2.2 Top Technologies .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.3 Next Steps ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Interim Report – Expanded Summary .............................................................................................. 3 1.3.1 California Forest Industry Infrastructure .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Advance Biofuels and Bioproducts with AVAP
    DOE Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) 2021 Project Peer Review ABBA: Advance Biofuels and Bioproducts with AVAP March 26, 2021 Systems Development and Integration Kim Nelson, PhD AVAPCO, LLC This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information Project Overview . What are we trying to do? . Perform technical validation of integrated process, process optimization, and basic engineering for an AVAP® 50 tpd woody biomass demonstration plant for co-production of full replacement bio jet fuel and nanocellulose . Demonstrate how low-volume, high-value nanocellulose co-produced with high-volume commodity liquid jet fuel enables a profitable biorefinery at reasonable scale. Meet BETO goal of a mature modeled sale price of $3/gallon gasoline equivalent of Advanced Biofuel in 2007 dollars. What are the risks? . Policy uncertainty related to premium value for low carbon The “Whole Barrel” Approach fuels Biomass Biorefinery . Financing demonstration plant construction and operation 2 Project Overview How is it done today and what are the limits? Why is it important? Genomatica Full synthetic 2016 replacement, second generation jet fuel World’s First BIO-BDO Plant Integrated validation of ABBA process steps performed at GranBio’s Thomaston Biorefinery in Georgia 3 1 – Management AVAPCO has a formal Project Management utilized for multiple multi-million dollar biorefinery R&D, engineering, construction and commercialization projects. The plan addresses . Effective communications and integration among team members and partners . Early identification and planning of all work required to complete the project, . Early identification, evaluation and management of risks and changes . Effective use of resources . Tracking of budget and schedule and mitigation of slippage 4 1 – Management AVAPCO uses a Risk Management Plan (RMP) to identify potential project risks, estimate the impact of the risks, and create a response plan to mitigate the risks.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Nanocellulose/Nafion Composite Membranes for Low
    Journal of Power Sources 273 (2015) 697e706 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Power Sources journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpowsour Bacterial nanocellulose/Nafion composite membranes for low temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells ** Gao-peng Jiang a, b, c, Jing Zhang b, Jin-li Qiao b, , Yong-ming Jiang a, Hadis Zarrin c, * Zhongwei Chen c, Feng Hong a, d, a Group of Microbiological Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, North Ren Min Road 2999, Shanghai 201620, China b College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, North Ren Min Road 2999, Shanghai 201620, China c Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada d State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China highlights A series of novel nanocomposite membranes of BC and Nafion are fabricated for DMFC. The novel BC/Nafion membranes were reinforced with concrete-like structure. Membranes show high strength, good proton conductivity and low methanol permeability. The annealed membranes are more suitable for DMFC. High PEMFC and DMFC performances are obtained from annealed B1N7 membranes. article info abstract Article history: Novel nanocomposite membranes aimed for both proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and Received 27 May 2014 direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) are presented in this work. The membranes are based on blending Received in revised form bacterial nanocellulose pulp and Nafion (abbreviated as BxNy, where x and y indicates the mass ratio of 5 September 2014 bacterial cellulose to Nafion).
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Surface Modification of Cellulose and Nanocellulose
    molecules Review A Review of the Surface Modification of Cellulose and Nanocellulose Using Aliphatic and Aromatic Mono- and Di-Isocyanates Hatem Abushammala * and Jia Mao Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research (WKI), Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-5312155409 Received: 15 July 2019; Accepted: 29 July 2019; Published: 31 July 2019 Abstract: Nanocellulose has been subjected to a wide range of chemical modifications towards increasing its potential in certain fields of interest. These modifications either modulated the chemistry of the nanocellulose itself or introduced certain functional groups onto its surface, which varied from simple molecules to polymers. Among many, aliphatic and aromatic mono- and di-isocyanates are a group of chemicals that have been used for a century to modify cellulose. Despite only being used recently with nanocellulose, they have shown great potential as surface modifiers and chemical linkers to graft certain functional chemicals and polymers onto the nanocellulose surface. This review discusses the modification of cellulose and nanocellulose using isocyanates including phenyl isocyanate (PI), octadecyl isocyanate (OI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), and their derivatives and polymers. It also presents the most commonly used nanocellulose modification strategies including their advantages and disadvantages. It finally discusses the challenges of using isocyanates, in general, for nanocellulose modification. Keywords: cellulose; nanocellulose; isocyanate; surface; modification; functionalization 1. Introduction Cellulose is Earth’s most abundant biopolymer. It represents 40–60% of wood mass and can be extracted in the form of 20–40 µm thick fibers upon pulping [1,2]. Apart from its traditional use in the paper and packaging industries and its growing conversion into textile fibers, cellulose can be processed into functional nanoparticles [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil Biofuels Annual 2019
    THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Required Report - public distribution Date: 8/9/2019 GAIN Report Number: BR19029 Brazil Biofuels Annual 2019 Approved By: Oliver Flake, Agricultural Counselor Prepared By: Sergio Barros, Agricultural Specialist Report Highlights: The National Biofuels Policy of Brazil, the RenovaBio program, is expected to be implemented in late December 2019. Over forty biofuel plants have requested the certification process. Brazil’s total 2019 ethanol production is estimated at 34.45 billion liters, an increase of four percent compared to the revised figure for 2018. Total domestic demand for ethanol (fuel and other uses) for calendar year 2019 is estimated at 33.93 billion liters. Total Brazilian biodiesel production is estimated at 5.8 billion liters, an eight percent increase relative to 2018, based on the projected modest growth of the Brazilian economy and the increase of the biodiesel blend to eleven percent (B11) beginning in September 2019. I. Executive Summary The RenovaBio Program is designed to support Brazil’s COP21 goals. RenovaBio was launched in December 2016 by the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) and was instituted as the “National Biofuels Policy”. The program is expected to be effective by late December 2019. The RenovaBio operation is based on three main instruments: 1. annual carbon intensity reduction targets (gCO2/MJ) for a minimum period of ten years, 2. certification of biofuels by efficiency in reducing GHG emissions, and 3. Decarbonization Credits (CBIO). On June 28, the European Union and Mercosur reached a provisional agreement on a free trade agreement (FTA), concluding two decades of talks.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Fibrillated Cellulose As a Sustainable Technological Material
    Perspective Developing fibrillated cellulose as a sustainable technological material https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03167-7 Tian Li1,2,11, Chaoji Chen1,2,11, Alexandra H. Brozena1, J. Y. Zhu3, Lixian Xu4, Carlos Driemeier5, Jiaqi Dai6, Orlando J. Rojas7,8, Akira Isogai9, Lars Wågberg10 & Liangbing Hu1,2 ✉ Received: 31 March 2020 Accepted: 6 October 2020 Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, found in trees, waste from Published online: 3 February 2021 agricultural crops and other biomass. The fbres that comprise cellulose can be broken Check for updates down into building blocks, known as fbrillated cellulose, of varying, controllable dimensions that extend to the nanoscale. Fibrillated cellulose is harvested from renewable resources, so its sustainability potential combined with its other functional properties (mechanical, optical, thermal and fuidic, for example) gives this nanomaterial unique technological appeal. Here we explore the use of fbrillated cellulose in the fabrication of materials ranging from composites and macrofbres, to thin flms, porous membranes and gels. We discuss research directions for the practical exploitation of these structures and the remaining challenges to overcome before fbrillated cellulose materials can reach their full potential. Finally, we highlight some key issues towards successful manufacturing scale-up of this family of materials. Exiting the fossil fuel era towards a sustainable future will require Fibrillated cellulose has attractive, tunable properties and is bio- high-performing
    [Show full text]