DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of CO2 Concentrations on Blue Mussel (Mytilus Edulis) Behaviour, Health, Mortality and Detachment Rates: a New Potential Way of Anti-Fouling

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effect of CO2 Concentrations on Blue Mussel (Mytilus Edulis) Behaviour, Health, Mortality and Detachment Rates: a New Potential Way of Anti-Fouling The effect of CO2 concentrations on blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) behaviour, health, mortality and detachment rates: a new potential way of anti-fouling Name Kees te Velde Student nr. 930428862090 Supervisors Celia (Yuzhu) Wei, Edwin Foekema & Tinka Murk Chair group Marine Animal Ecology Date 16-12-2018 mussel displacement was recorded in order to Abstract determine movement activity. In a second Fouling organisms on ship’s hulls increase experimental study, M. edulis was exposed to hydrodynamic drag of the vessel and decrease several degrees of CO2 induced acidified water speed and fuel efficiency which has large conditions at pH 6.2, 6.8, 7.2, 7.6 and 8 economic impacts for shipping companies. The (control) for 21 days. Mortalities were recorded GasDrive project is developing an innovative throughout the experiment and a novel ship, with a more than 50% reduced fuel experimental setup was designed to determine demand compared to traditional ships. The detachment velocities. Mussel health was assessed through the following factors: Shell exhaust, mainly consisting of water and CO2, will be released under the ship’s hull. A great strength, growth rates, reaction time (the time deal of research has been conducted of the it takes a mussel to close its shell in response to a disturbance) and feeding rates. negative effects of future CO2 levels on calcifying organisms due to anthropogenic CO2 induced acidification to pH 6.2 resulted in a carbon emission. However, a locally elevated 35% reduction in M. edulis shell strength and a CO2 concentration has never been suggested as 5 fold increase in reaction time. A trend was a means of anti-fouling. The combination of seen between mortality and pH, with a 10% CO2 exhaust gasses on the ship’s hull and the increased mortality rate at pH 6.2 and 6.8. water forces past the moving vessel, may turn Also, a trend was visible with lower feeding out detrimental to fouling organisms, causing rates at reduced pH. No significant effect of mortality and detachment. Therefore, GasDrive elevated CO2 was found on movement activity, may prove a novel anti-fouling strategy. growth rates and detachment velocities. As we aim to discover whether the GasDrive In conclusion, if around a ship hull that is CO2 output may have anti-fouling properties, covered by mussels the pH is decreased to as we must understand the effect of both CO2 and low as 6.2, it would take more than a month for water velocities on fouling bivalves. CO2 can the mussels to show significant mortality rates. cause detachment of bivalves from a vessel in However, if CO2 was to be used in combination three ways: Through mortality, lowered with toxic paints, mortality rates may probably attachment strength leading to a reduction in drastically increase. We therefore recommend detachment velocity (the maximum water the use CO2 as an anti-fouling strategy when velocity an organism can resist before it dealing with marine bivalves in combination detaches from the substrate) or avoidance with pre-existing methods to increase behaviour. Mytilus edulis was chosen as a effectiveness. Thereby reducing the required model organism for marine fouling bivalves. concentrations of toxic compounds in paints, This brings us to the following research and lowering environmental impact. question: How do elevated CO2 concentrations affect M. edulis activity, health, mortality and Also, shell strength and reaction time are both detachment velocities? We hypothesised that important features that protect mussels from elevated CO2 concentrations will decrease M. predation and they are negatively affected by edulis health and detachment velocities and increased CO2 concentrations. This may greatly increase mortality and movement activity. affect vulnerability to predation. If there is a sufficient amount of predators around a M. edulis was exposed to several degrees of GasDrive ship, the abundance of mussels on the CO2 induced acidified water conditions at pH hull may be greatly reduced. 6.5, 7.5 and 8 (control) for 4 days. Twice a day, Index Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Materials & Methods .............................................................................................................................. 5 Sampling and preparation ................................................................................................................... 5 Experimental procedure behaviour experiment ................................................................................. 6 Experimental procedure long term exposure ..................................................................................... 7 Data analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Behaviour experiment ......................................................................................................................... 9 Long term exposure experiment ......................................................................................................... 9 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 10 Behaviour experiment ....................................................................................................................... 10 Long term exposure experiment ....................................................................................................... 11 Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 12 Behaviour .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Attachment strength ......................................................................................................................... 13 Mortality ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Overall health .................................................................................................................................... 14 Method reflection ............................................................................................................................. 14 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Suggestions ............................................................................................................................................ 16 References ............................................................................................................................................. 17 Appendix 1: Mussel feeding simulation R script ................................................................................... 20 Appendix 2: Water parameters of the long term exposure experiment .............................................. 22 Appendix 3: Ratio of detached mussels with increasing water velocity. .............................................. 23 Introduction it reacts with H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which in turn results in titration of Bio-fouling is defined as “the colonisation of - carbonate ions (HCO3 ) [9]. As pH in seawater is aquatic organisms on ships and platforms” [1]. largely determined by the ratio of carbonic acid Two groups of bio-fouling organisms can be to carbonate ions and ΩCaCO3 (calcium distinguished, micro-foulers (e.g. Bacteria, carbonate saturation state) is driven by the Algae and Fungi) and macro-foulers (e.g. total amount of carbonate ions, this leads to a Barnacles, Bivalves, Algae and Bryozoans). reduction in seawater pH and ΩCaCO3 [9]. ΩCaCO3, Bivalves are one of the major groups of macro- is a measure of the potential for calcium fouling organisms [1]. Fouling organisms on carbonate to dissolve [9]. A large group of ship’s hulls increase the friction of the vessel marine organisms utilize calcium carbonate as and have been estimated to decrease speed by the primary mineral for the formation of shells approximately 2% and reduce fuel efficiency up and skeletons (calcifying organisms). As ΩCaCO3 to 45% [2, 3]. This costs shipping companies decreases, shell dissolution starts to occur, enormous amounts of money [3]. In addition to which impacts shell strength [10] and requires the economic impacts due to increased fuel higher allocation of energy to calcification [11]. demand, biofouling on ships is one of the most A great deal of research has been conducted of important vectors for the invasion of the negative effects of future CO2 levels on nonindigenous species [4]. These non-native calcifying organisms due to anthropogenic species occur globally, they are associated with carbon emission [11]. However, a locally negative impacts that affect ecosystem elevated CO2 concentration has never been structure and functioning and cause suggested as a means of anti-fouling. The environmental impacts and economic damage combination of CO2 exhaust gasses on the [5]. Anti-fouling can reduce the spread of these ship’s
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Characterising Biofouling Communities on Mussel Farms Along an Environmental Gradient: a Step Towards Improved Risk Management
    Vol. 8: 15–30, 2015 AQUACULTURE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS Published online December 14 doi: 10.3354/aei00159 Aquacult Environ Interact OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Characterising biofouling communities on mussel farms along an environmental gradient: a step towards improved risk management A. M. Watts1,2,3,*, S. J. Goldstien1, G. A. Hopkins2 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand 2Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand 3Present address: National Institute of Water and Atmosphere (NIWA), 217 Akersten Street, Port Nelson, Nelson 7010, New Zealand ABSTRACT: Biofouling pests can have significant economic impacts on aquaculture operations, including increased processing and production costs. An important first step towards improved biofouling management is understanding the density and distribution of the biofouling species within a growing region. In this study, biofouling communities were sampled from 73 commercial mussel farms within New Zealand’s main mussel growing region, Pelorus Sound. At each farm, photoquadrats (0.08 m2, n = 6) of biofouling organisms were obtained at 2 depth ranges (3 per range) from suspended long-line droppers, both at the surface (0 to 3 m of the dropper) and bottom (9 to 24 m, depending on dropper length and water depth). Biomass samples and visual estimates of biofouling biomass were also obtained. Strong spatial variation in the structure of biofouling communities was evident, with increasing dissimilarity between communities along Pelorus Sound. Problematic taxa (e.g. the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida and calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros sp.) were dominant near the entrance to the Sound, where annual temperature cycles are often reduced and salinity concentrations are higher.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthropogenic Effects on the Fouling Community: Impacts of Biological Invasions and Anthropogenic Structures on Community Structure
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Summer 8-10-2017 Anthropogenic Effects on the Fouling Community: Impacts of Biological Invasions and Anthropogenic Structures on Community Structure Whitney Elizabeth McClees Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons, and the Marine Biology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation McClees, Whitney Elizabeth, "Anthropogenic Effects on the Fouling Community: Impacts of Biological Invasions and Anthropogenic Structures on Community Structure" (2017). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3883. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5771 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Anthropogenic Effects on the Fouling Community: Impacts of Biological Invasions and Anthropogenic Structures on Community Structure by Whitney Elizabeth McClees A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science and Management Thesis Committee: Catherine de Rivera, Chair Sarah Eppley Gregory Ruiz Portland State University 2017 © 2017 Whitney Elizabeth McClees Abstract Coastal anthropogenic infrastructure has significantly modified nearshore environments. Because these structures often have a strong association with shipping as would be found in ports and harbors, they have been identified as invasion hotspots. Due to propagule pressure from shipping and recreational boating and suitable uncolonized substrate that provides a refuge from native predators, a greater number of non-native species have been found on these structures compared to nearby natural substrate.
    [Show full text]
  • First Occurrence of Caprella Scaura Templeton, 1836 (Crustacea: Amphipoda) on Off-Coast fish Farm Cages in the Mediterranean Sea
    Helgol Mar Res (2014) 68:187–191 DOI 10.1007/s10152-013-0375-y SHORT COMMUNICATION First occurrence of Caprella scaura Templeton, 1836 (Crustacea: Amphipoda) on off-coast fish farm cages in the Mediterranean Sea V. Fernandez-Gonzalez • P. Sanchez-Jerez Received: 8 July 2013 / Revised: 29 October 2013 / Accepted: 30 October 2013 / Published online: 16 November 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg and AWI 2013 Abstract The non-indigenous caprellid Caprella scaura the world. The first Mediterranean occurrence was recor- Templeton, 1836, native to the western Indian Ocean, ded from Venice Lagoon (Italy) in 1994 (Mizzan 1999), was firstly recorded in the Mediterranean Sea in 1994, and C. scaura has been subsequently reported from several and all Mediterranean populations discovered to date are localities along the coasts of Italy, Greece, Spain, Tunisia, related to shoreline areas. A total of ten fish farms were Turkey, France and Morocco (Krapp et al. 2006; Martı´nez sampled off the coasts of Spain (4), Italy (1), Croatia (2), and Adarraga 2008; Souissi et al. 2010; Bakir and Katagan Greece (1) and Malta (2). This is the first time that 2011; Ros et al. in press). Two possible pathways of C. scaura has been reported from off-coast areas. introduction have been proposed for this species: (1) from Reproducing populations have been detected in fouling the native Indian–Pacific through the Suez Canal and (2) communities of three tuna farms off the coast of Croatia from the Caribbean through the Strait of Gibraltar (Guerra- and Malta, which also signifies the first confirmed record Garcı´a et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring of Biofouling Communities in a Portuguese Port Using a Combined Morphological and Metabarcoding Approach Joana Azevedo 1,2,3, Jorge T
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Monitoring of biofouling communities in a Portuguese port using a combined morphological and metabarcoding approach Joana Azevedo 1,2,3, Jorge T. Antunes1,2,3, André M. Machado 1, Vitor Vasconcelos1,2, Pedro N. Leão 1* & Elsa Froufe 1* Marine biofouling remains an unsolved problem with a serious economic impact on several marine associated industries and constitutes a major vector for the spread of non-indigenous species (NIS). The implementation of biofouling monitoring programs allows for better fouling management and also for the early identifcation of NIS. However, few monitoring studies have used recent methods, such as metabarcoding, that can signifcantly enhance the detection of those species. Here, we employed monthly monitoring of biofouling growth on stainless steel plates in the Atlantic Port of Leixões (Northern Portugal), over one year to test the efect of commercial anti-corrosion paint in the communities. Fouling organisms were identifed by combining morpho-taxonomy identifcation with community DNA metabarcoding using multiple markers (16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and COI genes). The dominant colonizers found at this location were hard foulers, namely barnacles and mussels, while other groups of organisms such as cnidarians, bryozoans, and ascidians were also abundant. Regarding the temporal dynamics of the fouling communities, there was a progressive increase in the colonization of cyanobacteria, green algae, and red algae during the sampled period with the replacement of less abundant groups. The tested anticorrosion paint demonstrated to have a signifcant prevention efect against the biofouling community resulting in a biomass reduction. Our study also reports, for the frst time, 29 NIS in this port, substantiating the need for the implementation of recurring biofouling monitoring programs in ports and harbours.
    [Show full text]
  • Predator Effects on Fouling Community Development
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 337: 93–101, 2007 Published May 14 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Predator effects on fouling community development Marie Nydam1, 2,*, John J. Stachowicz1 1Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA ABSTRACT: Predation by small consumers has a demonstrable effect on the recruitment and devel- opment of sessile invertebrate (fouling) communities. However, few data are available to assess the degree to which different micropredators are functionally equivalent, and whether initial effects on recruitment translate into lasting effects on adult communities. In the present study, we used field surveys and manipulative experiments to examine the effect of 2 molluscan predators on both the recruitment of sessile invertebrates and the ultimate community development under continuous pre- dation pressure for 12 mo. The mossy chiton Mopalia muscosa dramatically reduced recruits of some species and increased those of others, but ultimately total adult cover of all species was reduced by over half relative to predator-free controls. The file limpet Lottia limatula had minimal effects on recruitment, slightly reducing recruitment of some colonial ascidians. However, limpets had no effect on the total cover of invertebrates, instead altering species composition by slightly delaying overall successional trajectories. Field surveys suggested that both predators have measurable effects on community cover, as the abundance of each predator was positively correlated with an increase in free space. Plots with both chitons and limpets had nearly 4 times the open space of no-predator plots, and 2 times the open space of plots with limpets only.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Ecology Progress Series 421:139
    Vol. 421: 139–149, 2011 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published January 17 doi: 10.3354/meps08838 Mar Ecol Prog Ser OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Role of the sea anemone Metridium senile in structuring a developing subtidal fouling community Matthew L. Nelson, Sean F. Craig* Department of Biology, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst St. Arcata, California 95521, USA ABSTRACT: In a variety of ecological settings, individual species have been shown to possess the ability to influence the structure and development of the community at large. However, within foul- ing communities, the influences of many sessile invertebrate species and how they drive patterns of succession remain relatively unexplored. The sea anemone Metridium senile is ubiquitous in cold temperate fouling communities, but its role within these communities has largely been overlooked. Natural fouling communities that had formed on plastic experimental panels were ‘gardened’ to form treatments containing only M. senile, compound ascidians, or erect bryozoans. These panels were deployed under floating docks and were surveyed photographically over 4 mo. M. senile maintained more free space through time within its experimental treatment community than did organisms con- tained within the other 2 (ascidian or bryozoan) treatments. Subsequent short-term field experiments on recruitment concluded that the presence of M. senile in fact enhances recruitment rates among fouling organisms (relative to controls), ruling out larval predation and larval avoidance as a cause for observed long-term patterns. However, when M. senile were placed upon panels containing natural recruitment in laboratory tanks, it was shown that the anemone ‘smothers’ the majority of these new recruits by sliding over them with its pedal disk, killing all other potential space occupiers and thereby generating increased free space.
    [Show full text]
  • Caprellid Amphipods (Caprella Spp.) Are Vulnerable to Both Physiological and Habitat-Mediated Effects of Ocean Acidification
    Caprellid amphipods (Caprella spp.) are vulnerable to both physiological and habitat-mediated effects of ocean acidification Emily G. Lim1 and Christopher D.G. Harley1,2 1 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 2 Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ABSTRACT Ocean acidification (OA) is one of the most significant threats to marine life, and is predicted to drive important changes in marine communities. Although OA impacts will be the sum of direct effects mediated by alterations of physiological rates and indirect effects mediated by shifts in species interactions and biogenic habitat provision, direct and indirect effects are rarely considered together for any given species. Here, we assess the potential direct and indirect effects of OA on a ubiquitous group of crustaceans: caprellid amphipods (Caprella laeviuscula and Caprella mutica). Direct physiological effects were assessed by measuring caprellid heart rate in response to acidification in the laboratory. Indirect effects were explored by quantifying caprellid habitat dependence on the hydroid Obelia dichotoma, which has been shown to be less abundant under experimental acidification. We found that OA resulted in elevated caprellid heart rates, suggestive of increased metabolic demand. We also found a strong, positive association between caprellid population size and the availability of OA-vulnerable O. dichotoma, suggesting that future losses of biogenic habitat may be an important indirect effect of OA on caprellids. For species such as caprellid amphipods, which have strong associations with biogenic habitat, a consideration of only direct or Submitted 19 March 2018 indirect effects could potentially misestimate the full impact of ocean acidification.
    [Show full text]
  • Succession in a Humboldt Bay Marine Fouling
    uccession in a Humboldt Bay Marine Fouling SCommunity: The Role of Exotic Species, Larval Settlement and Winter Storms Michael Boyle1, Dean Janiak2 and Sean Craig3 Image credits (Above) PEER, UC Berkeley; (pp. 222 and 230) ©2006 California Academy of Science; p. XXX Sean Craig. 1Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813. 2Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340. 3Department of Biological Science, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata California 95521. Proceedings of the 2004 Humboldt Bay Symposium … 215 Abstract The initiation and pattern of succession in a marine “fouling” community was observed on a set of 20 black plastic panels suspended horizontally underneath the docks at Woodley Island Marina, Humboldt Bay, California from August 2001 to May 2003. The role of recruitment in the develop- ment of this community was examined using a second set of 20 panels which were scraped clean each month to allow new larvae to settle. Each month, both “undisturbed” and “settlement” panels were digitally photographed, and the percent cover of all species occupying at least 2% cover on each photo was recorded. Approximately 54 species of motile and sessile organisms were identified from these photos, of which roughly 35% were exotic species. The “undisturbed” fouling community was characterized by seasonal pulses of fast-growing, short-lived species (e.g., colonial tunicates) combined with the persistent accumulation of longer- lived, slower-growing species (e.g., mussels, sponges and tubiculous amphipods). The initial phases of development were dominated by colonial and solitary ascidians, bryozoans and hydroids, almost all of which were introduced to Humboldt Bay.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Assessment Survey of Marine Species at New England Bays and Harbors
    Report on the 2013 Rapid Assessment Survey of Marine Species at New England Bays and Harbors June 2014 CREDITS AUTHORED BY: Christopher D. Wells, Adrienne L. Pappal, Yuangyu Cao, James T. Carlton, Zara Currimjee, Jennifer A. Dijkstra, Sara K. Edquist, Adriaan Gittenberger, Seth Goodnight, Sara P. Grady, Lindsay A. Green, Larry G. Harris, Leslie H. Harris, Niels-Viggo Hobbs, Gretchen Lambert, Antonio Marques, Arthur C. Mathieson, Megan I. McCuller, Kristin Osborne, Judith A. Pederson, Macarena Ros, Jan P. Smith, Lauren M. Stefaniak, and Alexandra Stevens This report is a publication of the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Management (CZM) pursuant to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This publication is funded (in part) by a grant/cooperative agreement to CZM through NOAA NA13NOS4190040 and a grant to MIT Sea Grant through NOAA NA10OAR4170086. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its sub-agencies. This project has been financed, in part, by CZM; Massachusetts Bays Program; Casco Bay Estuary Partnership; Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership; the Rhode Island Bays, Rivers, and Watersheds Coordination Team; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sea Grant College Program. Commonwealth of Massachusetts Deval L. Patrick, Governor Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs Maeve Vallely Bartlett, Secretary Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management Bruce K. Carlisle, Director Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management 251 Causeway Street, Suite 800 Boston, MA 02114-2136 (617) 626-1200 CZM Information Line: (617) 626-1212 CZM Website: www.mass.gov/czm PHOTOS: Adriaan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Linsey Haram, and Hans Hillewaert ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The New England Rapid Assessment Survey was a collaborative effort of many individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Bryozoan Fouling of the Blue Crab Callinectes Sapidus at Beaufort, North Carolina
    BULLETIN OF ~ARINE SCIENCE, 64(3): 513-533, 1999 BRYOZOAN FOULING OF THE BLUE CRAB CALLINECTES SAPIDUS AT BEAUFORT, NORTH CAROLINA Marcus M. Key, Jr., Judith E. Winston, Jared W. Volpe, William B. Jeffries and Harold K. Voris ABSTRACT This study examines the prevalence, intensity, abundance, and spatial distribution of fouling bryozoans on 168 blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, taken from an estuarine environment in the area of Beaufort, North Carolina. Three epizoic bryozoan species were found on the host crabs. These include Alcyonidium albescens Winston and Key, Membranipora arborescens (Canu ·and Bassler), and Triticella elongata (Osburn). The proportion of blue crabs fouled was 16%. Results indicate female crabs were significantly more fouled than males. This suggests that the prevalence and intensity of bryozoans are dominantly controlled by the migratory habits of the host, since female crabs spend more time in deeper waters of higher salinity where they are more likely to be fouled by bryozoan larvae. The ventral surface was significantly more fouled than the dorsal. The A. albescens colonies were significantly more abundant on the hosts' lateral spines, M. arborescens dominated the subhepatic sector, and T. elongata was most common around the mouth. The costs and benefits of epibiosis are reviewed. The bryozoan/blue crab relationship described here appears to be phoretic. This means there is minimal negative impact on the crab, the relationship is more beneficial to the bryozoans, and there is no special symbiotic relationship between the crab and the bryo­ zoan. Biofouling of surfaces found in marine environments is a common phenome­ non. Those that foul ships and pipes are a problem as a result of the increased operating costs resulting from drag and increased corrosion, costs to prevent foul­ ing, and costs to remove epizoans (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1952).
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Marine Biofouling and the Possible Need to Develop Biofouling Control Measures in Nigeria
    World Maritime University The Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the World Maritime University World Maritime University Dissertations Dissertations 11-4-2018 Investigation of marine biofouling and the possible need to develop biofouling control measures in Nigeria Naandem Rita Njin Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations Part of the Environmental Policy Commons Recommended Citation Njin, Naandem Rita, "Investigation of marine biofouling and the possible need to develop biofouling control measures in Nigeria" (2018). World Maritime University Dissertations. 639. https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/639 This Dissertation is brought to you courtesy of Maritime Commons. Open Access items may be downloaded for non-commercial, fair use academic purposes. No items may be hosted on another server or web site without express written permission from the World Maritime University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORLD MARITIME UNIVERSITY Malmö, Sweden INVESTIGATION OF MARINE BIOFOULING AND THE POSSIBLE NEED TO DEVELOP BIOFOULING CONTROL MEASURES IN NIGERIA By NJIN, RITA NAANDEM Nigeria A dissertation submitted to the World Maritime University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In MARITIME AFFAIRS (MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATION) 2018 Copyright © Njin Rita Naandem, 2018 DECLARATION I certify that all the material in this dissertation that is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me. The contents of this dissertation reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the University. (Signature): …………………………. 18th September, 2018 (Date): ………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Otter Predation Linked To
    INIDRECT FOOD WEB INTERACTIONS: SEA OTTER PREDATION LINKED TO INVASION SUCCESS IN A MARINE FOULING COMMUNITY A Thesis presented to the FaCulty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Biology by Margaret Foster Jenkins December 2018 © 2018 Margaret Foster Jenkins ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: IndireCt Food Web Interactions: Sea Otter Predation Linked to Invasion SuCCess in a Marine Fouling Community AUTHOR: Margaret Foster Jenkins DATE SUBMITTED: December 2018 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Lisa Needles, Ph.D. Lecturer for Biological Sciences COMMITTEE MEMBER: Dean E. Wendt, Ph.D. Dean and Professor of BiologiCal ScienCes COMMITTEE MEMBER: Heather Liwanag, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of BiologiCal ScienCes COMMITTEE MEMBER: AndreW Schaffner, Ph.D. Professor of Statistics iii ABSTRACT IndireCt Food Web Interactions: Sea Otter Predation Linked to Invasion SuCCess in a Marine Fouling Community Margaret Foster Jenkins Humans have caused grave eCological and economic damage WorldWide through the introduction of invasive species. Understanding the factors that influence community susceptibility to invasion are important for controlling further spread of invasive species. Predators have been found to provide biotic resistanCe to invasion in both terrestrial and marine systems. HoWever, predators Can also have the opposite effect, and facilitate invasion. Therefore, recovery or expansion of native predators could facilitate the spread of invasive species. Needles et al. (2015) demonstrated that the threatened southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) facilitated the invasion of an eXotic bryozoan, Watersipora subatra. HoWever, the underlying mechanism Was not fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that sea otter predation on Romaleon antennarium Crabs indirectly facilitated the abundance of W.
    [Show full text]