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Elaeagnus Pungens

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Elaeagnus Pungens Elaeagnus pungens INTRODUCTORY DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FIRE EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS APPENDIX: FIRE REGIME TABLE REFERENCES INTRODUCTORY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY SYNONYMS LIFE FORM Photo © James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION: Gucker, Corey L. 2011. Elaeagnus pungens. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2011, February 28]. FEIS ABBREVIATION: ELAPUN NRCS PLANT CODE [54]: ELPU2 COMMON NAMES: thorny-olive thorny olive silverthorn thorny elaeagnus TAXONOMY: The scientific name of thorny-olive is Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. (Elaeagnaceae) [22,29,60]. Some suggest that thorny-olive could hybridize with native oleaster (Elaeagnus spp.) in the United States [35], but hybrids were not reported in the reviewed literature. SYNONYMS: None LIFE FORM: Shrub DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE SPECIES: Elaeagnus pungens GENERAL DISTRIBUTION HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Thorny-olive is not native to the United States but was introduced from Asia in 1830 [15,22]. As of 2011, escaped populations were suspected nearly throughout the southeastern United States from Kentucky and Virginia south to Louisiana and Florida [37]. Thorny-olive may also occur in natural areas of Massachusetts and Washington DC [54]. Plants Database provides a map of thorny-olive's US distribution. Since its introduction as an ornamental, thorny-olive has frequently been planted in hedgerows and along highways [15,37,57]. It has also been used to revegetate mine sites [41,50]. Because thorny-olive grows densely even in harsh conditions, it was "extensively" planted in highway medians in the Southeast. As of 2000, the Virginia Department of Transportation had been planting thorny-olive along roadways for about 20 years [57]. Thorny-olive was also used in highway medians in Texas [16]. Around 1970 in eastern Kentucky, thorny-olive was planted on surface mine spoils and becuase establishment was successful and surival high, it was recommended for further use in mine reclamation [41]. On a coal surface-mined area in Laurel County, Kentucky, thorny-olive was still present and described as growing well or increasing 18 years after planting [50]. Reports on the extent of invasive populations of thorny-olive in the United States were rare, although surveys provided cover estimates in southern forests and indicated US range expansions. Forest Inventory Analysis data from 12 southern states in 2008 indicated that thorny-olive occupied an estimated 6,107 acres (2,471 ha) in forests in 6 states. It was most widespread in forests of Georgia (3,380 acres (1,368 ha)) and South Carolina (about 2,000 acres (800 ha)) [38]. In Florida, thorny-olive was known outside of cultivation only in the panhandle until about 2000, when it was reported in Alachua and Marion counties [28]. In 2003, it was reported as an escape in St Lucie County, 160 miles (250 km) south of Marion County [39]. In 1997, thorny-olive was reported as infrequent but spreading on the barrier islands of northern North Carolina [47]. HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES: Based on the little information available (as of February 2011), thorny-olive occupies a greater diversity of habitats in its nonnative than its native range. Native habitats: In Asia, thorny-olive is primarily reported in open areas or shrublands. The Flora of China indicates that thorny-olive occurs on open slopes, along roadsides, and in thickets [59]. In limestone areas of Skikoku, Japan, thorny-olive is common in Quercus phillyraeoides-Pittoporum tobira scrub [61]. Nonnative habitats: In the southeastern United States, thorny-olive is reported in shaded woodlands as well as open, disturbed sites. In North Carolina, thorny-olive occurred in oak-hickory (Quercus-Carya spp.) woodland understories [4], urban riparian forests [56], maritime evergreen forests [31], and ruderal habitats within the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem [45]. In northeastern Tennessee, thorny-olive occurred within and at the edges of woodlands [26]. In Alabama, it was reported in parks, rights-of-way, and managed forests, as well as natural areas [1,17]. In Alabama's Pike County Pocosin Nature Preserve, thorny-olive occurred in hardwood ravines, which were the least disturbed of the Preserve's habitats. Common overstory species in the hardwood ravines included yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and white ash (Fraxinus americana) [14]. In St Lucie County, Florida, thorny-olive occurred in dry pine woods [39]. BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS SPECIES: Elaeagnus pungens GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT REGENERATION PROCESSES SITE CHARACTERISTICS SUCCESSIONAL STATUS Photo © Nancy Loewenstein, Auburn University, Bugwood.org Because primary literature and original research on thorny-olive were generally lacking, this summary has relied heavily on information presented in floras [12], horticultural references [15,30] weed management guides [37], and fact sheets [21]. Information presented in these sources often lacked supporting documentation and details, but most were written by land managers, botanists, or horticulturalists with experience from invaded areas and likely represent field observations. Additional research on thorny-olive is necessary before much of the information can be properly assessed for accuracy and completeness. GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Botanical description Raunkiaer life form Botanical description: This description covers characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g., [22,42]). Thorny-olive is a multistemmed, freely branched, dense shrub [22,37,42]. It may reach 25 feet (7.6 m) tall and 15 feet (4.6 m) wide [15,37]. Once established, thorny-olive produces prolific, fast-growing stem sprouts which allow shrubs to increase in size and "scramble" through neighboring vegetation [22,37]. Stem bark is armed with "rather nasty", 2- to 3-inch (5-8 cm) long thorns [15]. Leaves are simple, evergreen, arranged alternately, and typically measure 1.6 to 4 inches (4-10 cm) long and less than half as wide [15,42]. The undersides of leaves are ashy white and flecked with brown scales [60]. Thorny-olive produces tubular flowers that are about 1 cm long and occur in clusters of up to 3 [37]. Fruits are single-seeded drupes that are 1 to 1.5 cm long [37,42]. Raunkiaer [43] life form: Phanerophyte SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT: In its US range, thorny-olive flowers in the fall (October-December) and produces fruit in the spring (March-June) [15,22,37,42]. Similar seasonal development is reported for thorny-olive in China [59]. REGENERATION PROCESSES: Pollination and breeding system Seed production Seed dispersal Seed banking Germination Seedling establishment and plant growth Vegetative regeneration Thorny-olive reproduces by seed [13]. Vegetative sprouting increases shrub size and allows for regeneration after stem damage or top-kill [15,37]. Pollination and breeding system: Thorny-olive produces at least some perfect flowers [12,42]. Perfect flowers are reported by Radford and others [42], but Clewell [12] reports that thorny-olive shrubs are primarily dioecious with some perfect flowers. Seed production: Actual fruit production and seed yield were not reported in the reviewed literature (as of February 2011). Studies do suggest, however, that seed production is variable. Davison [13] reports that fruit production can be delayed and reduced if winter temperatures are "exceptionally" cold. Based on field observations near thorny-olive roadside plantings in Virginia, researchers suggested that the timing and amount of thorny-olive fruit production vary from year to year. Reasons for these speculations were not given [57]. See Seed dispersal (below) and Importance to Wildlife for information on bird mortality and related field observations around thorny-olive roadside plantings. Seed dispersal: Many bird species feed on thorny-olive fruits, and because shrubs often occur as single or scattered individuals in natural areas, it is believed that seeds are dispersed in bird droppings [37,40]. In Atlanta, Georgia, cardinals, juncos, cedar waxwings, brown thrashers, and other small birds were observed eating thorny-olive fruits. Bird droppings beneath trees near thorny-olive shrubs contained numerous thorny-olive seeds [13]. Two studies indicate that cedar waxwings are especially attracted to thorny-olive fruits and are susceptible to automobile-induced mortality where thorny-olive has been planted along highways [16,57]. These studies are described in detail in Importance to Wildlife. Seed banking: No information is available on this topic. Germination: In the reviewed literature, there was little information about thorny-olive seed germination (as of February 2011). According to a horticultural magazine [30], thorny-olive seeds do not germinate until the second spring following production. Seedling establishment and plant growth: Although thorny-olive seedlings have been observed, information regarding the best conditions for successful seedling establishment were not reported in the reviewed literature (February 2011). In Atlanta,
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