Dansk Pengehistorie 1990-2005

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Dansk Pengehistorie 1990-2005 DANSK PENGEHISTORIE 1990-2005 DANSK PENGEHISTORIE 1990-2005 6 DANMARKS NATIONALBANK 2010 oomslag.inddmslag.indd 1 222-10-20102-10-2010 110:06:020:06:02 Dansk pengehistorie 6 - 1990-2005 Titel, indhold og forord DANSK PENGEHISTORIE 1990-2005 Af KIM ABILDGREN med indledende kapitel af BODIL NYBOE ANDERSEN og JENS THOMSEN DANMARKS NATIONALBANK 2010 Dansk pengehistorie 6 - 1990-2005 Titel, indhold og forord DANSK PENGEHISTORIE 1990-2005 Oktober 2010 I serien Dansk pengehistorie foreligger: Bind 1: Dansk pengehistorie 1700-1914 af Knud Erik Svendsen og Svend Aage Hansen. Bind 2: Dansk pengehistorie 1914-1960 af Erling Olsen og Erik Hoffmeyer. Bind 3: Dansk pengehistorie 1700-1960. Bilag ved Kirsten Mordhorst. Bind 4: Dansk pengehistorie 1960-1990 af Richard Mikkelsen. Bind 5: Pengepolitiske problemstillinger 1965-1990 af Erik Hoffmeyer i samarbejde med Kai Aaen Hansen. Bind 6: Dansk pengehistorie 1990-2005 af Kim Abildgren med indleden- de kapitel af Bodil Nyboe Andersen og Jens Thomsen. Bind 1-5 foreligger kun på dansk. Bind 6 foreligger på dansk og engelsk. Signaturforklaring: - Nul 0 Mindre end en halv af den anvendte enhed • Tal kan efter sagens natur ikke forekomme … Tal foreligger ikke Det er tilladt at kopiere fra publikationen forudsat udtrykkelig kildeangivelse. Det er ikke tilladt at ændre eller forvanske indholdet. Redaktionen er afsluttet primo oktober 2010. Tryk: Rosendahls-SchultzGrafisk A/S Indbinding: Rosendahls-SchultzGrafisk A/S ISBN: 978-87-87251-79-2 (indb.) 978-87-87251-80-8 (hft.) 978-87-87251-79-2 (online) Dansk pengehistorie 6 - 1990-2005 Titel, indhold og forord Indhold Forord ................................................................................................ 5 Indledning .......................................................................................... 7 Kapitel 1: Valutasamarbejde og valutakriser – Del I: Kronen i D- markblokken..................................................................... 27 Kapitel 2: Valutasamarbejde og valutakriser – Del II: Kronen uden for euroområdet............................................................... 55 Kapitel 3: De pengepolitiske instrumenter og pengemarkedet....... 81 Kapitel 4: Udviklingen i den finansielle sektor – struktur og regu- lering................................................................................. 109 Kapitel 5: Bankkriser 1984-95............................................................ 153 Kapitel 6: Centralbankernes arbejde med finansiel stabilitet .......... 177 Kapitel 7: Økonomisk og Monetær Union i EU, ØMU...................... 189 Kapitel 8: Danmark og ØMU............................................................. 209 Kapitel 9: Den Internationale Valutafond, IMF ............................... 221 Supplement A: Betalingsformidling og den finansielle infrastruk- tur.............................................................................. 237 Supplement B: Statsgældsforvaltning ............................................... 259 Supplement C: Nationalbankens statistikproduktion........................ 275 Supplement D: Nationalbankens regnskabsresultater og informa- tionsvirksomhed ........................................................ 281 Dansk pengehistorie 6 - 1990-2005 Titel, indhold og forord 5 Forord Kontorchef Kim Abildgren har i samarbejde med fhv. nationalbank- direktør Bodil Nyboe Andersen og nationalbankdirektør Jens Thomsen udarbejdet Dansk pengehistorie 1990-2005. Forfatterkredsen har regelmæssigt afholdt indbyrdes møder siden ef- teråret 2007, hvor bogens emnekredse og kapitler er blevet gennem- arbejdet. I efteråret 2009 og foråret 2010 har der været afholdt udbytte- rige seminarer med Jesper Berg, Anders Møller Christensen, Hugo Frey Jensen, Kai Aaen Hansen og Frank Nielsen, der alle har været centralt placeret i Nationalbanken i årene 1990-2005. Desuden har Torsten Gers- felt, Peter Birch Sørensen og Ole Zacchi bidraget med væsentlige kom- mentarer. Endelig har en række medarbejdere ydet en stor indsats med at fremskaffe materiale fra arkiv og bibliotek eller med at kontrollere bogens oplysninger. Dette bind af Dansk pengehistorie omhandler som titlen angiver peri- oden 1990-2005. Det supplerer dermed de tidligere udsendte bind, som dækker årene op til 1990. Enkelte steder er der for helhedens skyld medtaget betragtninger vedrørende årene før 1990. I tabeller og figurer er der i vidt omfang medtaget tal for årene efter 2005 for at gøre disse oplysninger mere anvendelige. Enkelte andre faktuelle oplysninger om perioden efter 2005 er ligeledes medtaget, men der er ikke foretaget nogen analyse eller detaljeret beskrivelse af årene efter 2005. På bestyrelsens og repræsentantskabets vegne hilser jeg det velkom- ment, at der nu foreligger en fortsættelse af de første fem bind af Dansk pengehistorie. Det er mit håb, at det nye bind kan tjene som en del af grundlaget for fremtidige vurderinger af den penge- og valutapo- litiske udvikling i årene 1990-2005. Søren Bjerre-Nielsen Formand for Danmarks Nationalbanks bestyrelse og repræsentantskab Dansk pengehistorie 6 - 1990-2005 Titel, indhold og forord Dansk pengehistorie 6 - 1990-2005 Indledning 7 Indledning Udviklingen i slutningen af 1980'erne har på afgørende måde ændret rammerne for den økonomiske politik – især pengepolitikken. 1990'ernes "stabilitetsorienterede økonomiske politik" var kun mulig, fordi der var ført en økonomisk genopretningspolitik i 1980'erne, hvor man havde fået styr på den indenlandske efterspørgsel og betalings- balancen. Tilbage i begyndelsen af 1980'erne var økonomien præget af høj ar- bejdsløshed på omkring 10 pct., tocifrede inflationsrater og et massivt underskud på de offentlige budgetter. Konsekvensen af alt dette var, at den lange obligationsrente kom op over 20 pct., og at realrenten nåede tocifrede niveauer. Danmarks valutapolitik var baseret på Slangesamarbejdet og fra 1979 ERM med "faste – men justerbare – kurser". Men realiteten var, at Dan- mark benyttede enhver lejlighed til at devaluere kronen. I slutningen af 1970'erne var man ikke bare herhjemme, men også in- ternationalt, opmærksom på de alvorlige balanceproblemer i dansk øko- nomi. Den afgående finansminister sagde i tv, at han havde set den økonomiske afgrund nærme sig. Han definerede det som en situation, hvor vi direkte eller indirekte fik dikteret vores økonomiske politik ude- fra. Muligheden for statsbankerot dukkede op i debatten, og renten på statsobligationerne steg, men de ansvarlige myndigheder afviste selv- følgelig straks denne mulighed. Essensen var, at krisebevidstheden blev ganske stærk, og bekymringen for Danmarks internationale anseelse begyndte at blive et politisk tema. Denne krisebevidsthed skabte så grundlaget for en række økonomiske reformer i 1980'erne. En helt afgørende reform var beslutningen i 1982 om at holde op med at devaluere kronen. Nationalbanken gik stærkt ind for en sådan æn- dring, og ved regeringsskiftet i 1982 opstod muligheden for at lægge politikken om. Det blev en væsentlig, strukturel reform, og fastkurspoli- tikken har lige siden været en hjørnesten i dansk økonomisk politik. I de kommende års kursjusteringer i ERM blev kronens værdi fastholdt i forhold til gennemsnittet, hvilket indebar mindre nedskrivninger i forhold til D-mark. Den sidste tilpasning fandt sted i 1987 og gav som resultat den D-mark kurs, der blev fastholdt i det næste årti og som ved udgangen af 1998 blev omregnet til centralkursen mellem kroner og euro. Dansk pengehistorie 6 - 1990-2005 Indledning 8 Overgangen til fastkurspolitik i 1982 blev set som meget konsekvent i lyset af en samtidig betydelig svensk devaluering. Desuden blev den suppleret med en finanspolitisk stramning og en suspension af dyrtids- reguleringen. Med denne "pakke" formåede man at skabe positive for- ventninger til den fremtidige udvikling, og det resulterede i et hurtigt og betydeligt rentefald. Men rentefaldet blev så stort, at efterspørgslen steg så meget, at beta- lingsbalancen nåede et faretruende stort underskud i midten af 1980'erne. Det blev nødvendigt med en yderligere finanspolitisk opstramning. Af større betydning blev de mere strukturelle reformer for at begrænse ef- terspørgslen ved at gøre låntagning mindre fordelagtig. Blandt indgre- bene huskes i eftertiden nok bedst "kartoffelkuren", men det afgørende var en omfattende skattereform, der væsentligt begrænsede rentefra- dragsretten, og som fik virkning fra 1987. Skattereformen var et positivt skridt mod stabilisering, men skabte problemer for realkreditten, og i sidste halvdel af 1980'erne var såvel boligmarkedet som byggesektoren præget af krise med tvangsauktioner og konkurser. Det havde utvivlsomt givet en mere rolig udvikling i 1980'erne, hvis skattereformen var kommet 2-3 år tidligere. Krisen forstærkede den tendens til konsolidering i den finansielle sek- tor, som havde præget 1980'erne, og i løbet af årtiet blev Nationalban- ken inddraget i bestræbelserne for at finde en løsning for nogle banker, der kom i problemer. Alligevel fremstår den økonomiske politik i 1980'erne som et vellykket eksempel på store strukturreformer. I den periode grundlagdes det, eftertiden har døbt "den stabilitetsorienterede økonomiske politik". En politik, som kom til at præge udviklingen i 1990'erne. Også på et andet område blev rammevilkårene for dansk økonomisk politik afgørende ændret i 1980'erne, nemlig ved afskaffelsen 1. okto- ber 1988 af de sidste restriktioner på kapitalbevægelser mellem Dan- mark og udlandet. Der var sket en gradvis liberalisering af kapitalbevægelserne siden 1960'erne, og især i 1980'erne
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