The Path from Geology to Indoor Radon

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Path from Geology to Indoor Radon Environ Geochem Health https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00496-z (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) ORIGINAL PAPER The path from geology to indoor radon S¸ tefan Florica˘ . Bety-Denissa Burghele . Nicoleta Bican-Bris¸an . Robert Begy . Vlad Codrea . Alexandra Cucos¸ . Tiberiu Catalina . Tiberius Dicu . Gabriel Dobrei . Andrei Istrate . Alexandru Lupulescu . Mircea Moldovan . Dan Nit¸a˘ . Botond Papp . Istvan Pap . Kinga Szacsvai . Ancut¸a T¸ enter . Teofana Sferle . Carlos Sainz Received: 28 June 2019 / Accepted: 7 December 2019 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020 Abstract It is generally accepted that radon emis- pointed out that the geological foundation can provide sion is strongly influenced by the geological charac- a reasonable explanation for the majority of the values teristics of the bedrock. However, transport in-soil and recorded in both soil and indoor air. Results also entry paths indoors are defined by other factors such as showed that older houses, built with earth-based permeability, building and architectural features, materials, are highly permeable to soil radon. ventilation, occupation patterns, etc. The purpose of Energy-efficient houses, on the other hand, have a this paper is to analyze the contribution of each tendency to disregard the radon potential of the parameter, from natural to man-made, on the radon geological foundation, causing a higher predisposition accumulation indoors and to assess potential patterns, to radon accumulation indoors and decreasing the based on 100 case studies in Romania. The study general indoor air quality. Keywords Geology Á Radon Á Energy-efficient Á & S¸. Florica˘ Á B.-D. Burghele ( ) Á N. Bican-Bris¸an Á Indoor air quality R. Begy Á A. Cucos¸ Á T. Catalina Á T. Dicu Á G. Dobrei Á A. Istrate Á A. Lupulescu Á M. Moldovan Á D. Nit¸a˘ Á B. Papp Á I. Pap Á K. Szacsvai Á A. T¸ enter Á T. Sferle Á C. Sainz Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Introduction Babes¸-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania e-mail: [email protected] Radon is considered a carcinogenic gas, attributed S¸. Florica˘ Á V. Codrea between 9 and 15% of the 14,000 annual cases of lung Department of Geology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, cancer in Europe (Darby et al. 2005; Krewski et al. Babes¸-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2005). Worldwide, it is considered to be the second R. Begy leading cause of lung cancer after smoking. Prolonged Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Science, exposure to levels exceeding 100 Bq/m3 is treated as a Babes¸-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania serious environmental problem (WHO 2009; T. Catalina Á A. Istrate UNSCEAR 2000). The European Union has stipulated Faculty of Engineering Installations, Technical University in the C.E. 2013/59/Euratom the obligation of Mem- of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania ber States to monitor and report levels of radioactivity from natural and anthropogenic sources. Romania has C. Sainz Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, since adopted Law 526/2018, establishing a National University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain Action Plan to tackle the radon issue. 123 Environ Geochem Health Radon (Rn222) is a decay product directly descend- performed in five of the largest municipalities in ing from radium (Ra226) in the natural uranium decay Romania. series. The local geology is the main controlling factor on the sources of radon generation in the atmosphere, and consequently, indoors too (Sachs et al. 1982; Study areas Kemski et al. 2001, 2005, 2009; Ciotoli et al. 2017), since uranium is widely distributed in rocks and soils The five cities considered for the present study, throughout the earth’s crust. It is well known that any Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Ias¸i, Sibiu and Timis¸oara, rock may have a higher or lower content of radioactive are scattered throughout the country. Three cities are elements, depending on its genesis (Sachs et al. 1982; located on the east, south and west plains, while the Gundersen et al. 1992; Appleton 2007; Drolet et al. other two are situated within the intra-Carpathian 2013). Magmatic and metamorphic rocks, for exam- depression. The geological background of Romania ple, are known to have a higher content of radioactive and the five cities considered are presented in Fig. 1. elements (U/Ra) than most sedimentary rocks (Stoici From a geological point of view, the city of and Ta˘taru 1988; Cosma and Jurcut¸ 1996). However, Bucharest is located in the central part of the some sedimentary rocks, mainly clastic sedimentary Wallachian sector of the Moesian Platform, involving rocks, consisting of fragments (clasts) of preexisting two major structural units: a metamorphic sole and magmatic or metamorphic rocks, loosened from cross-cutting magmatic rocks, overlain by a sedimen- weathering process, then transported and accumulated tary cover (Mutihac 1990; Ionesi 1994). Quaternary to some sedimentary basins, are also known to have a sedimentary deposits (gravel and sands of Colentina significant radioactive potential (Drolet et al. 2013). Formation and loess deposits of the Upper Middle The causal relationship between the amount of Pleistocene; loess deposits and sands and gravels of radioactive elements in a certain type of rock and the lower terraces of uppermost Pleistocene; detrital radon emanations is not always easy to plot, even if the deposits of the Holocene lower terraces and riverbeds) latter is dependent on uranium concentrations and the are spread on the whole area of Bucharest. Borehole nature of the parental mineral. Certain factors such as data (Liteanu 1952) indicate the presence in subsur- rock granulometry, permeability, fractures, cracks, face of two important Pleistocene litostratigraphic rock weathering and decay characteristics may play an units: The Fra˘¸est ¸ti Formation (Lower Pleistocene) and important role in the generation and migration of Coconi Formation (Middle Pleistocene). The basal radon to the subsurface (Ball et al. 1991; Nazaroff late Pleistocene (Mostis¸tea Fm.) is not cropping out in 1992; Drolet et al. 2013). Besides the geological the studied area (Liteanu 1953, 1956; Andreescu et al. bedding of a building site, the transfer of radon indoor 2011, 2013). is dependent on environmental factors such as venti- Timis¸oara municipality is located on the southeast- lation, occupation patterns or building and architec- ern border of the Pannonian Basin, the Miocene- tural features (Sachs et al. 1982; Gundersen et al. Quaternary back-arch extensional basin, occurred 1992; Kemski et al. 2005; Bossew et al. 2008; after the Styrian phase (sensu Stille). The geological Appleton and Miles 2010). structure of this area consists of the units of the pre- Recent studies have shown that although the Neogene basement (i.e., thrusting nappes, suture variation of the radon levels indoors depends primarily zones, magmatic bodies, sedimentary deposits, etc.), on the physico-chemical characteristics of the sub- bordered by fault systems reactivated successively strate (type of rock and permeability), the parameters during Alpine movements and neo-structures (deep that influence the inlet and transport paths can play a blocks, grabens, horsts, etc.) and controlled by normal decisive role in the accumulation of radon (Demoury faults (Polonic 1985). The Quaternary is largely et al. 2013; Cosma et al. 2013; Bossew 2015; Ciotoli exposed all over this area of the basin and mainly et al. 2017). With this in mind, investigations consists of clastic and clay deposits. The older concerning the radon concentration of in-soil gas, soil Pleistocene fluviatile terrace deposits are covered by permeability, surface radon exhalation (house perme- Holocene alluvial deposits consisting of interbedded ability) and indoor radon concentration were clays, sand and gravels. (Codarcea et al. 1968; Mircescu 1982; Simionescu et al. 1989). 123 Environ Geochem Health 123 Fig. 1 The geological background of Romania and the setting of the five investigated perimeters, after Geological map of Romania, IGR, 1: 200000 (Sheet L-35-XXXIII for Bucharest, Sheet L-34-XII for Cluj-Napoca, Sheet L-35-XIX for Sibiu, Sheet L-35-X; L-35-XI for Ias¸i, Sheet L34-XXII for Timis¸oara) Environ Geochem Health Ias¸i municipality and its surroundings are located in Materials and methods the central-eastern sector of the Moldavian Platform. This platform consists of two major units: a meta- Solid-state nuclear track detectors were placed indoors morphic and magmatic sole, transgressed by a sedi- in 1000 residential buildings for two consecutive mentary cover (Mutihac 1990; Ionesi 1994;Ra˘ileanu campaigns. Each campaign lasted 6 months. In each et al. 2012). Carbonate, terrigenous and clastic building were placed 2 passive detectors; one for each Sarmatian rocks and Quaternary deposits (loess, as of the two most occupied rooms of the house. The well as sand, gravel of the Pleistocene fluvial terraces, working protocol for passive measurements has been as well as Holocene alluvial deposits of the Bahlui previously described elsewhere (Cucos¸ et al. 2012). River) are exposed in Ias¸i and its neighborhoods area Based on passive measurement results, 100 houses (Braˆnzila˘ 1999). with radon concentrations above 200 Bq/m3 in at least The city of Sibiu is situated on the southern border one room were chosen for detailed diagnostics. Only of the Transylvanian Depression, nearby the contact these 100 houses were analyzed in the present study. area with the Carpathians metamorphic rocks. The Soil gas radon concentration was determined basement of the whole area concerns Precambrian in situ, using RM-2 (Radon v.o.s., Czech Republic) metamorphic schists and upper Cretaceous sedimen- portable soil radon monitor and applying the Neznal tary formations, transgressed by Neogene formations, method (Neznal et al. 2004). The method requires on their turn overlapped by Quaternary deposits determining the concentration of radon from soil gas (Mutihac 1990). In Sibiu area, Badenian contains samples extracted from a depth of 80 cm using a metal marls, gravels and sands, Sarmatian contains sandy probe, 15 sampling points for each 800 m2 of bare soil.
Recommended publications
  • Dissertation Docteur De L'université Du Luxembourg
    PhD-FSTM-2020-079 The Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine DISSERTATION Defence held on 10/12/2020 in Esch-sur-Alzette to obtain the degree of DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DU LUXEMBOURG EN SCIENCES DE L’INGÉNIEUR by Vishojit Bahadur THAPA Born on 6th October 1991 in Luxembourg City (Luxembourg) RECYCLING OF GRAVEL WASH MUD FOR MANUFACTURING CO2-REDUCED CEMENT Dissertation defence committee A-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Hansen, Chairman Associate Professor, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine Prof. Dr. André Lecomte, Vice-Chairman Professor, University of Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour Prof. Dr.-Ing. Danièle Waldmann, Dissertation supervisor Professor, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine Prof. Dr. Jean-Frank Wagner Professor, University of Trier, Department of Geology Dr. Claude Simon Expert, Head of Quality Management, Cimalux S.A. Preface and acknowledgements This doctoral dissertation presents the results of my investigations on the topic of “Recycling of gravel wash mud for manufacturing CO2-reduced cement”, which were realised during my PhD journey at the Institute of Civil and Environmental Engineering (INCEEN) of the University of Luxembourg. This research project was mainly carried out at the Laboratory of Solid Structures (LSS) of the University of Luxembourg. It deals with the revalorisation of an unused industrial waste product, namely gravel wash mud (GWM) and its utilisation for the conceptualisation of potential “low carbon” cements. The execution of the present project and the writing of this dissertation were carried out in the period from the 1st of September 2016 to the 10th of November 2020. My sincere and special thanks go to Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event): New Microfossils from the Dudelange Drill Core, Luxembourg
    Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021 Brittlestar diversity at the dawn of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event): new microfossils from the Dudelange drill core, Luxembourg Ben Thuy* and Lea D. Numberger-Thuy Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum Luxembourg, 25 rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg BT, 0000-0001-8231-9565; LDN-T, 0000-0001-6097-995X *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Ophiuroids, the slender-armed cousins of starfish, constitute an important component of modern marine benthos and have been used successfully in the exploration of (palaeo)-ecological and evolutionary trends, yet their fossil record is still poorly known. One of the major gaps in the known palaeobiodiversity of this group coincides with a global palaeoenvironmental crisis during the early Toarcian (Early Jurassic, 183 myr ago), known as the Jenkyns Event. Here we describe ophiuroid remains retrieved from a series of sam- ples from the Dudelange (Luxembourg) drill core, which spans the lower part of the Toarcian, between the top of the Pliensbachian and the onset of the Jenkyns Event. A total of 21 species are recorded, including three new genera and 12 new species. Ophiuroid diversity and abundance fluctuate in parallel with depositional facies, with lowest values coinciding with black shales. Highest diversities, including exceptional occurrences of taxa nowadays restricted to deep-sea areas, are recorded from just below the black shales, corresponding to the onset of the Jenkyns Event. Our results show that even small (100 g) bulk sediment samples retrieved from drill cores can yield numerous identifiable ophiuroid remains, thus unlocking this group for the study of faunal change across palaeoenvironmental crises.
    [Show full text]
  • Originally Published As
    Originally published as: Schintgen, T. V., Förster, A. (2013): Geology and basin structure of the Trier-Luxembourg Basin - implications for the existence of a buried Rotliegend graben. - Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 164, 4, p. 615-637(23). DOI: http://doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2013/0025 Geology and basin structure of the Trier–Luxembourg Basin – implications for the existence of a buried Rotliegend graben Tom Schintgen, Andrea Förster Published in: Z. Dt. Ges. Geowiss. 164 (4), 615–637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2013/0025 Geology and basin structure of the Trier–Luxembourg Basin Abstract This paper presents the geology of the TrierLuxembourg Basin (TLB) in a comprehensive and updated manner. It describes the structural and lithological features of the basin, which comprises sediments of Permian to Mesozoic age. The regional geological assessment profited from recently published information on the geology and regional tectonics, as well as from borehole data from Luxembourg and adjoining areas in France, Belgium and Germany. The paper specifically focuses on the location of major synsedimentary faults and weakness zones, which gave rise to a new conceptual model of basin structure and evolution. The total depth of the basin as well as the thickness estimates of the fault-controlled subunits are supported by the interpretation of a Bouguer gravity map. In addition, the stratigraphy of the Cessange borehole and the depositional conditions of the Luxembourg Sandstone have been reinterpreted in accordance with the new concept. Supported by numerous geological cross sections it is suggested that the TLB has developed along a SW–NE trending weakness zone above a Permian Graben in direct prolongation of the Wittlicher Senke.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Hybodus (Euselachii) from the Early Jurassic of Anina (Caraş Severin District, Romania)
    Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, Geologia, 2006, 51 (1-2), 51 - 54 On the Hybodus (Euselachii) from the Early Jurassic of Anina (Caraş Severin district, Romania) Emanuel Paul DICA* & Vlad CODREA* Department of Geology, “Babeş-Bolyai” University, 1 Kogălniceanu, 400084 Cluj Napoca, Romania Received February 2005; accepted July 2006 ABSTRACT. A new Hybodus site from Romania is located at Anina, in the Pliensbachian – Middle Toarcian succession from Ponor quarry (Caraş-Severin district). The paper refers to a short description of the Hybodus teeth recently collected, followed by some considerations on hybodonts phylogeny and palaeoecology. Key words: Hybodus, Euselachii, Getic Nappe, Reşiţa-Moldova Nouă sedimentary area, Anina, Banat, Early Jurassic. INTRODUCTION In addition, one of us (P.D.) had the opportunity to notice a still unpublished Mesozoic fish: Allestidae indet. Sharks and generally Mesozoic fishes are rather rare in (possibly a new taxon) from the Latest Cretaceous at Nălaţ- Romania. This kind of fossils is scarce and rare contribution Vad (Haţeg Basin). on this topic can be noticed. However, some sites yielded A team of geologists from “Babeş-Bolyai” University in such fishes as: Peştiş-Aleşd-Lugaşu de Sus area (Apuseni Cluj, in a field mission carried out some years ago at Ponor Mts., Inner Dacides), with Triassic (Anisian) assemblages open pit near Anina (Banat, Caraş-Severin district, Fig. 1), including Hybodus cf. multiconus JAEKEL 1889, H. succeeded in collecting some shark teeth and scales from the reticulatus AGGASSIZ 1837, Acrodus cf. lateralis AGASSIZ Liassic rocks cropping out there. The fossils had been 1837, cf. Birgeria sp., “Colobodus” sp., Paleobates collected from the Ponor dump (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • 100Years of Seismic Research on the Moho
    Tectonophysics 609 (2013) 9–44 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tectonophysics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto Review Article 100 years of seismic research on the Moho Claus Prodehl a, Brian Kennett b, Irina M. Artemieva c, Hans Thybo c,⁎ a Geophysical Institute, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Hertzstr. 16, D76167 Karlsruhe, Germany b Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia c Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Oester Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark article info abstract Article history: The detection of a seismic boundary, the “Moho”, between the outermost shell of the Earth, the Earth's crust, and Received 6 June 2012 the Earth's mantle by A. Mohorovičić was the consequence of increased insight into the propagation of seismic Received in revised form 27 May 2013 waves caused by earthquakes. This short history of seismic research on the Moho is primarily based on the com- Accepted 29 May 2013 prehensive overview of the worldwide history of seismological studies of the Earth's crust using controlled Available online 12 June 2013 sources from 1850 to 2005, by Prodehl and Mooney (2012). Though the art of applying explosions, so-called “ar- tificial events”, as energy sources for studies of the uppermost crustal layers began in the early 1900s, its effective Keywords: Moho use for studying the entire crust only began at the end of World War II. From 1945 onwards, controlled-source Crust seismology has been the major approach to study details of the crust and underlying crust–mantle boundary, Lithosphere the Moho.
    [Show full text]
  • Earliest Jurassic Patellogastropod, Vetigastropod, and Neritimorph Gastropods from Luxembourg with Considerations on the Triassic–Jurassic Faunal Turnover
    Earliest Jurassic patellogastropod, vetigastropod, and neritimorph gastropods from Luxembourg with considerations on the Triassic–Jurassic faunal turnover STEFANO MONARI, MARA VALENTINI, and MARIA ALESSANDRA CONTI Monari, S., Valentini, M., and Conti, M.A. 2011. Earliest Jurassic patellogastropod, vetigastropod, and neritimorph gas− tropods from Luxembourg with considerations on the Triassic–Jurassic faunal turnover. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (2): 349–384. The Hettangian to earliest Sinemurian Vetigastropoda, Patellogastropoda, and Neritimorpha housed in the National Mu− seum of Natural History of Luxembourg are studied. Most of the species comes from the Luxembourg Sandstone Forma− tion. This deposit formed along the southern margin of the London−Brabant−Ardennes Landmass, in a region that during the earliest Jurassic constituted a seaway connecting the Paris Basin with the epicontinental seas of the Netherlands and northern Germany. The systematic analysis revealed high diversity of the studied fauna; we identified twenty−two species, eleven genera, nine families, and six superfamilies. A new genus, Meiersia gen. nov., and three new species, Anodomaria schroederi sp. nov., Meiersia disarmata sp. nov., and Spirocirrus weisi sp. nov. are described. The fauna is dominated by pleurotomarioideans representing the genera Ptychomphalus, Pleurotomaria,andTrochotoma, and by the patellogastropod genus Scurriopsis both in number of species and specimens. The neritimorph genus Neridomus is also well represented. Among the accessory taxa, Anodomaria and Spirocirrus first appeared in the Late Hettangian of the Luxembourg area. Most of these genera show a species radiation in the Early Jurassic and are distributed over the western European epicontinental shelf, probably favoured by an east to west marine transgression which influenced wide areas from the basins of the northern Germany to the Paris Basin through the Luxembourg seaway.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossils As Drugs: Pharmaceutical Palaeontology
    Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology pharmaceutical Drugs: as Fossils J. Duffin Christopher Christopher J. Duffin F e r ra nt i a Travaux scientifiques d u M u s é e n at i o n a l d'histoire naturelle L u xe m b o u r g www.mnhn.lu 54 2008 F e r r a n t i a 54 2008 2008 54 Ferrantia est une revue publiée à intervalles non réguliers par le Musée national d’histoire naturelle à Luxembourg. Elle fait suite, avec la même tomaison aux Travaux scienTifiques du Musée naTional d’hisToire naTurelle de luxeMbourg. Comité de rédaction: Eric Buttini Guy Colling Edmée Engel Thierry Helminger Marc Meyer Mise en page: Romain Bei Design: Thierry Helminger Prix du volume: 10 € Rédaction: Echange: Musée national d’histoire naturelle Exchange MNHN-SNL Rédaction Ferrantia c/o Musée national d’histoire naturelle 25, rue Münster 25, rue Münster L-2160 Luxembourg L-2160 Luxembourg tel +352 46 22 33 - 1 tel +352 46 22 33 - 1 fax +352 46 38 48 fax +352 46 38 48 Internet: http://www.naturmusee.lu Internet: http://www.mnhnl.lu/biblio/exchange email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Page de couverture: 1. Two "Occhi di Serpe" mounted on a block fashioned into the form of a snake's head (John Woodward collection, Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge). 2. The lynx voiding a lyncurium from mediaeval bestiaries. Bodleian Library MS Bodley 764 folio 11 recto. Reproduced by kind permission of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Stratigraphic Terms
    Glossary of Stratigraphic Terms The following glossary of stratigraphic terms includes terms that, at one time or another, have been used in publications dealing with concepts and prin­ ciples of stratigraphic classification, terminology and procedure. The preparation of the glossary has been in the work program of the International Subcom­ mission on Stratigraphic Classification (ISSC) since before the first edition of the International Stratigraphic Guide was published in 1976, but its compilation had to be sacrificed for the sake of an early publication of the Guide. The prepa­ ration of a glossary of stratigraphic terms was an important part of the plan to re­ vise the first edition of the Guide. During the early stages of the preparation of the glossary, some thought was given to include in it only terms currently in common use. It was soon realized that it would be difficult, and a possible source of controversy, to try to deter­ mine which terms are in common use and which have received only limited use or have been abandoned; and that it would be useful to earth scientists to be able to find in the glossary the meaning and origin of terms no longer in use now but which they might come across in older publications. For these reasons, many terms generally considered useless, invalid, obsolete, ill-defined, or synonymous to terms in common use and terms that have attained no acceptance and that have been used only by their authors have been included in the glossary. An at­ tempt has been made, however, to differentiate the two groups of terms by showing those in more common use in larger type and those who have received limited or no acceptance in smaller type.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagenesis of Luxembourg ... Dstone.Pdf
    Diagenesis of Luxembourg Sandstone by D.J. Korte Bachelor Thesis Applied Earth Sciences July 10, 2017 Student number: 4207637 Supervisor: Drs. M.M. van Tooren Second Supervisor: Ing. W. Verwaal Abstract Research has been conducted into the diagenesis of the Luxembourg Sandstone. Literature studies were followed by a visit to the outcrop, after which thin sections were studied. The Luxembourg Sandstone Formation has been deposited in the Hettangian and Sinemurian, both lower Jurassic ages. A sea strait connecting the Northern German Basin and the Paris Basin was located in present day Luxembourg. A tidal dominated delta deposited the weathering products form a part of the Rheno- hercynian Zone, the Ardennes, into the transgressive sea strait to create sandstone deposits. The outcrop near the village of Echternach is characterised by two rock types visible as horizontal beds and lenses: one well cemented and a less cemented sandstone. The less cemented zones tend to be better resistant to weathering and this causes the less cemented rock to overhang the cemented rock. The cemented zones have been cemented with calcite crystals and minor amounts of quartz cement. The sandstone consist of fine grained, moderately sorted, angular quartz grains with minor amounts of feldspars, opaque minerals, muscovite and zircon crystals. Detrital mudstone grains and ferroan cement were also present. The cemented rocks are classified as Lithic Arenites whilst the less cemented zones are classified as Sublithic Arenite, both have a recycled orogenic provenance. Three parameters have influenced the cementation. Firstly permeability differences caused by deposition of clay and deposition of coarser material. Paths of permeability have formed through the sediments and this favoured cementation.
    [Show full text]
  • Baltica from the Late Precambrian to Mid-Palaeozoic Times: the Gain and Loss of a Terrane’S Identity
    Earth-Science Reviews 72 (2005) 39–66 www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Baltica from the late Precambrian to mid-Palaeozoic times: The gain and loss of a terrane’s identity L. Robin M. Cocks*, Trond H. Torsvik Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK Geodynamics Centre NGU, Leiv Eirikssons vei 39, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway Received 1 January 2005; accepted 15 April 2005 Abstract The old terrane of Baltica occupies the mass of northern Europe eastwards to the Urals and lies mostly to the north of the Trans-European Suture Zone. The core, the East European Craton, is thick and formed of rocks dating back to well over 3 billion yr, and Protobaltica can be identified as forming part of the supercontinent of Rodinia at about 1 billion yr ago. Following Rodinia’s break up at about 800 Ma, Protobaltica remained attached to Laurentia until it became the newly independent Baltica at between 570 and 550 Ma, with the inauguration of plate spreading to form the northern part of the Iapetus Ocean. To the south, during the Early Cambrian, Baltica was separated from Gondwana by the relatively narrow Ran Ocean. Baltica remained a separate terrane until its docking, firstly with Avalonia at the very end of the Ordovician (443 Ma), and then with Laurentia during the Silurian in the Scandian part of the Caledonide Orogeny. The terrane was much enlarged in the Vendian to include the areas such as Timan–Pechora now lying to the north as they became accreted to Baltica during the late Precambrian Timanide Orogeny.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology and Basin Structure of the Trier- Luxembourg Basin - Implications for the Existence of a Buried Rotliegend Graben
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265651957 Geology and basin structure of the Trier- Luxembourg Basin - Implications for the existence of a buried Rotliegend graben Article in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften · May 2013 Impact Factor: 0.57 · DOI: 10.1127/1860-1804/2013/0025 CITATIONS READS 3 49 2 authors: Tom Schintgen Andrea Förster EIFER, European Institute for Energy Resea… Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam - Deutsches G… 7 PUBLICATIONS 6 CITATIONS 100 PUBLICATIONS 1,202 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, Available from: Tom Schintgen letting you access and read them immediately. Retrieved on: 26 April 2016 Geology and basin structure of the Trier–Luxembourg Basin – implications for the existence of a buried Rotliegend graben Tom Schintgen, Andrea Förster Published in: Z. Dt. Ges. Geowiss. 164 (4), 615–637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2013/0025 Geology and basin structure of the Trier–Luxembourg Basin Abstract This paper presents the geology of the TrierLuxembourg Basin (TLB) in a comprehensive and updated manner. It describes the structural and lithological features of the basin, which comprises sediments of Permian to Mesozoic age. The regional geological assessment profited from recently published information on the geology and regional tectonics, as well as from borehole data from Luxembourg and adjoining areas in France, Belgium and Germany. The paper specifically focuses on the location of major synsedimentary faults and weakness zones, which gave rise to a new conceptual model of basin structure and evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event): New Microfossils from the Dudelange Drill Core, Luxembourg
    Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021 Accepted Manuscript Geological Society, London, Special Publications Brittlestar diversity at the dawn of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event): new microfossils from the Dudelange drill core, Luxembourg Ben Thuy & Lea D. Numberger-Thuy DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/SP514-2021-3 To access the most recent version of this article, please click the DOI URL in the line above. When citing this article please include the above DOI. Received 5 January 2021 Revised 26 March 2021 Accepted 27 March 2021 © 2021 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Published by The Geological Society of London. Publishing disclaimer: www.geolsoc.org.uk/pub_ethics Manuscript version: Accepted Manuscript This is a PDF of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting and correction before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the book series pertain. Although reasonable efforts have been made to obtain all necessary permissions from third parties to include their copyrighted content within this article, their full citation and copyright line may not be present in this Accepted Manuscript version. Before using any content from this article, please refer to the Version of Record once published for full citation and copyright details, as permissions may be required.
    [Show full text]