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“Join Me in This Mission, We're Going to Make America Great Again”

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“Join Me in This Mission, We're Going to Make America Great Again” “Join me in this mission, we’re going to make America great again” Donald Trump and history politics during the 2016 presidential election campaign University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences Master’s Programme of Society and Change Political History Master’s thesis Kirsti Puronen June 2020 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta - Tekijä – Författare – Author Puronen Kirsti Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title ’Join me in this mission, we’re going to make America great again’ Donald Trump and history politics during the 2016 presidential election campaign Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Poliittinen historia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Maisterintutkielma Kesäkuu 2020 100 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Yhdysvaltain presidentinvaalit ovat yksi seuratuimmista tapahtumista maailmassa. Vuoden 2016 presidentinvaalit tullaan muistamaan yhtenä kiistanalaisimmista vaaleista. Vastoin kaikkia odotuksia Donald Trumpista tuli Yhdysvaltain presidentti. Hänen kampanjan vaalitunnuksensa ”teemme Amerikasta taas suuren” (Make America Great Again) ja ”Amerikka ensin” (America First) lupasivat palauttaa vallan takaisin kansalle ja määritellä uudelleen Amerikan roolin maailmassa. Trumpin kampanjapuheet olivat täynnä retoriikkaa, joista kaikuivat edellisten presidenttien ajatukset. Hänen nativistiset puheensa olivat täynnä keskusvallanvastaista ja rodullisesti kiihotettua kieltä. Poliittinen polarisointi oli jakanut maan kahtia, ja kaiken tämän keskeltä Trump nousi presidentiksi. Hänen voittonsa juonsi kulttuurilliseen ja poliittisiin muutoksiin, jotka alkoivat vuosikymmeniä aiemmin. Trumpin presidenttiyteen kulminoitui pitkän ajan kehitys. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan, kuinka Donald Trump käytti historiapolitiikkaa presidentinvaali kampanjan puheissaan. Tutkielman ensisijaisen tarkastelun kohteena ovat kampanjapuheet, nämä lähteet ajoittuvat maaliskuusta marraskuuhun vuonna 2016. Tutkimusmenetelmänä hyödynnetään historiantutkimukselle ominaista kvalitatiivista lähdeanalyysia, lähdekriittistä tutkimusotetta historiapolitiikan viitekehyksen näkökulmasta. Tutkielma nojaa Jouni Tillin historiapolitiikan typologiaan sekä Pilvi Torstin määritelmään historiapolitiikasta. Politikoinnin ja politisoinnin määritelmät ovat hyödyllisiä tutkielman analyyttisina työkaluina, tarkastellessa kuinka Donald Trump hämärsi myytin, historian ja menneisyyden rajoja kampanjapuheissaan. Historiapolitiikka teoreettisena viitekehyksenä viittaa historian käyttöön poliittisena argumenttina, joka voi myös manifestoitua poliittisten motiivien kautta. Historian käyttö poliittisissa puheissa on tapa luoda yhteys menneisyyden ja nykyisyyden välillä. Tutkielma hyödyntää myös populismia, jota käytetään myös analyyttisena työkaluna poliittisia puheita tutkiessa. Tutkielma analysoi ensisijaisia lähteitä lähdekriittisesti asetettujen tutkimuskysymysten kautta, historiapoliittisen viitekehyksen sisällä. Aineistosta tutkittiin myös, kuinka populismi ilmentyi kampanjapuheissa. Tutkielmassa tarkasteltiin Trumpin kampanjan retoriikka ja yleisiä teemoja, jotta historiapolitiikan ulostulo puheissa saisi kontekstin. Aineiston analysointi paljasti, kuinka Trump hyväksikäytti konservatiivista populistista retoriikkaa, joka kietoutui historiaan. Hänen kampanjasanomansa vetosi valkoiseen työ- ja keskiluokan äänestäjiin, jotka kokivat jääneensä jälkeen yhteiskunnassa ja olivat poliitikkojen ylenkatsomia. Trump hyödynsi Richard Nixonin ”Hiljainen enemmistö” (Sileny Majority) ja Ronald Reaganin ”Teemme Amerikasta Suuren Taas” (Make America Great Again) -narratiiveja ja muokkasi niitä omaan populistiseen retoriikkaansa. Trump esiintyi ulkopuolisena, joka tarjosi yksinkertaisia ratkaisuja isoihin ongelmiin. Hän käytti kampanjassaan historiaa perustellakseen poliittista retoriikkaansa. Tutkielman keskeisin tulos on, että kampanjapuheissa historia politisoitiin, ja historia oli keskeisin narratiivi. Historiapolitiikan viitekehys antoi tutkielmalle alustan, jossa kampanjapuheita voitiin analysoida. Lisäksi se loi kontekstin historiankäytön motiiveille politiikassa. Trump uudelleenkäytti menneisyyden retoriikkaa ja kietoi sen populismiin. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Historiapolitiikka, Donald Trump, presidentinvaalit, Yhdysvallat, populismi, Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Faculty of Social Sciences - Tekijä – Författare – Author Puronen Kirsti Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title ”Join me in this mission, we’re going to make America great again” Donald Trump and history politics during the 2016 presidential election campaign Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Political history Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s thesis June 2020 100 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract The United States presidential elections are one of the most followed events in the world. The 2016 presidential elections will be remembered as one of the contentious elections ever. Donald Trump became the president against all odds. His campaign slogans “Make America Great Again” and “America First” promised to return the power to the people and redefine Americas’ role in the world. Trump’s campaign speeches were full of rhetoric that echoed the sentiments of the past presidents. His nativist speeches were full of anti-establishment appeals and racially heated language. The political polarization had divided the country, and amidst this Trump rose to presidency. His victory was rooted in the cultural and political changes that began decades earlier, and Trump’s presidency was the culmination of long-term developments. The thesis examines how Donald Trump used history politics in his general election campaign speeches. The primary sources of the thesis consist of general election speeches, from March to November in 2016. The thesis utilizes qualitative content analysis, in which primary sources are critically examined and compared, within the framework of history politics. The thesis relies on Jouni Tilli’s policy concept typology of history politics and Pilvi Torsti’s definition of history politics. The definitions of politicization and engagement in politics are a useful tool for analysing how Donald Trump blurred the line between myth, history and the past in his speeches. The theoretical framework of history politics refers to history being used in politics; it can manifest through political motives. Using history in political speeches is away to create a connection between the past and the present. The thesis also employs populism, which is used as analytical tool, when examining the political speeches. The thesis employs source-based analysis of primary sources, through research questions, within the framework of history politics. As well as looks how populism is expressed in the campaign speeches. The thesis also examines the rhetoric and themes of the Trump campaign, in order to understand the wider context and the outcomes of history politics. The analysation of the primary sources revealed that Trump exploited the conservative populist rhetoric that intertwined with history. His campaign message was appealing to the white working- and middle-class voters, who felt like they had been overlooked and left behind by the politicians and society. Trump capitalized on Richard Nixon’s “Silent Majority” and Ronald Reagan’s “Make America Great Again” narratives and transformed it to fit his populistic rhetoric. Trump presented himself as an outsider who provided simple solutions to big issues. He used history to justify the political rhetoric of the campaign. The most important result of the thesis was that history was politicized and used as the pivotal narrative in Trump’s campaign speeches. The history politics framework provided the thesis platform from which the campaign speeches could be analysed, and it created a context for the motives of using history in politics. Trump reused the political rhetoric of the past and intertwined it with populism. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords History politics, Donald Trump, presidential elections, United States, populism Table of Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research topic and sources ....................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Research questions .................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Theory and Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Politicizing the use of history ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.3.2 Driving motives of history politics .................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Disposition of the thesis .......................................................................................................................................... 11 2. American Conservatism from the 1950s onwards ........................................................................................................
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