21162 FederaJ Register I Vol. 58, No. 86 I Thursday, May 6, 1993 I Notices ~~~~~.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTElqlOR The SnoqualmIe are classified areas had largely dispersed and more culturally and linguistically as Southern tribel members and moved to Bureau or Indian Affair. Coast Salish, a subdivision of the Coast reservations. After the tum of the Salish of the Puget Sound region. At the century the geographically distinct Proposed Finding for Federal time of the treaty, and for several Snoqualmie settlements began to break Acknowledgment of the Snoqualmie decades before, the Snoqualmie up. Dispersion of the Snoqualmie Indian Tribe consisted of atleam 18 winter villages continued ovar the next 50 years (1914- 1956), although most members April 26. 1993. located along the Snoqualmie River. These villages were centered on one or remained w1tliin or adjacent to AGENCY: Bureau of Indiru: A fffLirs. several multi-family longhouses. traditional Snoqualmie territory. The Interior. The Snoqualmie tribe WBS a slogle. membership narrowed in the 1940's and AcnON: Notice of proposdl finding. distinct social unit. united by kinShip 1950's as many reservation residents and other ties. The tribe shared 8 affiliated with the Snoqualmie shifted SUMMARY: Pursuant to 25 CFR 83.9(0. common name and territory and was allegiance to the reservations. which notice is hereby given tluit the Assistant somewhat distinct from neighboring were becoming distinct social and Secretary proposes to acknowledge that Coast Salish tribes in culture and political units. There continued to be an the Snoqualmie lodian Tlibe. c/o Mr. language. Until the mid-1840's the off-reservation centered social and Ronald Lauzon. 18525 Ne,v'elty Hill Snoqualmie may not have been a single political body of Snoqualmie. Road. Redmond. Washin~~on !J8052, political unit In the sense of having an Although they no longer had separato elds.s as an Indian tribe within the overall leader. Within the tribe. a settlements. there Is strong evidence meaning of Federal law. nus notice is distinction was made between the that the tribe maintained a distinct based on a detennination that the tribe Upper Snoqualmie In the villages on the social community during this period. meets the seven mandatoJY criteria set prairie above Snoqualmie Falls. and the This evidence Includes continued forth in 25 CFR 83.7. Therefom. the Lower Snoqualmie In the villages below intermarriage with Snoqualmie or other Snoqualmie lodian Tribe meets the the Falls. Puget Sound Indians. closeness of requirements necessary fer a Marriage outside the village and tribe kinship ties linking major family government-to-govemmellt re!.ationship was the norm for the Snoqualmie and groupings, maintenance of a distinct with the United States, othor Coast Salish. Puget Sound tribes culture. Including language and DATES: As provided by 25 CFR 83.9(8). traditionally were cohesive groupings religion. and the existence of strong any individual or organi:wtion wishing within a broader network of Idnship. internal political processes under the to challenge the proposed finding may social. and economic relationships.The leadership of Jerry Kanim. Additional submit factual or legal Brgllments and social organization of these tribes has evidence of long-term social evidence to rebut the evidence relied retained much of this character up tt;) relationships and interaction is the upon. This material must tlt'4: Ibis After traditional settlements were community. notice is published In the 9:~erdse of disrupted by white settlers In the There Is less detailed and extensive authority delegated by the Socl'etary of 1860's, the Snoqualmie reestablished evidence for social community for the the Interior to the Assisttul t Secretary­ three distinct settlement areas: on the period betweon 1956 and 1981 than Indian Affairs by 209 DM ,j. Upper Snoqualmie prairie, including a thore is for the time periods before and The Snoqualmie Indian Tribo is based settlement called Meadowbrook; in the after. However, the available evidence is in King County, Washington. Olll or near Lower Snoqualmie area near the sufficient to demonstrate that a land that was traditionally find aboriginal villages at Tolt and Fall City; significant level of social community aboriginally Snoqualmie. ':-he tribe's and at Lake Sammamish. outside but was maintained. The Snoqualmie did first sustained contact w1tll Eura­ adjecent to traditional Snoqualmie not become more widely dispersed Americans began In 1833. Extensive territory. Community longhouses were geographically during this period. settlement by non-lodlans in the Puget maintained in each of these areas and remaining within an area close enough Sound area began In the lato 1840·s. much of the traditional culture was to allow maintenance of community leading to the 1855 Treaty of Point retained. including language. religion. social relations. Elliott between the Snoqm lmie and and social organization and marriage There continued to be a considereble other neighboring tribes 6Il d: thl) United patterns. There wera few marriages with degree of close kinship lies within the States. From that time until the present. non-lodians. tribe and kin and sociallink.ages with the petitioner has been identifiod Some Snoqualmie moved to the other Puget Sound Indians. since repeatedly as being American Indian by Tulalip Reservation after 1860. but most marriage within the Snoqualmie was Federal authorities, State and local did not because of its limited land and common until the 1920's and within governments, civil, religiolls, and the fllct that it was outside of Puget Sound Indian society until the recreational organizations. scholars and Snoqualmie territory. Those tribel 1950·s. However. the degree of sociel other writers. newspapers iUld books. members who moved to the reservation interaction and social ties was federallr recognized Indiall tribes, and maintained social and political ties with somewhat diminished from previous nationa and I'egionallndien those in the off-reservation settlements eras. A significant. though diminishing organizations. The petitioner hels also and the Snoqualmie remained a distinct amount of distinct cultura was also been viewed historically 81 being social community. maIntained. Th~ clearest evidence of distinct from other Indian 1ribos in By 1914. when the tribe began a this was Snoqualmie participation In western Washington, as WE Ll as from political reorganization under Jerry the Indian Shaker Church. the lodian other popu)ationsln that a:~ia. Kanim. the distinct tribal settlement Smok.ehouse religion. and some

I-ieinOnllne 58 Fed, Reg. 27162 1993

United States Department of the Interior, Office of Federal Acknowledgement SNQ-V001-D005 Page 1 of 3 Fedt:ral Register I VoL 58, No. 86 I Thursday, May 6, 1993 I Notices 21163 ~~~~~.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ continued traditional religious beliefs significance is particularly strong time, and reflected shared community among the older generation. concerning how they manlf6$t values concerning leadership. Member5hip In the tribe requIred themselves in political contexts. Kanim was 8 strongly influential demonstration of v.. or mora Conflicts between family groups are figure within the Snoqualmie Snoqualmie blood degree, I.Itd tlile considered a prominent political throughout his tenure from 1914 until average blood degree In pnlctice, was element. his d~ath in 1956. He was a strong higher. TbJs demonstrates that the The evidence of Snoqualmie political speaker. enjoyed high prestige Snoqualmie were more thall me:rely a processes In the modem community, throughout the group. and was blown group of distantiy related dal>Cendants which is more clearly and extensively for his ability to influence community of Indians. documonted than is direct evidence of opinion on political and social issues. There was more evidenCE' Ifor social community, demonstrates that Two critlcalissues that Kanim continuing political proceSJlB8 for tho significant social relationships and a addressed throughout his tenure were period between 1956 and NIH than significant degree of social contact exist. seeking land for the Snoqualmie to there was concerning sodal community. At the time of first sustained contact settle upon and maintenance of fishing This evidence establishes tl1ftt with Eu.ro-Americans in the 1830's. and bunting rights under the treaties. significant, nonc06rcive po:lItical leader5hip and other political processes Land was of critical importance for the processes continued. These pro\1de within the Snoqualmie were exorcised Snoqualmie because they had lost their evidence for community be:llU80 they at the village level andJor within lands during the first decade of the 20th required and were based on the nonlocal1zad Unship groups. The century. and there was insufficient existence of social ties and Snoqualmie tribe probably did not reservation land to allot to them. communication In order to J]pemte. The constitute a single political unit In the Hunting and fisbing rights were of groat evidence for community £rem p()litlcal sense of having an overall leader until importance because the Snoqualmie processes was less strong ~ Itw6E1O 1956 the early or mid-1940's, when Pat hunted and fished extenSively for and 1970, in part because tilis was a low Kanim became chief of the entire tribe. subsistence purposes but access to point in political activity foUowilng the Kanlm's authority was recognized by traditional hunting and fishing grounds death of Chief Jerry Kanim In 1956. non-Indian governmental authorities was becoming limited because of Considerebly more detailtJd evidence competition with non-Indians and was found for tho modem Snoqualmlo and by the Snoqualmie themselves. increasingly restrictive game and fish Kanim was second signer of the 1855 community, defined for the purpose of laws. Kanim pursued these issues with this evaluation as being froln Treaty of Point Elliott, a reflection of his importance. Federal. state, and local authorities approximately 1981 to the Irssent. throughout his tenure. Political Thero is strong evidence thi t significant After Pat Kanlm's death In 1858 until Influence Is thus demonstrated because social relationships have bem 1914, the Snoqualmie were led by a he and the Snoqualmio councils dealt maintained in the modem community. vsrioty of local leaders. Most prominent with issues which were clearly of The geographical distrlbuti(lr.t of the of these was Sanawa. chief of the Upper significance and concern to the tribe has not changed substt.ntial.ly from Snoqualmie under Pat Kanim. Sanawa's Snoqualmie as a whole. that of previous decades. AIICIut :70 authority was recognized by the Federol Additional strong evidence of percent of the membership li'ies within government. He lived until 1875 and political influence among the a SO-mile radius, which Is c,ose 4mough was succeeded by his son John Senaa. Snoqualmie between 1914 and 1956 is to allow significant social ir t'3raction. Politicel influence was also exercised that Imowledgoable governmental The continued existence of >::ultural through Informal leaders, community authorities external to the group differences among a substantial meetings and the cooperative effort consistently recognized Jerry Kanim's minority of the membership provides necessary to construct and maintain political influence and dealt with him evidence that there Is more Ihan a community longhouses and communal as a leader who represented the interests minimal distinction betweell the religious ceremonies. The existence and and concern of the Snoqualmie. Snoqualmie and non-Indians. The tribe maintenance of culturally and The level of exercise of political has maintainoo a clear memboarship territorially distinct communities Influence during Jerry Kanlm's tonure boundary, socially distinguishing it throughout this porlod Is further very substantially exceeds the minimal from non-membeIis. reinforcing evidence that politicaiinfiuence requirements of the Acknowledgment evidence from other sources that this is through either formal or informal regulations. more than a formal organization <:If leaders and group decision-making Although Jerry Kanlm was not Snoqualmie descendants. ThtJre i.s processes was maintained throughout replaced as chief in the decades after his limited direct evidence that informal. the latter part of the 19th century and .death in 1956. there continued to be though not necessarily intensB. social the first decade oftha 20th century. leaders among the Snoqualmie who had contact is maintained broad] y among Between 1914 and 1916, a rolitical been active during Kanim's tenure. The the membership. Snoqualmie kinship reorganization of the politics system of tribal chairman, an existing position, relationships are still close Enough to the Snoqualmie took place. A strong became the main leader of the provide supporting evidenol Ithal. chief of the entire tribe, named Jerry Snoqualmie, and the tribal council and significant social relations e:dsl family Kanim, was put into office and under general council took. 8 more important line groupings are socially d ~jl1ned and his leadership a council and general role. Although a Snoqualmie chief was there is a significant degree of sodal council of the entire membership were appointed in 1986. it was not Imowledge and involvement slmong instituted to belp govern the demonstrated that this Individual has a Snoqualmie members. This Is p8ltly Snoqualmie. The process by which the significant political role. expressed in their awareneSl of tbe political reorganization took place is There is clear evidence that history, character, and acti01l!1 of tho itself strong evldonce of the oxorcise of community opinion on a vsrioty of major family lines, which is ovid,mce of politlcalinfluenca because it resulted matters has existed and been expressed continuing social ties 88 we\' ,1lS social from the mobilization of community through various political procasses contact. The available data I'~:ar(llng opinion. involving influential informal throughout the period from 1956 up family groups and their social leaders, over an extended period of until and including the present. Thore is

HeinOnline -- 58 Fed. Reg, 27163 1993

United States Department of the Interior, Office of Federal Acknowledgement SNQ-V001-D005 Page 2 of 3 ~2~71~64~~~=~F~ed~~!!!. Register I Vol. 58, No. 86 I Thursday, May ~, 1993 I Notices

good evidence, consistent (,V'61' II long widespread interest among the is dispersed among seveo tribes serviced period of time (1960'. to th B present), members. by the BIA'. Puget Sound Agency, and that opinion and concern ov,ar tll8 There exists substanUalllvidenca the majority are based primarily on the actions of the Snoqualmlelolldershlp between 1956 and 1968 and strong member's descent In another Une from and the form of that leadmMp have evidence from 1968 through the present a non-Snoqualmie Indian ancestor who existed at large among the lDemhership. that political Influence has been was affiliated with the tribe. Them Is no This has been evidenced frollD time to exercised within the Snoqualmie, that evidence that suggests that the6e 63 time by generational differ;: DiceS the leeders and council have a Individuals repre86Dt a faction or concerning the SnoqualmiE leadership significant political connection with the factions who are attempting to break and the form of govemmen l. Major membership, I.e .• a bilateral political away from their tribes 10 order to family lines function withi:1 the relationshJp, and that poUticallssutlS of establish another tribe. political system to a Umfteet degree, significance to a broad portion of the No evidence was found to show that playing a role In formation of opinion membership have been addressed. the Snoqualmie Indian Tribe has been The petitioner's governing document and being one dimension a ,ctng which the subject Federalleglslation which describes how membership Is conflicts lake place. A slroIlg 8XJ!lIIlple of has expressly tenninated or forbidden a determined and how tho tribe governa Internal pol1tlcalinfluence occurred In Federal relationship with the United its affairs and its members. Present 1980 when community opillion was States Government. moblllzod to oust the tribal chal,rman, members of this organization are Based on this preliminary factuai whose behavior In this role \ioLlted predominantly lineal descendants of the determination. we conclude that the community norms. These JlI'lJC6I>SeS Snoqualmie Indians whose ancestors Snoqualmie Indian Tribe meets all the illustrate the existence of UIE' flow of have inhabited Western Washington criteria in 25 CFR 83.7. We therefore politlcal opinion within thll Snoqualmie since first sustained contact with Euro­ conclude that the tribe should be and between leaders and membors, and Americans. Ninety-six percent of the granted Federal acl:nowledgment under thus e bilateral political reI lUonshlp, a petitioner's 313 members have 25 CFR 83. requirement of criterion (c) established or can be expected to part establish descent from an ancestor As provided by 25 CFR 83.9(f), a Pol1tica1lnfluenco and a b.ilatl!rel Idantifled as Snoqualmie 10 historical political relationship Is alslI report summarizing the evidence for the records. The remaining 4 percent of the proposed decision will be provided to demonstrated by the major role lPlared membership consists of 11 membera the petitioner and other interested by the general council, a m. IEltinl& 0 the who have not satisfactorily established general membership which is the final parties. and Is available to other partle8 Snoqualmie descent, and 3 members upon written request. Comments on the arbiter of poUtical issues ar dl C9:nflJcts who are non-Indians adopted by the proposed finding andlor requests for 8 within the Snoqualmie. Th., general tribe. Eighty-two percent of the council Is a dedsionmaklnu body which copy of the report of evidence should be members possess the one-eighth or more addressed to the Office of the Assistant connects the tribal council md Snoqualmie blood required by the chairman to the Snoqualmi! members, Secretary-Indian Affairs, Bureau of petitioner's membership criteria. Indian Affairs. 1849 C Street, NW., by electing these officers BIl d. by Members who posseaal688 than one­ Washington, DC 20240, Attention: reviewing actions and issuES which are eighth Indian blood have boon adopted considered critical or contr>'1eT11,lal. Branch of Acknowledgment end by the petitioner. - Researcb, Mail Stop 2611-MlB. Hunting and fishing righlS have Twenty percent of the membership After consideration of the writteo continued to be a concern addressed by (63 members) Is currently enrolled 10 a arguments and evidence rebutting the the Snoqualmie council anI I leadership, federally recognized tribe. leaving a proposed finding and within 60 days throughout the period from 19SfI to the substantial majority (80 percent) of the after the expiration of the 120-day present. It is likely that fishing I'tlmlained memberahlp who are not enrolled In II an important part of SnoqualmiE! federally recognized tribe. Because response period described above, the Assistant Secretary-lndian Affairs will subsistence until World WH n.lmd for concurrent membership in more than pubUsh the final detennmallon of the some time later for some S[ oqu~tlml6. one tribe or group Is prohibited by the petitioner's status in the FederaJ There Is good evidence thaI Iish:lng petitioner's governing documents, these rights Is a politlcallasue of 81Jbsltantial members technically do not meet the Register Il8 provided In 25 CPR 83.9£hJ. significance and concern aroong a wide criteria for membership 10 the Eddie F. Brown, portion of the Snoqualmie I,ocause the Snoqualmie Indian Tribe. The Assistant S~ndJan Affa1rs. effectlvelo88 of access to these rights Is membership of the 20 percent who are IFR Doc. 93-10694 FIled 5-5-93; ~45 am) recent and there is continulld . enrolled 10 a federally recognized tribe IIILUfIG ~ 431~

HeinOnline -- 58 red. Reg. 27164 1993

United States Department of the Interior, Office of Federal Acknowledgement SNQ-V001-D005 Page 3 of 3