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Escola De Ciências E Tecnologia Departamento ESCOLA DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF SKINK ADAMASTOR, TRACHYLEPIS ADAMASTOR CERÍACO, 2015 | Ana Carolina Andrade de Sousa | Orientação: Doutor – Luis Miguel Pires Ceríaco | Co-orientação: Mestre – Mariana Pimentel Marques | Mestrado em Biologia da Conservação Évora, 2017 UNIVERSIDADE DE ÉVORA Mestrado em Biologia da Conservação Dissertação PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF SKINK ADAMASTOR, TRACHYLEPIS ADAMASTOR CERÍACO, 2015 FILOGEOGRAFIA, ECOLOGIA E CONSERVAÇÃO DA LAGARTIXA ADAMASTOR, TRACHYLEPIS ADAMASTOR CERÍACO, 2015 Autora: Ana Carolina Andrade de Sousa Orientador: Doutor - Luis Miguel Pires Ceríaco Co-orientadora: Mestre - Mariana Pimentel Marques Évora, 2017 3 4 Aos meus adorados Pais Pedro (in memory and heart) e Teresa por serem os melhores Pais e Seres do Mundo, por tudo o que me ensinaram, por serem os meus heróis e os maiores lutadores que conheço. Eles são o meu maior orgulho. Pai, desde sempre me ensinaste a respeitar e amar a Natureza, e é isso que me define hoje, obrigada por tudo, para sempre juntos... “Não é o mais forte que sobrevive, nem o mais inteligente, mas o que melhor se adapta às mudanças!” Charles Darwin 5 6 Agradecimentos Para a realização desta dissertação de mestrado contei com uma lista enorme de apoios e incentivos muito importantes e aos quais agradeço do fundo do coração. Aos meus pais por todo o apoio que sempre me deram para que eu pudesse realizar os meus sonhos, um deles a Biologia. Pela ajuda na conquista e pelo consolo na tristeza, por estarem sempre presentes e serem incansáveis em proporcionarem-me o melhor. Foram eles, especialmente o meu Pai, que me ensinaram a amar e a respeitar a Natureza, e foi por isso que eu segui este caminho, sem dúvida que não podia estar noutro lugar. Sem eles nada seria possível, por isso agradeço todo o amor, carinho, alegrias, e felicidade que sempre me deram, e claro, pela minha vida. Ao meu orientador Luis Ceríaco e à minha co-orientadora Mariana Marques, que me ensinaram imenso e me proporcionaram a melhor viagem da minha vida. Agradeço muito por me terem levado a São Tomé e Príncipe e à Tinhosa Grande, sem vocês não era possível. Obrigada pelos dias incríveis que passámos, que embora fosse trabalho só soube a lazer, por toda a paciência que tiveram comigo, e por toda a ajuda. Obrigada por me terem lançado o desafio de escrever em Inglês e pelas mil correções, desculpem às vezes a minha nabice. Obrigada por todo o trabalho de campo, de laboratório e de escrita, para mim esta foi sem dúvida a tese de sonho, amei o que fiz e aprendi imenso. Obrigada por me terem aceite, pela amizade e por serem os melhores, foi um privilégio poder trabalhar com vocês. Ao Dr. Luís Mendes e ao Dr. Bívar-de-Sousa pela paciência, disponibilidade e pela ajuda na identificação dos invertebrados. Ao Professor João Rabaça por se mostrar sempre curioso e interessado em relação à minha dissertação. Obrigada por me ter ajudado, me ter acalmado e encontrado soluções para as pedras deste meu caminho. À Cristiane Bastos-Silveira por toda a disponibilidade, simpatia e ajuda, e por tudo o que me ensinou no laboratório. Ao Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência por ter me disponibilizado as ferramentas necessárias de laboratório e acolhido na fase final da escrita da dissertação. Ao Príncipe Trust por todo o apoio logístico nas viagens ao ilhéu da Tinhosa Grande. À minha avó Isaura, que apesar de não estar presente há muito tempo foi como uma 2ª mãe para mim. Por todo o amor e carinho que sempre me deu e por ser uma mulher fantástica que dava tudo o que tinha e o que não tinha. És a melhor avó do Mundo. À minha irmã Patrícia Sousa, às minhas lindas sobrinhas Ana Rita e Maria Inês, e ao meu cunhado Zé, que sempre me apoiaram e deram muito carinho, amor, diversão e felicidade. Obrigada pelos momentos em que me fizeram esquecer que tinha uma dissertação por escrever e por me ajudarem a distrair com conversas e brincadeiras. 7 À Maria Lúcia Araújo que é a minha actual 2ª mãe, que me dá muito amor e carinho, e dá na cabeça quando é preciso, que me ajuda e apoia imenso, que me dá casa, lava a roupa, alimenta, que me ensina e educa. Que me foi levar e buscar ao aeroporto quando embarquei nesta aventura. Que é das poucas pessoas que sabe o nome científico da lagartixa desta dissertação, e que faz questão de sempre que estamos juntas de o dizer, ou perguntar quando não se lembra muito bem. À minha tia Lúcia Andrade por ser também como uma 2ª mãe, que me dá todo o apoio, ajuda, amor e carinho que uma mãe dá. Por estar sempre presente e me levar a passear, principalmente quando mais preciso. E por ser uma amante da Natureza, amiga do ambiente e por me dar a conhecer novas alternativas. Ao meu namorado Ricardo Sábio, que Évora me deu, por todo o amor, carinho, apoio e paciência. Por me dar aquela força extra, incentivar e acreditar que eu ia conseguir entregar a dissertação. Obrigada pelas distrações boas que fizeram com que eu não desse em louca. À Mariana Pissarra, que foi das melhores pessoas que Évora me deu, a minha melhor amiga do Mestrado! Pela ajuda, apoio e calma nas horas de maior aflição, desespero e drama. Obrigada por todos os concelhos, ajuda, correções, conversas e distrações boas que me deste. Ao meu afilhado Diogo Parrinha, por me aturar e ajudar nas correções do texto, por me apoiar, dar força e acreditar que eu era capaz de entregar a dissertação. Às minhas melhores amigas de sempre, Ana Carolina Ferreira, Joana Pinto, Inês Santos, Joana Albuquerque, Maria João Silva, Andreia Gonçalves, Raquel Pimentel e Carolina Bermejo por estarem sempre presentes, mesmo que a milhares de km de distância, por me apoiarem e por brincarem com esta minha “maluquice” pelos bichos e por não aniquilarem os insectos, pelo menos quando estamos juntas, obrigada pela amizade de anos e por tudo o que já vivemos. Que se sucedam muitos mais anos e mais histórias para contar. Às minhas amigas e amigos de Évora, Célia Freixa, Ana Machado, Catarina Simões, Liliana Coelho, Lorina Vieira, Vânia Henriques, Margarida Pereira, Luís Henriqueta, Tiago Batista e Francisco Marques, pelo enorme apoio e força que me foram dado ao longo deste caminho, obrigada por fazerem de Évora uma cidade tão especial e pela vossa amizade. Quero muitos mais encontros nesta que é e sempre será a nossa cidade! Às amigas que o Andebol de Évora uniu, Carolina Damas, Joana Ferreira e Micaela Estrelinha, obrigada pela amizade, cumplicidade, por todos os jogos e saídas, e por todas as aventuras que passámos. Que o nosso reencontro seja para breve para espalharmos o terror! À Marisa Esteves pela ajuda nas correções do texto e pela amizade, thanks girl! Ao Fernando Cachon pela disponibilidade e ajuda na realização dos mapas, mil gracias. Por fim, agradeço à restante família, amigos, amigas e professores pelo amor e carinho e por me apoiarem, motivarem e ajudarem sempre ao longo deste longo caminho. 8 9 Phylogeography, Ecology and Conservation of Skink Adamastor, Trachylepis adamastor Ceríaco, 2015 Abstract The genus Trachylepis is one of the most diverse of reptiles inhabiting the Gulf of Guinea islands. Trachylepis adamastor, endemic to Tinhosa Grande islet, was recently described based solely on morphology. The phylogenetic relation between T. adamastor and remaining Trachylepis species, ecology and conservation status were unknown. This study investigates the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships, as well as the population density and the diet of T. adamastor. Results show that T. principensis from Príncipe and T. adamastor are genetically conspecific, although, given morphological differences and isolation, it is suggested that each population should be considered subspecies. The population density of T. a. adamastor was estimated as 0.012 per m2 with 2460 individuals. These obtained values, together with its distribution makes T. a. adamastor a “Critically Endangered” subspecies according to IUCN. The diet of T. a. adamastor was also compared with that of the populations of the surrounding islands. 10 Filogeografia, Ecologia e Conservação da lagartixa Adamastor, Trachylepis adamastor Ceríaco, 2015 Resumo O género de répteis Trachylepis é um dos mais diversos das ilhas do Golfo da Guiné. Trachylepis adamastor, endémica do ilhéu da Tinhosa Grande, foi recentemente descrita com base apenas na morfologia. A relação filogenética entre T. adamastor e as restantes espécies Trachylepis, assim como a sua ecologia e estatuto de conservação são desconhecidos. Este estudo investiga as relações filogenética e filogeográfica, densidade populacional e dieta de T. adamastor. Os resultados mostraram que T. principensis do Príncipe e T. adamastor são geneticamente coespecificas. Tendo em conta as diferenças morfológicas e o seu isolamento, é sugerido que cada população deve ser considerada como subespécie. A estimativa da densidade populacional obtida foi 0.012 por m2 com 2460 indivíduos. Estes valores obtidos, juntamente com a distribuição da subespécie, tornam T. a. adamastor “Criticamente Em Perigo” de acordo com a IUCN. A sua dieta também foi comparada com a das populações das ilhas vizinhas. 11 12 Índice Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................... 7 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 10 Resumo ..........................................................................................................................
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