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Current Trend in Blood Transfusion Science, Where Are We? Haematology International Journal MEDWIN PUBLISHERS ISSN: 2578-501X Committed to Create Value for researchers Current Trend in Blood Transfusion Science, Where are we? Odinaka OK1, Uchejeso OM2* and Ogechi AL3 Review Article 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Jos, Nigeria Volume 4 Issue 1 2Department of Chemical Pathology, Federal school of Medical Laboratory Science, Nigeria Received Date: April 24, 2020 3Department of Haematology, Federal School of Medical Laboratory Science, Nigeria Published Date: May 11, 2020 DOI: 10.23880/hij-16000159 *Corresponding author: Obeta M Uchejeso, Department of Chemical Pathology, Federal school of Medical Laboratory Science, Nigeria, Email: [email protected] Abstract There is an improvement in the blood transfusion science. Blood currently do not have an alternative though research is on- going to improve the aspect of blood products and substitutes. Voluntary blood donation has been advocated against family replacement and commercial donation for safety purposes. The coordinated blood transfusion services remains one of the best practice in blood transfusion science though effort should be put in place to embrace technologies that aid transfusion medicine just as apheresis has aided the production of blood fractions and products globally and in Nigeria but requires political will to equip government hospitals with apheresis machines and other technological advanced equipment to aid the services. Keywords: Current trend; Blood transfusion science; Apheresis; Technology Introduction Infessura narrates that, in 1492, as Pope Innocent VIII dropped Blood transfusion is a life-saving procedure in which intodefined a coma, by the blood15th-century of three boys raconteur was infused Stefano into Infessura. the dying whole blood or parts of blood are put into a patient’s pope (through the mouth, as the concept of circulation and bloodstream intravenously. Another person may donate the methods for intravenous access did not exist at that time) at blood or it may have been taken from the same patient and the recommendation of a physician [2]. These boys used for stored until it is needed for that patient. This process is also this purpose were ten years old and had been promised a called transfusion. This transfusion process comes with its ducat each. However, the process was not successful and not risks including infectious and non-infectious complications only did the pope die, but so did the three young teenagers [3]. which may arise due to several factors. Blood transfusion is Some authors have condemned Infessura’s account, accusing a key component of modern-day health care and therefore him of anti-papalism. This, however, did not stop further it is of utmost importance to ensure that blood and blood products meet the appropriate national standards of safety more sophisticated research starting with the experiment ofresearch William in Harvey’sthe field of experiments transfusion, on the blood 17 century circulation, began with recipients in their clinical management process [1]. This successful experiments in transfusion between animals. paperand efficacy review forthe transfusionblood transfusion and the practices benefit from of the historical blood Nevertheless, successive attempts on humans continued to era to the current practice across the globe and in Nigeria in particular with hopes of improvement to make the services transfusion was administered by Dr Jean-Baptiste Denys, life-saving, easy and affordable. well-knownhave fatal results. physician The tofirst King fully Louis documented XIV of France, human on blood June History of Transfusion year old boy, who survived the transfusion. Denys achieved another15, 1667. transfusion He transfused into whole a labourer, blood ofwho a sheep also intosurvived. a 15- These cases were however believed to be successful due to The first historical attempt at blood transfusion was Current Trend in Blood Transfusion Science, Where are we? Haematol Int J 2 Haematology International Journal the small amount of blood transfused to them which allowed for eternal youth, and remarked with satisfaction on the them to withstand the allergic reactions that were expected improvement of his eyesight, suspension of balding, and other to have come with the process [3]. Denys went ahead to carry positive symptoms after receiving 11 transfusions of whole out blood transfusion on a third patient know as Swedish blood. Some scholars (e.g. Loren Graham) have speculated Baron Bonde. He received two transfusions which were not that his death may have been a suicide, while others attribute successful as Bonde died after the second transfusion. In it to blood type incompatibility, which wasstill incompletely understood at the time. Following Bogdanov’s lead, the Soviet Antoine Mauroy with calf’s blood, who on the third process Union put together a national system of blood banks then in died.the winter Much of debate 1667, Denyssurrounded executed his several death. transfusionsMauroy’s wife on the 1930s. News about the encounter of the Soviet Union asserted Denys was responsible for her husband’s death. But Mauroy’s wife was accused of causing his death. Though it was of the therapeutics at the Cook County Hospital in Chicago, later determined that Mauroy died from arsenic poisoning, travelled to America, wherein 1937 Bernard Fantus, director Denys’ experiments with animal blood provoked a raised [6]. In creating a hospital laboratory that preserved and storedestablished donor the blood, first Fantushospital originated blood bank the in term the United“blood bank”.States banned. In time, the British Parliament and even the pope Within a few years, hospital and community blood banks were followedhigh controversy suit and inhence France. blood Finally, transfusions in 1670 fellthe intopractice oblivion was for the next 150 years [4]. the introduction by J.F. Loutit and Patrick L. Mollison of acid- citrate-dextroseestablished across (ACD) the solution,United States which [7]. reduces Three the years volume later, of First Successful Transfusion anticoagulant, permitted transfusions of greater volumes of blood and allowed longer-term storage. Carl Walter and W.P. After several attempts, Dr James Blundell, a British Murphy, Jr., introduced the plastic bag for blood collection in 1950. Replacing breakable glass bottles with durable plastic of human blood in the year 1818, for the treatment of bags allowed for the evolution of a collection system capable postpartumobstetrician, haemorrhage.performed the firstHe used successful the patient’s blood transfusion husband of safe and easy preparation of multiple blood components as a donor and mined four jots of blood from his arm to from a single unit of whole blood. Further extending the shelf transfuse into his wife [4]. Blundell performed ten more life of stored blood was an anticoagulant preservative, CPDA- facilitated resource-sharing among blood banks. As of 2006, severaltransfusions instruments during thefor yearsthe transfusion 1825 and 1830,of blood. five ofIn which1840, there1, introduced were about in 1979, 15 millionwhich increased units of blood the blood transfused supply andper atwere St beneficial,George’s Hospital and his Medicalresults published. School in HeLondon, also invented Samuel year in the United States [8]. successful whole blood transfusion to treat haemophilia. Blood Transfusion Services TheArmstrong largest Lane,sequences aided ofby early Dr Blundell, successful performed transfusion the were first Red Blood Cell Transfusions and 1892. Edinburgh subsequently became the home of the carried out at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary between 1885 Red cells carry oxygen from the lungs, on a substance called haemoglobin, to every part of the body. Haemoglobin first Developmentblood donation and of bloodBlood transfusion Banking services [5]. is a protein that contains iron. Red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide out of the organs and tissues back to the lungs. Your lungs remove these waste products when you from donor to receiver before coagulation, in the 1910s it breathe out. These red blood cells are also involved in more was Whilediscovered the first that transfusionsby the addition had ofto anticoagulantbe made directly and blood transfusions than any other part of the blood [9]. refrigerating the blood it was possible to store it for some Platelet Transfusions thedays, Belgian this opened doctor theAlbert way Hustin, for blood who banks. used sodiumThe first citrate non- Platelets are bits of cells in the blood that help stop direct transfusion was performed on March 27, 1914, by bleeding. People who do not have enough platelets have a that had been stored and cooled was performed on January high risk of dangerous bleeding. Each whole unit of blood has 1,as 1916.an anticoagulant. Oswald Hope The Robertson, first blood a transfusionmedical researcher using blood and a small number of platelets. Platelets are collected through a process called Apheresis. During apheresis, whole blood is taken from the donor. This blood is spun to separate the U.S. Army officer, is generally credited with establishing the blood into its separate components. Only the needed part devotedfirst blood to bank the sciencewhile serving of blood in Francetransfusion during in World Moscow War in I. is collected. The rest of the blood is transferred back to the 1925.Alexander Bogdanov Bogdanov was motivated,founded the at first least academic in part, by institution a search donor. Platelets are
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