Vol. 79 Tuesday, No. 121 June 24, 2014

Part III

Department of the Interior

Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Three Foreign ; Final Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR degradation and poaching for the pet Petition History trade, which are the primary threats to On January 31, 2008, the Service Fish and Wildlife Service the continued survival of these species. received a petition dated January 29, 2008, from Friends of , as 50 CFR Part 17 II. Major Provisions of the Regulatory Action represented by the Environmental Law [Docket No. FWS–R9–ES–2010–0099; 450 Clinic, University of Denver, Sturm 003 0115] This action lists the Philippine College of Law, requesting that we list RIN 1018–AX50 and the yellow-crested 14 parrot species under the ESA. The cockatoo as endangered on the List of petition clearly identified itself as a Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Endangered and Threatened Wildlife at petition and included the requisite and Plants; Three Foreign Parrot 50 CFR 17.11(h). This action also lists information required in the Code of Species the white cockatoo as threatened on the Federal Regulations (50 CFR 424.14(a)). List of Endangered and Threatened On July 14, 2009 (74 FR 33957), we AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife at 50 CFR 17.11(h), and allows published a 90-day finding in which we Interior. the import into and export from the determined that the petition presented ACTION: Final rule. United States of certain captive-bred substantial scientific and commercial white , and allows certain acts information to indicate that listing may SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and in interstate commerce of white be warranted for 12 of the 14 parrot Wildlife Service (Service), announce a cockatoos, without a permit under 50 species. final rule to list the Philippine cockatoo CFR 17.32. In our 90-day finding on this petition, ( haematuropygia) and the we announced the initiation of a status yellow-crested cockatoo (C. sulphurea) Background review to list as endangered or as endangered, and to list the white The Act of 1973, threatened under the ESA the following cockatoo (C. alba) as threatened under 12 parrot species: Blue-headed macaw the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), is a law that was passed to prevent (Primolius couloni), crimson shining amended (ESA). We are taking these parrot (Prosopeia splendens), great actions in response to a petition to list extinction of species by providing measures to help alleviate the loss of green macaw (Ara ambiguus), grey- these three cockatoo species as cheeked parakeet (Brotogeris endangered or threatened under the species and their habitats. Before a plant or species can receive the pyrrhoptera), hyacinth macaw ESA. We also finalize the special rule (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), military for the white cockatoo in conjunction protection provided by the Act, it must first be added to the Federal List of macaw (Ara militaris), Philippine with our final listing as threatened for cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia), this species. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife or the Federal List of Endangered and red-crowned parrot (Amazona DATES: This final action will be effective Threatened Plants. Section 4 of the Act viridigenalis), scarlet macaw (Ara on July 24, 2014. and its implementing regulations at 50 macao), white cockatoo (Cacatua alba), ADDRESSES: This final rule is available CFR part 424 set forth the procedures yellow-billed parrot (Amazona collaria), on the Internet at http:// for adding species to these lists. and yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua www.regulations.gov at Docket No. sulphurea). We initiated the status FWS–R9–ES–2010–0099. Comments Previous Federal Actions review to determine if listing each of the and materials we received, as well as 12 species is warranted, and initiated a In our proposed rule, published supporting documentation used in the 60-day public comment period to allow August 9, 2011 (76 FR 49202), we preparation of this rule, are available for all interested parties an opportunity to announced that listing the Philippine public inspection, by appointment, provide information on the status of cockatoo and yellow-crested cockatoo as during normal business hours at: U.S. these 12 species of . The public endangered was warranted, and we Fish and Wildlife Service, 4401 N. comment period closed on September issued a proposed rule to add these two Fairfax Drive, Suite 400, Arlington, VA 14, 2009. species as endangered on the List of 22203. On October 24, 2009, and December 2, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife at 2009, the Service received a 60-day FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 50 CFR 17.11(h). We found that listing Janine Van Norman, Chief, Branch of notice of intent to sue from Friends of the crimson shining parrot (Prosopeia Animals and WildEarth Guardians, for Foreign Species, Ecological Services splendens) as endangered or threatened Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, failure to issue 12-month findings on was not warranted. We further found the petition. On March 2, 2010, Friends 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Room 420, that listing the white cockatoo as Arlington, VA 22203; telephone 703– of Animals and WildEarth Guardians threatened was warranted, and we filed suit against the Service for failure 358–2171. If you use a issued a proposed rule to add that telecommunications device for the deaf to make timely 12-month findings species as threatened on the List of within the statutory deadline of the Act (TDD), call the Federal Information Endangered and Threatened Wildlife at Relay Service (FIRS) at 800–877–8339. on the petition to list the 14 species 50 CFR 17.11(h) as well as a proposed (Friends of Animals, et al. v. Salazar, SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: special rule under section 4(d) of the Case No. 10 CV 00357 D.D.C.). Executive Summary Act for white cockatoo. On July 21, 2010, a settlement During the public comment period, agreement was approved by the Court I. Purpose of the Regulatory Action which ended on October 11, 2011, we (Friends of Animals, et al. v. Salazar, We are listing the Philippine cockatoo received 234 comments from the public Case No. 10 CV 00357 D.D.C.), in which and the yellow-crested cockatoo as (see http://www.regulations.gov, docket the Service agreed to submit to the endangered and the white cockatoo as number FWS–R9–ES–2010–0099). All Federal Register by July 29, 2011, threatened under the Endangered comments, including names and September 30, 2011, and November 30, Species Act (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et addresses of commenters, have become 2011, determinations whether the seq.) because of habitat loss and part of the administrative record. petitioned action is warranted, not

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warranted, or warranted but precluded commenters objected to the rule, average weight of the sulphur-crested by other listing actions for no less than although many of the commenters did cockatoo is more than twice that of 4 of the petitioned species on each date. not appear to understand the criteria for yellow-crested cockatoo, and the On August 9, 2011, the Service listing under the Act. Therefore, we are sulphur crested cockatoo length is an published in the Federal Register a 12- providing clarification below. Many average 50 cm (19.69 inches), while the month status review finding for the comments either simply opposed or yellow-crested average length is 33 cm crimson shining parrot (a finding that objected without providing scientific or (13 in). The Service’s Division of Law listing was not warranted) and a commercial information. The following Enforcement is aware of both the proposed rule for the following three summarizes the comments received and similarity of appearance and the parrot species: Philippine cockatoo, our responses. differences in legal status of these two white cockatoo, and yellow-crested species. Both species receive protections cockatoo (76 FR 49202). Comments Regarding Special 4(d) Rule under the Convention on International On October 6, 2011, we published a Many commenters, while not opposed Trade in Endangered Species of Wild 12-month status review finding for the to the listing of the species, asked for a Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Wild red-crowned parrot (76 FR 62016); on special rule under section 4(d) of the Conservation Act (WBCA). See October 11, 2011, we published a 12- Act (also called a ‘‘4(d) rule’’) that for the Philippine month status review and proposed rule would allow interstate trade of these Cockatoo section for a discussion of for the yellow-billed parrot (76 FR species to occur. these two regulatory mechanisms. To 62740); and on October 12, 2011, we assist pet owners in identifying their Response published a 12-month status review for cockatoo, we have developed a factsheet the blue-headed macaw and grey- Section 4(d) of the Act allows the which is available on our Web site. cheeked parakeet (76 FR 63480). Service to establish special regulations Please visit http://www.fws.gov/ On September 16, 2011, an extension only for species determined to be endangered for additional information. to the settlement agreement was threatened under the ESA. The ESA approved by the Court (CV–10–357, D. specifies that 4(d) rules must be Comment Suggesting Withdrawal of DC), in which the Service agreed to ‘‘necessary and advisable to provide for Proposed Listing Determinations submit a determination for the the conservation of such species.’’ Several commenters, including bird remaining four petitioned species to the Special rules cannot be applied to breeders and the American Federation Federal Register by June 30, 2012. species listed as endangered under the of Aviculture, objected to our findings On July 6, 2012, the Service published Act. Because we determined that listing (see http://www.regulations.gov, docket in the Federal Register a 12-month the Philippine cockatoo and yellow- number FWS–R9–ES–2010–0099) and status review finding and proposed rule crested cockatoo as endangered under requested that the proposed listing for the four following parrot species: the ESA was warranted, we are determination be withdrawn. Great green macaw and the military prohibited from developing a special Response macaw (77 FR 40172), hyacinth macaw rule allowing interstate commerce for (77 FR 39965), and the scarlet macaw these two species. We proposed and are We thank all the commenters for their (77 FR 40222). finalizing a special rule for the white interest in the conservation of these Upon publication in the Federal cockatoo, in conjunction with our final species and thank those commenters Register on August 9, 2011, of the 12- rule to list the species as threatened, who provided information for our month status review finding and which would allow for interstate trade consideration in making this listing proposed rule for these species (76 FR in this species without an ESA permit. determination. Under section 4(b) of the 49202), we initiated a 60-day public ESA, the Service is required to make comment period, which ended on Comment Regarding Similarity in determinations solely on the basis of the October 11, 2011. Appearance of Yellow-Crested Cockatoo best scientific and commercial data to Sulphur-Crested Cockatoo available after conducting a review of Summary of Comments One commenter expressed concern the status of the species. When we We base this action on a review of the that the similarity in appearance published our proposed rule, we opened best scientific and commercial between the yellow-crested cockatoo a public comment period during which information available, including all (Cacatua sulphurea), native to we requested any additional information we received during the , and another species, the information on the species being public comment period. In the August 9, sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua evaluated. In making this finding, we 2011, proposed rule, we requested that galerita), native to Australia, could lead reviewed information provided within all interested parties submit information to confusion by a law enforcement the petition, contacted species experts, that might contribute to the official. and ensured that we have the most development of a final rule. We also current information on these three Response contacted appropriate scientific experts species. Therefore, we have obtained and organizations and invited them to We acknowledge that these two and considered the ‘‘best scientific and comment on the proposed listing. species may be difficult to distinguish. commercial data available’’ in our We reviewed all comments we In fact, the yellow-crested cockatoo species status review and in our listing received for substantive issues and new (Cacatua sulphurea), which is the determination. After careful information regarding the proposed subject of this rule, is often consideration, we conclude that these listing of these species, and we address inappropriately referred to as the listings under the Act are necessary for those comments below. We received 243 sulphur-crested cockatoo. There are the conservation of the species. comments, three of which were from physical differences between the peer reviewers; these comments are species. The yellow-crested cockatoo is Peer Review available at http://www.regulations.gov smaller both in size and weight than the In accordance with our policy, under Docket No. FWS–R9–ES–2010– sulphur-crested cockatoo and can ‘‘Notice of Interagency Cooperative 0099. Many of the commenters usually be distinguished by the lack of Policy for Peer Review in Endangered supported the listings, some pale yellow coloring on its cheeks. The Species Act Activities,’’ that was

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published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR provisions of that special rule, found at addressed, and if the threat applies to 34270), we sought the expert opinion of 50 CFR 17.41(c), are similar to and more than one species. at least three appropriate independent consistent with our intent in proposing Species Information specialists regarding this rule. The the exceptions contained in the 4(d) rule purpose of such review is to ensure for the white cockatoo. As discussed in Cockatoos are found only in listing decisions are based on further detail below, we are amending Australasia—a few archipelagos in scientifically sound data, assumptions, the regulations found at 50 CFR 17.41(c) Southeast Asia (Bismarck, East Timor, and analysis. We sent copies of the to include the white cockatoo among the Indonesia, , Tanimbar, and proposed rule to the peer reviewers species in the parrot family to which 50 Solomon), New Guinea, and Australia. immediately following publication in CFR 17.41(c) applies (see Special Rule). Cockatoos are present on Lombok and the Federal Register. We invited these Sulawesi, but not on Bali and Borneo Factors Affecting the Species peer reviewers to comment, during the (Cameron 2007, pp. 1–3). These oceanic public comment period, on the specific Section 4 of the ESA (16 U.S.C. 1533) islands have high levels of endemism, assumptions and the data that are the and implementing regulations (50 CFR meaning the species that occur there are basis for our conclusions regarding the 424) set forth procedures for adding unique to those islands. Cockatoos are a proposal to list as endangered the species to the Federal Lists of distinct group of parrots (Order Philippine cockatoo (Cacatua Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Psittaciformes), distinguished by the haematuropygia) and the yellow-crested and Plants. Under section 4(a)(1) of the presence of an erectile (Cameron cockatoo (C. sulphurea), and to list as ESA, a species may be determined to be 2007, p. 1; Collar 1989, p. 5) and the threatened the white cockatoo (C. alba), endangered or threatened based on any lack of ‘‘dyck texture’’ in their feathers. under the ESA. We received information one or a combination of the following Dyck texturing is a microscopic from three peer reviewers. five factors: texturing that produces blue and green We considered all comments and (A) The present or threatened coloration and is present in the plumage information we received during the destruction, modification, or of other parrots (Brown and Toft 1999, comment period from peer reviewers on curtailment of its habitat or range; p. 141). the proposed rule during preparation of (B) Overutilization for commercial, this final rulemaking, and all comments recreational, scientific, or educational A. Philippine cockatoo (Cacatua have been documented for the final purposes; haematuropygia) record. (C) Disease or predation; and Species Description (D) The inadequacy of existing Summary of Changes From Proposed regulatory mechanisms; The species was first taxonomically Rule (E) Other natural or manmade factors described by Mu¨ ller in 1776 (BLI 2013a, This final rule incorporates changes to affecting its continued existence. p. 5). We accept the species as C. our proposed listing determination In considering what factors might haematuropygia, which follows the based on the comments that we received constitute a threat; we look beyond the Integrated Taxonomic Information that are discussed above and newly actual or perceived exposure of the System (ITIS 2011). The Philippine available scientific or commercial species to the factor to determine how cockatoo, or red-vented cockatoo, is information. Peer reviewers generally the species responds to the factor and locally known as the ‘‘katala’’ and commented that the proposed rule was whether the factor causes actual impacts ‘‘kalangay,’’ and has a helmet crest and thorough and comprehensive. We made to the species. If there is exposure to a a red undertail (Rowley 1997 in some technical corrections based on factor, but no response, or only a Boussekey 2000, p. 137). positive response, that factor is not a new, although limited, information. For Population Estimates example, one commenter pointed out threat. If there is exposure and the that, with respect to white cockatoos, species responds negatively, the factor The population is estimated to be which require large nesting cavities (in may be a threat and we then attempt to between 370–770 mature individuals, large trees), the nonnative Jatropha determine how significant a factor it is. roughly equivalent to 550–1,200 curcas is cultivated as a large shrub If the factor is significant, it may drive individuals in total (BLI 2013a, p. 6). rather than a tree. Therefore, it will or contribute to the risk of extinction of Surveys indicated that until around the never produce cavities large enough to the species such that it is considered to 1980s, the Philippine cockatoo was be suitable for cockatoos. None of the be a threat. In some cases, there is little fairly common within the Philippine information, however, changed our information available regarding the archipelago (BLI 2013a; Boussekey listing determinations. status of the species, in part due to their 2000, p. 138; Collar et al. 1998). Special rule for the white cockatoo. remoteness. Historically, it was known to exist on 52 On March 12, 2013, we published in the This finding addresses the following islands in the Philippines; currently it is Federal Register (78 FR 15624) a final three cockatoo species: Philippine believed to exist on 8 islands (BLI 2011, rule listing the yellow-billed parrot as cockatoo, white cockatoo, and yellow- p. 1). threatened with a special rule under crested cockatoo. For each of these The species’ current range is section 4(d) of the Act, and correcting species, we evaluated the five factors significantly reduced from its historical the salmon-crested cockatoo special rule under ESA Section 4(a)(1) on the range. In the past, the species was under section 4(d) of the Act. In the species. In some cases, we found that, reported to have been commonly found preamble of that rule, we explained that under a particular factor, a threat was throughout the Philippines, except for we were adopting for yellow-billed contributing to the extinction risk for northern and central (Collar et al. parrot and correcting for salmon-crested multiple species, while some factors 1999 in Widmann and Widmann 2008, cockatoo a provision that would allow constituted a threat for some of the p. 23; DuPont 1971 in Boussekey 2000, certain acts in interstate commerce for species, but not others. In some cases, p. 138). It was common throughout the yellow-billed parrots and salmon- the factors affecting species are the same Philippines as recently as the 1950s. crested cockatoos that may be or very similar, and in other cases the Between 1980 and 2000, there was a 60 conducted without a threatened species factors are unique. In each evaluation, to 90 percent population decline permit under 50 CFR 17.32. The we clearly identify what species is being throughout its range (Boussekey 2000, p.

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138). In the early 1990s, the population are interbreeding is unclear at this time. Sonneratia alba is Pagatpat (Widmann was estimated to be between 1,000 and Detailed discussion of each of these and Antonio 2011, pp. 20–21). 4,000 (Tabaranza 1992 and Lambert areas follows. This species nests in tree cavities, and 1994 in BLI 2001, p. 1,681). produces two to three eggs per season; Snyder et al. (2000) reported the TABLE 1—POPULATION COUNTS AND in some exceptional cases, four eggs following population surveys. A 1991 ESTIMATES OF PHILIPPINE have been recorded (Widmann pers. survey estimated between 800 and 3,000 COCKATOO BETWEEN 2007 AND comm. 2011, p. 1; Cameron 2007, p. exist on . Pandanan, 2010 ON ISLANDS IN THE PHIL- 140). Breeding generally occurs March Bugsok, and Bancalan Islands were through June (BLI 2001, p. 1684), and IPPINES thought to support 100 to 300 both sexes participate in nest building individuals and 150 to 250 [Widmann et al. 2010a; Widmann et al. 2009a; (Widmann et al. 2001, p. 135). The Widmann et al. 2007]. individuals, and possibly a few hundred period between incubation and fledging were thought to exist in the Tawi-Tawi Number of is generally about 95 days (Cameron region (Lambert 1994; 1993). A single individuals Location 2007, p. 140). The species prefers nests pair was found on in 1991 high in the tree canopy, generally (Evans et al. 1993). A few were found at 60 Bugsok Island (40 to 80 esti- around 30 m (98 feet) (BLI 2001, p. Mount Isarog, Luzon in 1988 (Goodman mated) 1683), but nest heights between 12 and and Gonzales 1990), and a few pairs 20 , 35 m (39 to 114 feet) have also been were found in at Malpalon 3 CMRPA, Palawan Island observed (Widmann et al. 2001, p. 135). 23 Dumaran, Lagan (Dutson et al. 1992). Some birds were 80 Pandanan Island The diameter of the cavity openings observed on the island of Masbate in 2 Patnanungan, Polillo Islands observed has been between 10 and 25 1993, and the species has been recorded 280 Rasa Island cm (4 and 10 inches) (Widmann et al. a few times in singles or small numbers 4 2001, p. 135). Some artificial nest boxes in Rajah Sikatuna National Park, on the 200 Tawi-Tawi (100 to 400 esti- have been installed to increase nesting island of since 1989 (Brooks et al. mated) habitat; the species prefers horizontal 1995b in BLI 2001, p. 1676). In 1994, 672 TOTAL * rather than vertical nest boxes (Low two pairs were seen on Tawi-Tawi * Note: This is not a full population survey; it 2001, p. 3). Some of the tree species (Dutson in litt. 1997), and the species documents birds actually counted, observed, they use for roosting include was considered widespread at that or estimated (Widmann 2010, pers. comm.). Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (common location in 1995–1996, although Biology, Distribution, and Habitat names: Apitong, tempudau, tunden, apparently more often seen in captivity lagan bras aput) and Intsia bijuga than in the wild (two single specimens The Philippine cockatoo is endemic (common names: Borneo-teak, were observed in Batu-Batu and a single to the Philippines, an archipelago of Moluccan ironwood, and merbau asam), bird and a pair were observed in Buan) approximately 7,000 islands. The total as well as coconut trees (Lambert 1994 (Allen in litt. 1997). Three birds were area of the Philippines is 30,000,000 in BLI 2001, p. 1686). They also use observed on Simunul, Tawi-Tawi in hectares (74,131,614 acres) (Kummer Garuga floribunda (no common name 1996 (Allen in litt. 1997; Dutson et al. 1991, p. 44). The Philippine cockatoo [ncn]) and Sonneratia alba (Cameron 1996). The species is considered extinct requires lowland primary or secondary 2007, p. 35). on the islands of (Brooks et al. forests with suitable nesting tree cavities Culasian Managed Resource Protected 1995) and Negros (Brooks et al. 1992). and food sources, within or adjacent to Area (CMRPA) Some islands may not hold viable riparian or coastal areas with populations, and may be functionally (BLI 2013a). The species is reported to The CMRPA is in the south of extinct. use regenerating forest and even heavily Palawan Island and is 1,954 hectares Between 2004 and 2010, the degraded forest, as long as emergent (ha) (4,828 acres (ac). The total land area population estimate decreased from nest trees survive. However, its nest of Palawan is approximately 1.5 million between 1,000 and 4,000 individuals to sites are restricted to lowlands ha (3.7 million ac), including the 1,767 between 450 and 1,245 individual birds (Widmann and Widmann 2010, pers. islands and islets surrounding the main in the wild (BLI 2013a; BLI 2010; comm). island. This species exists both within Widmann and Widmann 2010, pers. This species is a food generalist; its the actual designated protected area comm.; Widmann and Widmann 2008, diet varies based on the seasons. It (CMRPA) and in the areas surrounding p. 23). This species currently is found consumes seeds, legumes, fruit, flowers, the protected area on Palawan Island. in the Culasian Managed Resource buds, and nectar. It will also eat This species has been known to fly from Protected Area (CMRPA), the Polillo agricultural crops such as corn and rice, the mainland to offshore islands as far Island Group, Palawan, , and has been observed feeding on as 8 km (5 mi) away from the mainland Pandanan and Bugsok Islands, Rasa Moringa oleifera (commonly known as to roost and breed. No roosting sites are Island, Tawi-Tawi, the Calamian group malunggay or horseradish tree). The known in the CMRPA and surrounding of islands, Malampaya, San Vicente, and government of the Philippines areas (Widmann et al. 2010a, p. 23); possibly on Samar Island (Widmann introduced a bill in 2010, in the however, there have been sightings and Widmann 2011, pers. comm.). An Fifteenth Congress of the Republic of there: Four birds were observed in estimated additional 400 individuals the Philippines, First Regular Session, September 2009, and three were may survive in the Sulu archipelago; to encourage planting Moringa oleifera observed in December 2009 (Widmann however, only sparse information is due to economic benefits, although it is et al. 2010a, p. 37). As of 2011, at least available for this area (Widmann et al. not native to the Philippines (Senate two Philippine cockatoos persisted 2010a; Widmann et al. 2009a; Widmann Bill 1349 2010, pp. 1–7). The Philippine inside the protected area, but they had et al. 2007). Subpopulations away from cockatoo has also been observed feeding not bred in the last 4 years. Palawan and the Sulus are thought to be on the fruits of Sonneratia, a CMRPA has been described as very small, and likely do not have viable species (Tabaranza 1992; Lambert 1994 exhibiting the ‘‘empty forest syndrome.’’ populations (Widmann 2010, pers. in BLI 2001, p. 1683). In the Although its forest is largely intact, little comm). The extent these populations Philippines, the common name for wildlife remains due to hunting

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pressure and poaching. As of the date of 2009b, p. 7). The third area is Lagan, Island had 64 nest trees, and its this publication, there are no which is also monitored and managed cockatoo population was approximately indications that the species’ status is by the Katala Foundation (KFI). On 280 individuals, making it the area with improving. Only one breeding pair Dumaran Island, the protected suitable the highest natural density of Philippine exists outside of the reserve. As of 2010, forest patches are each very small: 1.5 cockatoos (Widmann 2010b). KFI cockatoo poaching had occurred in this and 0.6 km2 (0.6 and 0.2 mi2), estimates that Rasa Island contains area within the past 3 years, and respectively (Widmann and Widmann about 20 percent of the total Philippine breeding in the 2009–2010 season 2008, p. 24). On this island in 2008, cockatoo population (Widmann et al. failed. Because all nests have been although 10 eggs were counted, only 2010c, p. 19). The success of cockatoos systematically poached over many two birds fledged (Widmann et al. on this island is likely due to the lack years, extirpation of this population is 2009b, p. 6). Recovery is slow; they of potable water, which makes it likely to occur suddenly due to lack of started with fewer than 20 birds before unattractive to human settlement (BLI recruitment (Widmann and Widmann protection started (Widmann and 2001, p. 1687). The Philippine cockatoo 2010, pers. comm.). Widmann 2010, pers. comm.). population on this island has grown due Currently, there are an estimated 30 to intense management; in 1997, there Polillo Islands Group individuals on Dumaran Island were only about 25 birds on Rasa Island This group of islands is (Widmann and Widmann 2011, pers. (Widmann and Widmann 2008, p. 24). approximately 110 km (68 mi) east of comm.). Manila, in Province in the Other Islands northern Philippines. Patnanungan Pandanan and Bugsok Islands Currently, very little information is Island is part of the Group Pandanan and Bugsok (119 km2) (46 available regarding the status of the and is not yet very developed. Polillo mi2) are small islands south of Palawan, Philippine cockatoo on other islands, Island itself is 1,000 km2 (386 mi2). As within the Region. It is such as Samar and Tawi-Tawi, in part of 2009, within the Polillo group of likely that Pandanan holds possibly the because these areas are extremely islands, Patnanungan Island was known second-most important population of remote. The Katala Foundation, Inc. to contain a population of the Philippine cockatoos, containing at least (KFI) surveyed Samar in 2002, at which Philippine cockatoo (Widmann et al. 80 individuals (Widmann and Widmann time only two individual Philippine 2010, p. 15). However, no roosting sites 2010, pers. comm.). Approximately 40 cockatoos were verified. Sightings have have been identified on this island birds were observed in a coconut been reported on and on (Widmann et al. 2010, p. 23). plantation in 2009 on Malinsuno Island, Bellatan Island in the Tawi-Tawi region. Patnanungan Island is mainly covered a 10-hectare (24-acre) nearby island that In 2010, KFI reported that a member of with secondary vegetation and coconut is part of the Pandanan the Wild Bird Club, Philippines, had plantations (Widmann et al. 2010, p. (equivalent to county or province) observed approximately 30 to 40 22). Seven nest trees are being (Widmann et al. 2010c, p. 5; Widmann individuals on Bellatan Island monitored in this area (Widmann et al. and Widmann 2010, pers. comm.). On (Widmann and Widmann 2010, pers. 2009b, p. 7). To the best of our Bugsok Island, Balabac, also in the comm.). Sightings of this species on knowledge, there is not a viable Pandanan Barangay, approximately 40 Dinagat, Surigao del Norte, and Samal population on Polillo Island, although cockatoos were observed roosting Islands, Davao, have been reported, but the species has been observed there. In (Widmann et al. 2010c, p. 5). A large they remain unverified (Widmann and 2009, in Burdeos, six Philippine part of Pandanan Island itself is not Widmann 2010, pers. comm.). cockatoos were spotted in Duyan-Duyan easily accessible; it is privately As of 2010, BLI indicated that Forest in the Anibawan Barangay, where managed, and is protected for the most possibly 100 to 200 Philippine it is regularly heard (Widmann et al. part. KFI is working on building a cockatoos existed in the Tawi-Tawi 2010, p. 38; Widmann et al. 2009a, p. relationship with organizations to region; however, those data are from 41). In part, because there were fewer monitor and formally protect this over 20 years ago, and, therefore, are no than 20 birds prior to their protection, island, and wardens were being hired as longer likely to be an accurate recovery in this area is slow (Widmann of 2010 (Widmann et al. 2010, pp. 26, population estimate (BLI 2010a, p. 1; and Widmann 2010, pers. comm.). 56). Dutson 1997, and Allen 1997 in Snyder 2000, p. 84; Lambert 1993). Tawi-Tawi Province of Palawan Rasa Island is in the southwestern part of the The distribution of the Philippine Rasa Island is a protected 8 km2 (3 Philippines in the Sulu Archipelago. cockatoo within the Palawan region mi2) island off the east coast of Narra, Tawi-Tawi consists of 107 islands and includes the Calamian group of islands, Palawan. This island was declared a islets and is approximately 1,197 km2 Malampaya, San Vicente, Dumaran, wildlife sanctuary in 2006 (Widmann et (462 mi2) in area. The island of Tawi- Sabang and Babuyan River, Iwahig, al. 2010, p. 15). As of 2007, 1.75 km2 Tawi itself is 484 km2 (187 mi2) (Dutson Rasa, Rizal (CMRPA), Pandanan, (0.6 mi2) of the island was coastal and et al. 1996, p. 32) and is part of the , and Balabac. Key Philippine mangrove forest. In 2008, 32 nest trees Autonomous Region in Muslim cockatoo habitat locations within these were found to be occupied, 21 pairs had (ARMM). This area has islands are discussed below. successful fledglings, and the experienced problems with logging, population was estimated to be 205 military activity, and insurgency but as Dumaran Island individuals (Widmann et al. 2009b, pp. of 2010 is encouraging ecotourism On Dumaran Island, which is off the 5–6; Widmann et al. 2008, p. 14; (Manila Bulletin 2010; IUCN 2010b; northeastern coast of Palawan, three Widmann and Widmann 2008, p. 27). Philippines Department of Natural areas are managed by the Katala Breeding success was 63 percent; 49 Resources (DENR) 2005), which may Foundation’s Philippine Cockatoo fledglings were banded (Widmann and have positive effects on the Philippine Conservation Programme (PCCP). Two Widmann 2008, p. 24). In years that cockatoo. of those are protected areas: The Omoi experienced sufficient precipitation, the Samar is the third largest island in the Cockatoo Reserve and the Manambaling increase of Philippine cockatoos on Philippines archipelago. It experienced Cockatoo Reserve (Widmann et al. Rasa has been good. As of 2009, Rasa threats from logging and mining prior to

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1989, but in 1989, an unexpected regulation in order to avoid utilization km2 (4,132 mi2) in 1950, to 6,605 km2 natural disaster resulted in initiation of incompatible with their survival; and (2,550 mi2) in 1987 (Kummer 1991, p. conservation actions (Samar Island other species which must be subject to 57). In the 1990s, commercial logging on Natural Park 2010, p. 1). Due to the regulation in order that trade in Palawan, the primary location of the intense landslides that occurred as a specimens of certain species threatened Philippine cockatoo, was suspended by result of logging activities, a logging with extinction which are or may be presidential decree; however, nearly all moratorium was put into place that affected by trade may be brought under of the island’s forests were already year. Samar Island Natural Park was effective control (CITES Article II(2)). leased to logging operations (Galang subsequently established on the island, International trade in specimens of 2004, p. 14; Lambert 1994 in BLI 2001, which may have positive results for the Appendix II species is authorized when: p. 1686). Many of Palawan’s mangroves, Philippine cockatoo. Samar Island has (1) The CITES Scientific Authority of which covered 46,000 ha (13,668 ac) in been reported to contain one of the the country of export has determined 1988, were also cleared for construction Philippine’s largest unfragmented tracts that the export will not be detrimental of fish ponds (Quinnell and Balmford of lowland rainforest. While several to the survival of the species in the 1988 in BLI 2001, p. 1686). As a result Philippine cockatoo sightings have been wild; and (2) the CITES Management of the pressures for resources, much of reported on Samar, researchers have no Authority of the country of export has the forest is either secondary forest or current estimate of how many exist determined that the specimens to be has been converted to plantations or there other than the reported sightings exported were legally acquired (http:// agriculture (Galang 2004, pp. 13–14; (BLI 2010a; Widmann and Widmann www..org/eng/disc/how.shtml, Heaney et al. 1998, 88 pp.). In most 2010, pers. comm.; Widmann et al. accessed June 24, 2010). In the United areas within the range of the Philippine 2006, p. 13). States, CITES is implemented through cockatoo, there is a severe shortage of timber and firewood; consequently, Conservation Status for the Philippine the U.S. Endangered Species Act of illegal logging is widespread. In Cockatoo 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). This species was transferred addition to mangrove logging, slash- Protections exist through various from Appendix II to Appendix I of and-burn farming (referred to as national, local, and international CITES in 1992. Appendix I includes ‘‘kaingin’’ in the Philippines) is a mechanisms for this species. The species threatened with extinction problem in many areas, particularly in species is on the Philippines list of which are or may be affected by trade, the Polillo Island Group. protected species under the Philippines and international trade is permitted Soil erosion is a secondary impact to Republic Act 9147, otherwise known as only under exceptional circumstances this species’ habitat that occurs as a the Wildlife Resources Conservation (CITES Article II(1)). Trade in Appendix result of deforestation that further and Protection Act of 2001 or the I specimens for primarily commercial degrades suitable habitat (Kummer ‘‘Wildlife Act of 2001’’ (DENR 2010, p. purposes is generally prohibited. 1991, p. 41), as demonstrated on Samar 2). This species is classified as critically The Philippine cockatoo is also listed Island. Removal of trees, digging, and endangered by the Government of the as Critically Endangered in the 2010 mining are causing secondary habitat Philippines under this Act (DENR 2010, IUCN Red List. Critically endangered is degradation through severe erosion in p. 2). The Republic Act No. 9147 IUCN’s most severe category of addition to habitat degradation and provides for the conservation and extinction assessment, which equates to destruction that occurs due to road protection of wildlife resources and an extremely high risk of extinction in construction. During the rainy season, their habitats. It prohibits certain the wild. IUCN criteria include rate of water creates deep clefts along the roads activities such as capture and trade of decline, population size, area of that are created for mining operations, live wildlife, including the Philippine geographic distribution, and degree of causing roads to collapse. Virtually all cockatoo. This species has received population and distribution chainsaw operations in Patnanungan further protections in the United States fragmentation; however, IUCN rankings and Burdeos are not registered with the under the Wild Bird Conservation Act do not confer any actual protection or appropriate authority (Widmann et al. (WBCA), which is described under management. 2010). No mitigation measures have Factor B, below. been put into place to reduce erosion In 1981, the Philippine cockatoo was Evaluation of Factors Affecting the (IUCNb 2010, pp. 1–2). listed in Appendix II of the Convention Philippine Cockatoo Cockatoos are severely impacted by on International Trade in Endangered selective logging of primary forests Factor A. The Present or Threatened Species of Wild Fauna and Flora because they require large trees that can Destruction, Modification, or (CITES). At that time, almost all accommodate their nests. Selective Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range Psittaciformes species (i.e., parrots) logging, which targets mature trees, has were included in Appendix II. CITES is The loss of dry coastal forest is a a negative impact on tree-cavity nesters an international treaty among 178 significant factor affecting the such as the Philippine cockatoo. nations where member countries work Philippine cockatoo. Mangroves are not Research has found that the abundance together to ensure that international optimal cockatoo habitat; however, they of cockatoos is positively related to the trade in CITES-listed animals and plants are important for the species presently, density of their favored nest tree is not detrimental to the survival of wild since they are the largest lowland forests (Kinnaird et al. 2003, p. 227). Loggers populations. This goal is achieved by still present in the Philippines prefer large trees, so these are the trees regulating import, export, and re-export (Widmann and Widmann 2011, pers. that would be impacted by logging, of CITES-listed animal and plant species comm). Widespread deforestation and especially since reduced-impact logging and their parts and products through a destruction of native mangroves have techniques are seldom applied. Once permitting system (http:// affected the habitat of the Philippine the primary forest is logged, the www.cites.org). Appendix II includes cockatoo. The loss of this species’ secondary forest is generally converted species which although not necessarily habitat through deforestation largely to other uses, or logged again rather than now threatened with extinction may occurred prior to the 1980s (Galang being allowed to return to forested become so unless trade in specimens of 2004, p. 13; Kummer 1991, p. 46). Forest habitat. Therefore, although cockatoos such species is subject to strict cover decreased in Palawan from 10,703 may continue to inhabit secondary

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forests, the population is usually at a habitat loss and other factors described suggests that the implementation of a substantially lower number due to a within this rule. Jatropha plantation would likely decrease in suitable nesting sites. Despite the protection measures that negatively affect this species on Habitat loss is well documented as are in place to restrict mining and other Dumaran Island (Widmann, personal one of the most significant effects activities that degrade habitat, mining communication). humans have on wild species operations and oil palm plantations are KFI currently manages three areas on (Coverdale et al. 2013, p. 69; Swift and being developed on Palawan Island Dumaran Island, including a newly Hannon 2010, p. 50; Fahrig 1997, p. 603; (Novellino 2010, pp. 2–48). The acquired buffer area in Omoi (Widmann Vitousek et al. 1997). In some cases, Philippine cockatoo has not been et al. 2010, p. 32). Dumaran Island also corridors are established to promote recorded in areas in southern Palawan experiences widespread slash-and-burn connectivity between populations of where mining and oil palm plantations agriculture, which has begun to affect species to reduce the effects of habitat exist (Widmann and Widmann 2010, in more forested areas on steeper slopes fragmentation, and this approach has litt.). Although mining does not occur here (Widmann 2008a, p. 19). Larger been shown to be effective (Cameron directly within Philippine cockatoo forested parts of the island have been 2007, pp. 110–112; Haddad et al. 2003, habitat, it does indirectly affect the replaced with grass, shrub-land, and pp. 609–615). In the case of the species by contributing to the habitat dense stands of bamboo as a Philippine cockatoo, a virtual corridor is losses and pressures described within consequence of this practice. Due to being created by artificially this section (Novellino et al. 2010, pp. factors such as the lack of water or level transplanting captive-reared cockatoos 1–48). These factors are negatively areas, and the development of into suitable, relatively protected impacting the ecosystem despite subsequent irrigation systems, lowland habitat. It is unclear how much this legislative protections (refer to Factor D) rice cultivation is very restricted. species naturally moves from one island in Palawan. However, permanent forms of Rasa Island has been formally habitat to another; however, this species cultivation include coconut and cashew designated as a wildlife reserve and has been known to fly from the plantations. Human-caused forest and contains a large percentage of the mainland to nearby islands at distances grass fires are common, particularly Philippine cockatoo population, of 8 km (5 mi). Researchers point out during the dry season. Fire is used not although small in actual numbers. In that at the metapopulation scale only to clear areas for cultivation, but addition to the formal protection (spatially separated populations of the also to promote growth of fresh grass for measures in place on Rasa Island, this pastures. same species that interact at some level), population is actively monitored and In the other areas where this cockatoo habitat fragmentation causes habitat protected by KFI staff, which is reported species exists, the current extent of the patches to be reduced in size and to be to be very effective. As of 2011, no present and future destruction, isolated from one another, and as a individuals had been poached from this modification, or curtailment of the result, gene flow between patches is island since 1999 (Widmann 2011, pers. species’ habitat is unclear; however, it is decreased (Blanchet et al. 2010, p. 291). comm; Widmann et al. 2010a, b, c). In likely that the pressures on the species Because this species’ population has addition to this formal and active are similar, if not worse, to those decreased in size so rapidly and protection, the island’s lack of potable documented in this section (BLI 2010a; fragmentation of its habitat has occurred water has discouraged subsequent Widmann et al. 2010, p. 15). Human so recently and rapidly, it is unlikely deforestation and habitat loss in this encroachment and concomitant that significant genetic differences occur location. However, because much of the increasing human population pressures between the existing populations. species’ habitat in other locations exacerbate the destructive effects of However, habitat loss and fragmentation remains fragmented and this species is ongoing human activities throughout are affecting this species. thought to migrate between Rasa Island the Philippine cockatoo’s habitat. The Palawan Islands Region is and Palawan Island, other pressures Increased urbanization and mining has essentially the last area where such as poaching continue to remain a led to increased infrastructure Philippine cockatoos have a viable potential threat to the species. development. Road building and mining population. Although Palawan has been On Dumaran Island, the conversion of projects further facilitate human access seen as a center for environmental habitat to a Jatropha plantation is to remaining forest fragments preservation (McNally 2002, p. 9), it still occurring in the few remaining suitable throughout the species’ range, including faces many threats, in part due to a forest patches left (Widmann et al. protected areas. Mining projects, such as burgeoning human population (IUCN 2010a, pp. 6, 32, 46). Jatropha curcas those proposed or occurring on 2010b, p. 1; Laurance et al. 2010, p. trees produce a fruit with oil that, Palawan, open new areas to exploitation 377). In 2009, the human population of although inedible, contains high energy and attract people seeking employment; the Philippines was estimated at content and is being explored as an these pressures from human 91,983,000 (United Nations (UN) 2009, alternative source of energy (Mendoza et development will likely spill over into p. 41), and the human population in the al. 2007, p. 1). A hectare of Jatropha has nearby Philippine cockatoo habitat. country is increasing at a rate of 1.7 been claimed to produce 1,892 liters percent annually (UN 2009, p. 51). (500 gallons) of fuel. Many industries Summary of Factor A Palawan, in particular, has experienced such as the air transportation industry We have identified a number of rapid human population growth are considering this as a biofuel source, threats to the habitat of the Philippine (McNally 2002, pp. 8–9). As of 2002, and it is also being described as a cockatoo that have occurred in the past, ‘‘Palawan remains a highly attractive mechanism for carbon credits. This are impacting the species now, and will place of destination for migrants from cockatoo species occurs in areas that are continue to impact the species. Habitat other areas within the Philippines’’ managed and protected such as the loss and degradation from past events, (McNally 2002, p. 11). While the KFI’s Omoi Cockatoo Reserve and the such as selective and commercial burgeoning human population on Manambaling Cockatoo Reserve logging, conversion to plantations or Palawan may not directly affect the (Widmann et al. 2009b, p. 7). However, agriculture, and mining, have decreased Philippine cockatoo, it does indirectly cockatoos use other areas that are not this species’ suitable habitat; and these affect the species by contributing to the protected, and information as of 2011 activities are still occurring. Illegal

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logging (discussed under Factor D) is Palawan Island, KFI began an initiative place, poaching still occurs in the widespread in the Philippines specifically targeted toward anti- Philippines (Widmann et al. 2010c). (Laurence 2007, p. 1544; Galang 2004, poaching in the CMRPA. Former Based on the available information and pp. 12, 17, 22; Kummer 1991, pp. 70– poachers were identified and converted the relatively small number of 75), which adds to any pressures of legal into wildlife wardens. This Philippine cockatoos remaining in the deforestation. Based on the best ‘‘conversion’’ practice is common in wild, we find that poaching for the pet available scientific and commercial data developing countries where human trade in the Philippines negatively available, we find that the present and populations rely heavily on forests and affects the Philippine cockatoo threatened destruction, modification, or wildlife for their survival (Cribb 2006, p. throughout all of its range. 3). These converted poachers-now- curtailment of the species’ habitats, International Trade and CITES particularly in the Palawan area, is a wardens safeguard the Philippine threat to the Philippine cockatoo cockatoo nesting trees, and patrol and In 1981, almost all Psittaciformes throughout all of its range. monitor inside CMRPA in the southwest species (i.e., parrots) were included in region of Palawan (Widmann et al. Appendix II of CITES. As described Factor B. Overutilization for 2010). under the Conservation Status for the Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or Because illegal trade is difficult to Philippine Cockatoo section above, Educational Purposes monitor and quantify, it is unclear to regulating import, export, and re-export Illegal Pet Trade what extent poaching for the pet trade of CITES-listed animal and plant species is affecting this species. Considering and their parts and products is done The Philippine cockatoo, like all that, in the early 1990s, the population through the use of a permitting system cockatoos, is a desirable pet (Cameron was estimated to be only between 1,000 (http://www.cites.org). In the United 2007, p. vii). In the Philippines, and 4,000 birds (Tabaranza 1992 and States, CITES is implemented through cockatoos are reported to be popular Lambert 1994 in BLI 2001, p. 1681), the U.S. Endangered Species Act of pets due to their ability to mimic human relatively high numbers were legally 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 voices (Catigob-Sinha 1993 in traded internationally in the 1980s (e.g., et seq.). Boussekey 2000, p. 138). On Palawan, 422 birds were reported to have been The Philippine cockatoo was Pandanan, and Samar Islands, trapping exported in 1983; BLI 2010a, p. 1). transferred to CITES Appendix I in June these cockatoos for pets is a particularly Additionally, there is evidence that this 1992 because populations were serious threat (Widmann et al. 2010a, species is still being poached in the declining rapidly due to uncontrolled pp. 21–22; Widmann et al. 2010c, p. 16) wild (Widmann et al. 2010). trapping for the pet bird trade. An and is still considered to be one of the Although we are unsure of the Appendix-I listing includes species most significant threats to the species. magnitude of the pet trade and its effect threatened with extinction whose trade Awareness campaigns have been on the survival of this species, several is permitted only under exceptional implemented since the late 1990s to reports describe how poaching remains circumstances, which generally increase understanding of why these a problem for parrot species, precludes commercial trade. The import birds should not be removed from the particularly in poorer countries of an Appendix-I species requires the wild for pets, and these campaigns are (Dickson 2005, p. 548; http:// issuance of both an import and export thought to be somewhat effective www.philippinecockatoo.org, accessed permit. Import permits are issued only (Widmann et al. 2010). Due to the high February 14, 2011 and May 21, 2014). In if findings are made that the import value of these birds (valued at $160 U.S. areas with extreme poverty, poaching would be for purposes that are not dollars (USD) in Manila in 1997, and can be a lucrative and relatively risk- detrimental to the survival of the $300 USD in 2006 (BLI 2010a, p. 1), free source of income (Widmann et al. species in the wild and that the chicks are taken from virtually every 2010c, p. 22; Dickson 2005, p. 548). In specimen will not be used for primarily accessible nest on these islands many cases, poachers have limited commercial purposes (CITES Article (Widmann et al. 2010a, pp. 21–22). A income prospects (Widmann et al. III(3)). Export permits are issued only if researcher observed that, in the 1980s, 2010a, p. 37). A common practice in findings are made that the specimen up to 10 Philippine cockatoos were conservation is to reform poachers with was legally acquired and trade is not trapped per day (Tabaranza 1992 in BLI alternative sources of income so that detrimental to the survival of the 2001, p. 1685). they do not remove birds from the wild. species (CITES Appendix III(2)). These Several programs to combat the After the benefits of species and habitat two findings are made prior to issuance poaching problem, such as public conservation are explained to them, of a CITES permit and are designed to awareness programs and the they are generally receptive to resource ensure that international trade in a rehabilitation and release of confiscated conservation and ultimately gain a sense CITES-listed species is not detrimental parrots were established by the KFI to of stewardship of the resources. This to that species. support the conservation of the technique has been effective in the past, An exception to permitting Philippine cockatoo. KFI started these but it is resource-intensive and has only requirements for international trade of awareness programs to educate adults a localized effect. Appendix I species exists for specimens and children in villages near areas KFI also broadcasts local radio originating from a CITES-registered where the birds are concentrated. The programs to increase awareness of the captive-breeding operation. Under the programs use the Philippine cockatoo as issues affecting this species. For exception in the CITES Treaty and a flagship species for conservation of example, in August 2010, KFI broadcast Resolution Conf. 12.10 (Rev. CoP15), native wildlife, especially with an interview regarding wildlife trade specimens of Appendix-I species children, because the image of the and a confiscation that had recently originating from CITES-registered endemic Philippine cockatoo is unique occurred in Palawan (Widmann et al. captive-breeding operations can be (Widmann et al. 2010, pp. 21–22). KFI 2010c, p. 73). Conservation-focused traded for commercial purposes, and focuses in areas where this species is radio programs have occurred here since shipments need to be accompanied only found in the wild, such as the CMRPA, 1996 (Boussekey 2000, p. 140). by an export permit issued by the to educate the local communities in an However, even with these education exporting country. An import permit is attempt to reduce poaching. In 2005, on programs and conservation measures in not required because these specimens

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are treated as CITES Appendix-II (16 U.S.C. 4901 et seq.), which was possibly by the release of captive birds species. One CITES-registered captive- enacted on October 23, 1992. The (BLI 2010a, p. 1; Lambert 1994 in BLI breeding operation in the Philippines is WBCA is implemented under 50 CFR 2001, p. 1686). Cockatoo species are authorized to export captive-bred part 15 and has limited or prohibited widely distributed throughout specimens of this species (http:// imports of exotic bird species into the Australasia, and some avian species www.cites.org/common/reg/e_cb.html, United States since 1992. The purpose have developed resistance to some accessed May 19, 2014). Countries of the WBCA is to promote the diseases (Commonwealth of Australia operating CITES-registered operations conservation of exotic birds by ensuring 2006, p. 1). These diseases affect each must ensure that the operation ‘‘will that importation of species covered cockatoo species differently. make a continuing meaningful under the Act (i.e., CITES-listed species, Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease contribution according to the with several exceptions) into the United conservation needs of the species’’ States is sustainable and is not PBFD is a viral disease that originated (CITES 2007b, pp. 1–2). Countries that detrimental to the species. in Australia and affects both wild and are parties to CITES are advised to WBCA permits may be issued to allow captive birds, causing chronic infections restrict their imports of Appendix-I import of listed birds for various resulting in either feather loss or captive-bred specimens to those coming purposes, such as scientific research, deformities of beak and feathers only from CITES-registered operations. zoological breeding or display, or (Cameron 2007, p. 82). PBFD causes Additional information on CITES- personal pets, when certain criteria are immunodeficiency and affects body registered operations can be found on met. The Service may approve parts such as the feathers, liver, and the CITES Web site at http:// cooperative breeding programs and brain. Suppression of the immune www.cites.org/eng/resources/ subsequently issue import permits system can result in secondary registers.html. under such programs. Under the infections due to other viruses, bacteria, We queried the United Nations cooperative breeding program, wild- or fungi. The disease can occur without Environment Programme World caught birds may be imported into the obvious signs (de Kloet and de Kloet Conservation Monitoring Centre United States if they are a part of 2004, p. 2394). Birds usually become (UNEP–WCMC) CITES Trade Database Service-approved management plans for infected in the nest by ingesting or for data on exports and imports of this sustainable use. At this time, none of inhaling viral particles. Infected birds species from 2000 to 2009, and again the three parrot species discussed in develop immunity, die within a couple between 2009 and 2013, and very few this document is part of a Service- of weeks, or become chronically exports from the Philippines were approved cooperative breeding program, infected. No vaccine exists to immunize reported as ‘‘wild’’ origin. Little to no and there are no approved management populations (Cameron 2007, p. 82). trade data was available for 2013. plans for wild-caught birds of these While some cockatoo species are Between 2000 and 2009, CITES Party species. susceptible to this virus, we found no countries reported to UNEP–WCMC that A report published in 2006 showed indication that PBFD adversely affects a total of 91 live Philippine cockatoos that imports of parrot species to the the Philippine cockatoo at the was imported (http://trade.cites.org) United States declined from the mid- population level in the wild. into their countries, for an average of 9 1980s to 1991 (Pain et al. 2006, pp. 322– Proventricular Dilatation Disease birds per year. The majority of these (78) 324). Parrot imports to the United States originated from the Philippines; 77 of were already declining before the Another serious disease that has been these 78 live birds were reported to be enactment of the WBCA, but because reported to affect cockatoos is of captive origin, and only one was the WBCA largely curtailed the import proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). indicated to be of wild origin. of wild parrots, we find it is an adequate PDD is a fatal disease that may pose a Additionally, in 2009, the UNEP– regulatory mechanism for all three of serious threat to domesticated and wild WCMC CITES Trade Database indicated these parrot species. parrots worldwide, particularly those that only two live birds were exported with very small populations (Kistler et from the Philippines. Because the Summary of Factor B al. 2008, p. 1; Waugh 1996, p. 112). This Philippine cockatoo is listed as an In summary, cockatoos are popular contagious disease causes damage to the Appendix-I species under CITES, legal pets, and poaching for the pet trade still nerves of the upper digestive tract, so commercial international trade is very occurs, particularly on Pandanan Island that food digestion and absorption are limited. The trade report we ran in 2014 (Widmann et al. 2010c, p. 13). Although negatively affected. The disease has a (which only has trade data up to 2013), we do not find that legal international 100 percent mortality rate in affected indicated that there were captive-origin trade negatively impacts this species, birds, although the exact manner of exports of the Philippine cockatoo, but we do find that poaching for the pet transmission between birds is unclear. no exports of wild-origin Philippine trade in the Philippines continues to Although this is a particularly virulent cockatoos. In summary, 233 total negatively impact the Philippine virus that affects cockatoos in general, specimens were traded 2000–2012. Of cockatoo. we are unaware of any reports that this the 244 traded over this period, only 4 disease occurs in Philippine cockatoos Factor C. Disease or Predation were from the wild and from the in the wild, possibly due to its remote Philippines. Based on the low numbers In the information provided and the location. of live, wild Philippine cockatoos in literature reviewed, we found Avian Influenza international trade since 2000, and suggestions that diseases, particularly a because international trade is controlled fungal disease, in the wild may be a Wild birds, especially waterfowl and via valid CITES permits, we believe that threat to this species. Velogenic shorebirds, are natural reservoirs of trade is not a threat to the species. viscerotropic newcastle disease, avian influenza (also known as ‘‘bird psittacine beak and feather disease flu’’). Most strains of the avian influenza Wild Bird Conservation Act (PBFD), or the psittacid herpes virus virus have low pathogenicity and cause The import into the United States of (PsHV–1 or PsHV–2) were indicated to few clinical signs in infected birds. all three of these species is regulated by be possible threats and may have been Pathogenicity is the ability of a the Wild Bird Conservation Act (WBCA) introduced into the wild population, pathogen to produce an infectious

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disease in an organism. However, prevalent in captive birds. During one cockatoo in the wild. Therefore, we find strains can mutate into highly survey, Aspergillus spores were found that the Philippine cockatoo is not pathogenic forms, which is what below nest holes in Palawan (Lambert negatively impacted due to disease or happened in 1997, when the highly 1994 in BLI 2001, p. 1686; Tabaranza predation. pathogenic avian influenza virus (called 1992). The Philippine cockatoo is likely Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing H5N1) first appeared in Hong Kong a latent carrier of Aspergillus (Burr Regulatory Mechanisms (USDA et al. 2006, pp. 1–2). H5N1 is 1981, p. 23); however, from our review mainly propagated by commercial of the best available information, we Several regulatory mechanisms are in poultry living in close quarters with found no information indicating that place at the national and local levels humans. The effect on migratory birds is this disease negatively affects this that serve to conserve this species and less clear (Metz 2006a, p. 24). species at the population level in the the habitat on which it depends; Scientists increasingly believe that at wild (Widmann et al. 2010c, p. 45). however, the mechanisms are least some migratory waterfowl carry ineffective at adequately protecting the H5N1, sometimes over long distances, Lice and Mites Philippine cockatoo. We find that CITES and introduce the virus to poultry flocks Ectoparasitism by lice and mites was effectively protects the species through (World Health Organization 2006, p. 2). documented as the possible cause of legal international trade. Factors H5N1 has infected and caused death in death in some chick mortalities on Rasa hampering the regulatory mechanisms domestic poultry, people, and some Island (Widmann et al. 2010a, pp. 6, 38; in place include remoteness of protected wild birds in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Widmann et al. 2001, p. 146). Mites areas, poverty that causes locals to About half of humans infected die from (arachnids) were found in some unsustainably use this species’ habitat the disease (Service 2006, p. 1). A parrot monitored nests where chicks had died. or to poach, and the lack of resources to held in quarantine in the United Although nests are being routinely adequately enforce laws and regulations Kingdom was incorrectly diagnosed monitored on Rasa Island, mites are not (Laurance 2007, p. 1544; Palawan with H5N1 in 2005. The original commonly found in these nests. Mites Council for Sustainable Development identification of H5N1 was made from have evolved in a symbiotic relationship (PCSD) 2007, pp. 1–3; Galang 2004, p. a pool of tissues derived from a Pionus with avian species. Not all bird-mite 17). These are discussed below. relationships are parasitic; some might parrot (from Surinam) and another avian Domestic Regulatory Mechanisms species commonly known as a mesia be benign or even beneficial (Proctor (Leiothrix spp.) from Taiwan. The and Owens 2000, pp. 358, 362). Many In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Department for Environment, Food and mites are nonparasitic scavengers and efforts were already under way to Rural Affairs, United Kingdom (DEFRA) use the nest or bird feathers as habitat. protect the Philippine cockatoo (Galang stated that it was unclear whether the Despite the presence of mites found in 2004, p. 17; Boussekey 2000, p. 140). In virus isolated came from the parrot nests where chick mortalities were 1987, the Government of the Philippines tissue, the mesia tissue, or both (DEFRA observed, we conducted a search of established the Protected Areas and 2005, p. 34). However, they concluded available information and found no Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) through the that the source was more likely the information indicating that lice and DENR, under Executive Order 192. Its sample from the mesia (DEFRA 2005, p. mites significantly affect these species, responsibilities are in part to manage 34). Later, it was determined that the although mites may occur more and protect the country’s protected samples had been mixed, and the parrot frequently during dryer seasons areas. In 1992, the Philippines adopted did not have the disease (Gauthier-Clerc (Widmann et al. 2010a, p. 38; Widmann the National Integrated Protected Areas et al. 2007, p. 208). In the Philippines, et al. 2010c, pp. 39, 45). Some research System Act (NIPAS Act of 1992) to 339 smuggled parrots were euthanized suggested that unusually high protect and maintain the country’s following confiscation to determine if temperature, rather than mites, may biological diversity. In 1994, the PAWB these parrots had the virus; however, have contributed to the lack of nest signed a memorandum of agreement none were confirmed to have the virus success in 2001 (Widmann et al. 2010c, (MOA) regarding the conservation of (Metz 2006a, pp. 24–25), we are p. 45); however, the actual reasons for this species (Philippines DENR 2009, unaware of any reports that this disease nest failures (mortalities) are unclear. pp. 1–2; Boussekey 2000, p. 138). This MOA has been implemented by a occurs in Philippine cockatoos in the Summary of Factor C wild. nongovernmental organization, the When conducting a status review, we Katala Foundation, since 2006 through Aspergillosis evaluate the magnitude of each factor the PCCP. Under this MOA, an intensive Aspergillosis is an infection or that may be affecting a species. In this species conservation program has been allergic response to the Aspergillus case, we did not find evidence that any under way to conserve this species and fungus. A literature review found that disease or predation rises to the level of its habitat. The PCCP accomplishes its cases of Aspergillosis were being a threat that is affecting this species in mission through intense local reported in captive-held, wild-origin the wild. Although individual management of the species. Some Philippine cockatoos in the Philippines Philippine cockatoos may be subject to aspects of the conservation program are at the U.S. Air Force Base, Clark Field, occasional infections or predation, there to educate local communities about the Angeles City (Burr 1981, p. 21). In all is no evidence that either of these is benefits of conserving endemic wildlife, known cases according to the report, occurring at a level that may affect the protect and restore nesting sites and stress, such as enclosure in a small bird status of the species as a whole to the habitat, conduct research, and cage, was indicated to be a factor prior extent that it is considered a threat to reintroduce the species into the wild to death. Observations indicated that the species. After conducting a literature (Widmann et al. 2010, p. 22). free-flying birds in aviaries showed no search (Tomaszewski et al. 2006, pp. As a protected species (DENR 2010b, signs of stress, and there were no deaths 536–544; de Kloet 2004, pp. 2393–2412; p. 2), under the Republic Act No. 9147, recorded in these birds. Natural Latimer et al. 1992, pp. 165–168; certain activities such as capture and incidence of Aspergillosis in the wild Johnson et al. 1986, pp. 813–815), we trade of live wildlife are prohibited. occurs in the Philippine cockatoo; found no indication that disease or Republic Act No. 9147 provides for however, it appears to be more predation is a threat to the Philippine fines and penalties for prohibited acts.

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However, within the Philippines, the management here is hindered by a actively managing this species to try to laws are generally ignored and only shortage of staff, technical expertise, increase the populations. For example, poorly enforced (Rose 2008, p. 232; and financial support (Widmann 2010, artificial nest boxes for the Philippine Laurance 2007, p. 1544; Galang 2004, pers. comm.). In addition, the cockatoo were installed on Rasa Island pp. 12–17). remoteness of protected areas makes and the mainland (Palawan) (Widmann Additional protections exist under the enforcement of activities such as and Widmann 2008, p. 27). Recovery of Philippines’ Executive Order No. 247, poaching and illegal logging difficult. the Philippine cockatoo on Rasa Island which protects the rights of local people Overall, the management of protected has been fairly effective, where nest- with respect to the use of natural areas is insufficient. For example, in guarding by local people has virtually resources (http://www.elaw.gov, 2010, despite management of the stopped poaching (Boussekey, pers. accessed January 4, 2011). This species, 15 hatchlings died and 17 eggs comm. in Cahill et al. 2006, p. 166). Executive Order mandates that did not hatch on Rasa Island during an Breeding success on Rasa Island has prospecting of biological and genetic extreme weather event (refer to Factor E been high (averaging 2.6 hatchlings per resources shall be allowed within the discussion) (Widmann et al. 2010a, p. nest in 2002, for example). On this ancestral lands and domains of 38). Even in areas, such as Narra, that island, a population of approximately indigenous cultural communities only are monitored by wardens, poaching 20 birds increased four-fold between with the prior informed consent of such occurs (Widmann et al. 2010a, p. 6). The 1998 and 2003 (Widmann et al. 2010; communities. Involving local tribal protections in place for this species are Boussekey, pers. comm. in Cahill et al. communities adds an additional ultimately ineffective at reducing the 2006, p. 166). In Patnanungan, Polillo conservation measure. For example, the factors that negatively impact this Islands, the first artificial nest box for Batak tribe (Boussekey 2000, p. 144) in species. This species resides in other the Philippine cockatoo was installed in northern Palawan has shown interest in areas that are not protected and habitat November 2009 (Widmann et al. 2010, participating in wildlife conservation. destruction (see Factor A discussion p. 13), and reforestation efforts are The protection of endemic natural above) and poaching for the pet trade occurring. These activities are resources has been demonstrated to (see Factor B discussion above) still somewhat effective but slow because the benefit native tribes and local occur even in protected zones. protection efforts are not able to communities near sites that have unique The Philippine cockatoo is carefully completely combat the negative factors features (Widmann et al. 2010b, p. 36). monitored and managed in some, but such as poaching and selective logging Locals may be recruited as wardens, or not all, areas where it exists. The that affect this species in many cases. these areas can be developed for species exists in five protected areas: (1) ecotourism. However, in this case, it is Rasa Island Wildlife Sanctuary (Narra, Efforts are being focused on Pandanan likely that only around 300 to 400 Palawan), (2) Island (south of Palawan Island), which members of the Batak tribe survive Subterranean River National Park has excellent habitat for this species, today, so the effectiveness in the long (Palawan), (3) Omoi and Manambaling and is a focus area of KFI for protection term is unclear (http:// Cockatoo Reserves in Dumaran of the Philippine cockatoo. A grant www.culturalsurvival.org/search/site/ (Dumaran, Palawan), (4) Mt. under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife batak, accessed November 18, 2010 and Mantalingahan Protected Landscape Service’s Wildlife Without Borders, May 22, 2014). These regulatory (CMRPA) in Rizal, Palawan, and (5) Critically Endangered Species mechanisms could have a positive effect Samar Island Natural Park. Each Conservation Fund, for the Pandanan on the species, but currently it is protected area in Palawan has its own project was approved in September unclear whether Executive Order No. unique protections in place and 2009 (Widmann et al. 2010, p. 5). This 247 is benign or actually constructive. legislation to protect the species and its island has the potential for the species As discussed under Factor B, the habitat (Widmann and Widmann 2010, to recover well because there is Philippine cockatoo is monitored and pers. comm.). excellent forest cover due in part to the managed in some, but not all, areas Although five areas are designated as protections provided by the Jewelmer where it exists. Some areas are being ‘‘protected,’’ the levels of Corporation. This company holds an designated as protected specifically for protection vary. An increase in the aquaculture concession in the area of the Philippine cockatoo, and wardens population is occurring in some areas, Pandanan. Due to this concession, are employed for their protection but in other areas where protections are human inhabitants are allowed on (Widmann et al. 2010a, pp. 18–22; and not as robust; the population is Pandanan Island but activities are refer to Conservation Status for the declining, in part due to poaching. The carefully and closely monitored and Philippine Cockatoo section above). An KFI, the Philippine Government, and regulated. In January 2010, KFI obtained increase in the population is occurring individuals concerned with the formal permission from the Palawan in some areas where this species is conservation of this species have Council for Sustainable Development protected, such as on Rasa Island, but in actively worked to protect the (PCSD) to conduct conservation efforts other areas where protections are not Philippine cockatoo since 1998. The KFI on the island (Widmann et al. 2010b, p. robust, the population is declining is a nonprofit organization dedicated to 5). Poaching still needs to be abated, but (Widmann et al. 2010a, p. 32). Although the conservation of wild Philippine KFI has been working to establish a five areas are designated as being cockatoos. Its goals are to teach the local warden program (Widmann et al. ‘‘protected’’ under Philippine law, the principles and value of conservation, 2010a, p. 50) on the island to address levels of protection in each area vary. In work to rehabilitate Philippine this issue. As of 2010, security had 2006, Rasa Island, the area containing cockatoos back into the wild, and improved in the area where a viable the densest population of the Philippine conduct scientific research. As of 2000, cockatoo population has been cockatoo, was declared a wildlife the local communities that live within confirmed, but the species was still sanctuary by President Arroyo the range of this species have been threatened by poaching (Widmann et al. (Widmann 2006, p. 1). The protected aware that it is illegal to capture or trade 2010a, p. 15). The KFI indicates that it area consists of 1,983 ha (4,900 ac). this species (Boussekey 2000, p. 143). is likely that, with the warden program While this area is fairly well protected At most sites where a viable in place, they can eliminate or reduce and monitored, effective reserve population appears to exist, KFI is poaching.

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As resources allow, other protections mechanisms within the Philippines, as thunderstorm was observed to affect and conservation actions are in place for implemented, are inadequate to reduce clutch survival during the 2000–2001 this species. On Dumaran, Rizal, and or remove the current threats to the breeding season on Rasa Island Patnanungan Islands, wardens monitor Philippine cockatoo in the wild based (Widmann et al. 2001, pp. 139–140). Philippine cockatoo activity, and on reports of poaching. As discussed Although nest flooding may occur patrolling is done at protected areas and under Factor B above, uncontrolled occasionally, the KFI indicates that it is roost sites. Monitoring of the population illegal domestic trade continues to not a common occurrence, and we do trend on Rasa and Dumaran Islands is adversely impact the Philippine not consider this to be a threat to the done through counting individuals at cockatoo. Measures in place via the species. traditional roost sites. Due to both a lack MOA and the KFI provide some Bees have been observed to attack of funding and logistics, not all protection to the Philippine cockatoo. cockatoos. In 2005, on Patnanungan Philippine cockatoo sites are actively Through the MOA, this species is Island, bees were documented attacking monitored and managed. This is carefully monitored and managed in key Philippine cockatoos (Widmann et al. primarily because it is more efficient to areas where the species has a good 2007a, pp. 76–77, 79). These cockatoos focus resources in the Palawan Islands chance of recovery, particularly in the were unable to nest due to the close Region where the Philippine cockatoo is Rasa Island Wildlife Sanctuary (Narra, proximity of a beehive. The extent of known to have a viable population. Palawan). Despite efforts, management competition with bees for nesting sites In summary, while laws to protect of protected areas encompassing this is not clear. Philippine cockatoos have this species are in place, enforcement species’ habitat is hindered due to the been monitored for many years, and this often is difficult, given the many islands remoteness of protected areas, staff is the only known report of nest site that make up the Philippines and shortages, lack of technical expertise, competition with bees. Therefore, considering that illegal activities in and lack of funding; this is competition from bees does not appear many cases remain socially acceptable acknowledged by the local NGO to be a significant factor affecting this at the local level. Illegal logging is (Widmann et al. 2010a). species. considered to be a leading cause of Even with government controls, Other factors affecting the species forest degradation in the Philippines poaching of cockatoos is reported to be include food shortages due to drought (Rose 2008, p. 232; Laurance 2007, p. relatively common in areas that are not and the lack of suitable nesting cavities 1544; Galang 2004, pp. 12–17). Laws are protected. In addition, laws are (Widmann and Widmann 2008, p. 25). frequently ignored, which further frequently ignored, in part due to the The lack of suitable nesting sites in reduces the effectiveness of regulatory difficulty in monitoring and general is addressed under Factor A. In mechanisms (Galang 2004, pp. 12–17), enforcement throughout the multitude 2005, this species suffered from and contributes to this species’ of islands in the Philippines. As starvation on Rasa Island due to a food continued decline in population discussed under Factors A and B above, shortage during an El Nin˜ o drought numbers. Therefore, we find that, we found that poaching, logging, and year. However, several fledglings were although the Philippines has a good conversion of forests to agriculture and rescued. Of these, 10 developed legal framework to manage wildlife and plantations are threats to the Philippine normally and were subsequently their habitats, actual implementation of cockatoo. Despite regulatory released (Widmann and Widmann 2008, its laws and regulatory mechanisms is mechanisms in place, illegal logging p. 25). Additional factors affecting the inadequate to reduce the threats to the continues to be a leading cause of forest species include the lack of suitable Philippine cockatoo. degradation in the Philippines (Rose nesting cavities (in large, decayed trees) 2008, p. 231; Laurance 2007, pp. 1544– and possibly the lack of adequate food CITES 1555). There is no information available sources (Widmann et al. 2010a, p. 6). The evaluation of the effectiveness of to suggest these threats will change in Because this species has specific CITES as a regulatory mechanism is the foreseeable future; therefore, we find nutrition and habitat requirements, it cross-referenced under Factor B. that the existing regulatory mechanisms, was suggested that Rasa Island may be With respect to international trade, as implemented, are inadequate to at carrying capacity due to limited we find CITES to be an adequate reduce or remove the current threats to habitat and food availability (Widmann existing regulatory mechanism for this the Philippine cockatoo. and Widmann 2008, p. 25). Because species (see our analysis under Factor B Rasa Island is very small, with only 1.75 Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade for legal trade). As discussed under km2 (0.6 mi2) of the island being coastal Factors Affecting the Continued Factor B, very few Philippine cockatoos and mangrove forest, its suitable habitat Existence of the Species have been legally exported from the is limited. As of 2009, Rasa Island had Philippines since 2000. One operation Various other factors have been cited 64 nest trees, and as of 2010, there were in the Philippines is registered to export as being potential threats to this species. 280 individual Philippine cockatoos on captive-bred specimens of this species In addition to poaching, trapping, and this island. A second starvation event for commercial purposes and appears to deforestation (Boussekey 2000, p. 138) occurred in 2010 (Widmann et al. be adequately monitored and regulated. (refer to the discussions under Factors A 2010a, p. 6). At this time, we are unable Based on the information available, and B, above), hunting (to protect to determine if limited food availability CITES and the Government of the crops), harassment by bees, and nest on this island and starvation due to Philippines have effectively controlled flooding have been observed to affect drought are threats; however, the Rasa legal international trade of this species. this species (Widmann et al. 2007a, pp. Island population is carefully monitored 76–77, 79; Widmann et al. 2001, pp. by the KFI, and they intervene and Summary of Factor D 139–140). Because this species has been manage the species if needed. Although In summary, we find that the viewed as an agricultural pest, it was in some years limited food availability Government of the Philippines appears often killed if it was thought to be may be a concern, we do not find that to have controlled legal international consuming crops (Widmann and this factor rises to the level of a threat trade through CITES (see discussion Widmann 2008, p. 23). However, there to the species. Further, the lack of under Factor B above). However, the is no indication that this practice still suitable nesting cavities is being existing domestic regulatory occurs. Nest flooding during a monitored and addressed by the KFI. At

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this time, we have no evidence that bees population numbers can be susceptible individuals, we find that this factor or nest flooding are threats to the to demographic and genetic problems threatens the continued existence of this species. (Shaffer 1981, pp. 130–134). Factors that species. Based on the best scientific and could affect their susceptibility include: commercial information available, we Small and Declining Population Natural variation in survival and conclude that, based on its small, The Philippine cockatoo has a reproductive success of individuals; rapidly declining population, the constricted geographic range and a changes in gene frequencies due to Philippine cockatoo is at risk of small, rapidly declining population, genetic drift; diminished genetic extinction, particularly when combined primarily due to poaching. Researchers diversity and associated effects due to with the other threats. estimate between 450 and 1,245 inbreeding (i.e., inbreeding depression); Summary of Factor E individuals remain in the wild, dispersal of just a few individuals; a few distributed on 8 islands (BLI 2011, p. 1). clutch failures; a skewed sex ratio in Several other factors were identified In many cases, the Philippine cockatoo recruited offspring over just one or a few as affecting the success of this species, is geographically isolated from other years; and chance mortality of just a few such as harassment by bees, nest populations due to the distance between reproductive-age individuals. These flooding, and starvation. These factors islands. Additionally, because it is an small, rapidly declining populations are are a normal occurrence in the ecology island species that generally mates for also susceptible to natural levels of of this species, and we do not find that life and is long-lived, it is extremely environmental variability and related these factors significantly affect this vulnerable to localized extinctions. ‘‘catastrophic’’ events (e.g., severe species such that they rise to the level Species with small populations are storms, extreme cold spells, wildfire), of a threat. However, we find that its significantly influenced by individual which we refer to as environmental small, rapidly declining population, birth and death rates (Holsinger 2000, stochasticity (Dunham et al. 1999, p. 9; when combined with the other threats pp. 64–65; Young and Clarke 2000, pp. Mangel and Tier 1994, p. 612; Young of habitat loss and poaching, is a threat 361–366; Gilpin and Soule´ 1986, p. 27), 1994, pp. 410–412). to the species throughout its range. immigration and emigration rates, and Threats to species typically operate Finding for the Philippine Cockatoo changes in population sex ratios. synergistically. Initial effects of one Natural variation in survival and threat factor can later exacerbate the We considered the five factors in reproductive success of individuals and effects of other threat factors (Gilpin and assessing whether the Philippine chance disequilibrium of sex ratios may Soule´ 1986, pp. 25–26). Any further cockatoo is endangered or threatened act in concert to negatively affect fragmentation of populations may likely throughout all of its range. We reproduction (Gilpin and Soule´ 1986, p. result in the further removal or dispersal examined the best scientific and 27). of individuals. The lack of a sufficient commercial information available Prior to the 1980s, the Philippine number of individuals in a local area or regarding the past, present, and future cockatoo was common throughout the a decline in their individual or threats faced by the Philippine Philippines (Cameron 2007, p. 34; collective fitness may also cause a cockatoo, and we consulted with Boussekey 2000, p. 138). Its existing decline in the population size, despite recognized Philippine cockatoo experts populations are extremely localized due the presence of suitable habitat patches. and local and international NGOs. to habitat loss and its preference for The combined effects of habitat loss The primary factors affecting the lowland primary and secondary forest, and fragmentation (Factor A) and threats Philippine cockatoo include habitat loss which is also preferred human habitat. associated with small, declining, and and habitat degradation (Factor A) and KFI suggests that a rapid population isolated populations (Factor E) on a poaching for the pet trade (Factor B). reduction may occur in the future based species’ population are referred to as Habitat loss associated with logging, an on low recruitment (successful patch dynamics. Patch dynamics can expanding human population and development of chicks into breeding have profound effects on fragmented associated development, and conversion adults), especially for unprotected populations and can potentially reduce of lowland forests to agriculture are populations (Widmann 2011a, pers. a species’ effective population by orders some of the greatest threats to the comm.). In the Rizal (South Palawan) of magnitude (Gilpin and Soule´ 1986, p. continued survival of this species area, there are no indications of 31). For example, an increase in habitat (Widmann et al. 2010, p. 14; Posa et al. recovery of this species. Only one fragmentation can separate populations 2008, pp. 231–236; Widmann and breeding pair exists outside of this to the point where individuals can no Widmann 2008, p. 23; BLI 2001, p. cockatoo reserve, and the area had been longer disperse and breed among habitat 1685; Galang 2004, pp. 5–22). Habitat poached at least once between 2008 and patches, causing a shift in the loss due to the above activities 2011. Breeding here did not occur demographic characteristics of a continues to occur; this species’ during the 2009–2010 season. Because population and a reduction in genetic population is declining rangewide as a all nests have been systematically fitness (Gilpin and Soule´ 1986, p. 31). result. poached in this area over many years, Furthermore, as a species’ population Based on the best available extinction of this population might continues to decline, often as a result of information, poaching is still occurring, occur suddenly due to lack of deterministic forces such as habitat loss despite education and public awareness reproductive success. This is partly a or overutilization, it becomes campaigns and protections in place at consequence of mating characteristics of increasingly vulnerable to a broad array the national level (Widmann et al. this species: It is long-lived and of other forces. Despite the mitigation 2010c., p. 13). Awareness campaigns generally mates for life. At least two and conservation measures in place, if have been conducted on Mindanao, birds persist inside the protected area, this trend continues, its ultimate Palawan, and Polillo Islands (Widmann but as of 2011, they had not bred in the extinction due to one or more stochastic 2010, pers. comm.). On Dumaran Island, past 4 years (Widmann 2011a, pers. events becomes more likely. Given the the Katala Pride Campaign has focused comm.). species’ dispersed nature, the fact that it on raising awareness among students Small, isolated populations of wildlife is a long-lived species that generally and farmers. Trilingual conservation species such as the Philippine cockatoo mates for life, and that the largest posters have been distributed that have gone through a reduction in population is approximately 280 throughout the Philippines, and in

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1992, a captive-breeding program was This species has a small and rapidly contained between 28,500 and 42,900 initiated. This species is being intensely declining population that no longer white cockatoos (Snyder et al. 2000, p. managed in some areas, but the exists in many of the areas where it 67; MacKinnon et al. 1995), although management and protection of the occurred historically; it is in they did not survey lowland forest, species is hindered by the lack of competition with humans for habitat as which they thought may contain more resources, its remote island habitat, and development and related infrastructure white cockatoos. The white cockatoo by this species’ life-history take the place of its habitat. Within its was described as being common in the characteristics (such as the tendency to current range, where there are few early 1990s. Survey work carried out in mate for life and not to reproduce until viable populations remaining, the PCCP 1991 and 1992 suggested a population a late age). Efforts to improve the habitat is managing the species to the best of its estimate of between 49,765 and 212,430 of this species (e.g., reforestation, ability; however, the PCCP birds (BLI 2013b, p. 6; Snyder et al. building of nest boxes) are continuing acknowledges that this species still 2000, p. 671; Lambert 1993). The total and may improve its habitat and faces a rapid population decline in the population has been estimated to be population numbers. In Polillo, future based on low recruitment, between 43,000 and 183,000 mature Dumaran, and Rasa, the species may be especially for unprotected populations. individuals; however, this population slowly increasing in population When combined with other threats, and estimate is based on 1993 data (Lambert numbers, but in other areas, the species’ when considering its fragmented 1993 in BLI 2013b). A discussion in a population continues to decline. The population, we conclude that its small, BLI forum offers strong evidence that it best population estimates of this species rapidly declining population is a threat could decline by 50–79 percent over the were compiled in the early 1990s, at to the species (Factor E). Due to this next 39 years (Taylor in BLI 2013d, p. which time the population was species’ extremely small, declining, and 2). Burung Indonesia (a local NGO estimated to be between 1,000 and 4,000 fragmented population and due to the devoted to protecting wild birds and individuals (Snyder et al. 2000). Experts existing threats (Factors A, B, D, and E), their habitats through working with believe the population is between 450 it is currently in danger of extinction. people for sustainable development) and 1,245 individuals, and most Despite the conservation measures in estimated that, based on surveys populations are fairly well monitored place, this species faces severe threats, conducted in 2008 and 2009, between (Widmann et al. 2010); however, and the population trend for this species 8,629 and 48,393 white cockatoos poaching for the domestic pet trade continues to decline. Based on our remain in the wild (Burung Indonesia continues to be a threat to the species. review of the best available scientific 2010, pers. comm.) on It is unlikely that this species’ rapidly and commercial information pertaining Island. declining and small population can to the five factors, we find that the Biology, Distribution, and Habitat withstand this level of poaching. Philippine cockatoo is in danger of Therefore, we find overutilization for extinction (endangered) throughout all While the exact lifespan is unknown, commercial, recreational, scientific, or of its range. We do not find that the reports of the white cockatoo’s lifespan educational purposes (Factor B) is a effects of current threats acting on the vary between 20 and 50 years in threat to the Philippine cockatoo. species are likely to be sufficiently captivity (Jordan 2010, pers. comm.; We found no evidence that diseases ameliorated in the foreseeable future. Lambert 1993, p. 147). Wild-caught significantly affect the wild Philippine These threats are consistent throughout birds have been reported not to breed cockatoo population. Other avian its range. Therefore, we find that listing until they are 6 years old. The greatest species, particularly cockatoo species, the Philippine cockatoo as endangered productive breeding age for the white are susceptible to avian diseases, but is warranted throughout its range, and cockatoo is between 6 and 20 years there was no evidence that disease we are listing the Philippine cockatoo as (Jordan 2010, pers. comm.). However, occurs in the wild to an extent that it endangered under the ESA. some pairs have been recorded to breed is a threat to this species. Predation was well into their thirties, and a few not found to affect Philippine cockatoo Species Information exceptions have been reported with populations. Based on the best available B. White cockatoo (Cacatua alba) pairs or individuals that have information, we conclude that disease reproduced into their forties or fifties and predation (Factor C) are not threats Taxonomy and Species Description (Lambert 1993, p. 147). Clutch-size of to the species. The white cockatoo is also known as white cockatoos in captivity is reported The Philippine cockatoo is classified the umbrella cockatoo. ITIS, CITES, and to be 2 to 3 eggs per season, and as a protected species by the Philippine BirdLife International recognize the incubation takes 25 to 28 days; nestlings Government. The current range of the species as Cacatua alba (BLI 2013b, p. remain in the nest approximately 90 Philippine cockatoo is much smaller 5). Therefore, we accept the species as days before fledging (Cameron 2007, p. than its historical range (BLI 2013a, p. C. alba. The white cockatoo is 140). Both parents share responsibility 6). However, as a result of conservation completely white except for the for raising chicks, and the species is efforts by the various entities working to underside of its wings and tail, which thought to be monogamous for life. ensure long-term conservation of the are pale yellow. It has a long, backward- The white cockatoo is endemic to a Philippine cockatoo, its range may curving white crest on its head. Its bill few islands in North , Indonesia, slowly increase, but current efforts are is grey-black, and it has a white bare and it inhabits primary, logged, and indicating mixed levels of success. eye-ring. The bird has either yellowish- secondary forests possibly up to 900 m Despite conservation efforts of various white or slightly grey-blue legs. (2,953 feet) (Vetter 2009, pp. 25–26). It entities, we have determined that is not thought to inhabit forests on ultra- existing regulatory mechanisms Population Estimates basic rock (BLI 2001, p. 1674). This continue to be inadequate because Population estimates for the white species is believed to occur in three habitat loss and poaching are still cockatoo vary, in part due to the protected areas: Gunung Sibela Strict occurring (Factor D). In summary, we remoteness of the islands where this Nature Reserve on Bacan Island conclude that inadequate regulatory species exists. Population estimates (although this site is threatened by mechanisms are a threat to the prior to 2000 indicated that the Lalobata agricultural encroachment and gold Philippine cockatoo. protected area on Halmahera Island prospecting), and Aketajawe Nature

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Reserve, and the Lalobata Protected to be 1,531,402 (Badan Pusat Statistik In the case of white cockatoos, the Forest (ALNP), both on Halmahera Provinsi Maluku 2010). Aketajawe- population estimate may not be accurate Island (Indonesian Parrot Protection for Lolobata National Park, established in based on the survey methodology used Life 2014, p. 4). Historically, its range 2004, was the first national park and the inferences made. As of 2011, the has been the islands of Halmahera, established in population density estimation for this Bacan, , , Kasiruta and (Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan No. species in the Aketajawe block was Mandiole in North Maluku (BLI 2013b, SK.397/MenHut-II/2004), and is between 1.6 and 8.9 individuals per km2 p. 6; Snyder et al. 2000, p. 67). ALNP described as being one of the most (Burung Indonesia 2011, pp. 1–5). From consists of approximately 167,300 pristine and unvisited areas in all of this survey, a projection was made to hectares (413,407 acres) of primary and Indonesia. the surrounding area of 5,462 km2 secondary forest. This total area Bacan, a smaller island to the (2,109 mi2) of the remaining natural represents 7.5 percent of Halmahera southwest of Halmahera, is also forest area in the vicinity of the national Island (Burung International 2010, pers. inhabited by the white cockatoo, park. Based on this projection, Burung comm). The white cockatoo is believed although very little is known about the Indonesia (a nongovernmental to only inhabit Halmahera and Bacan status of the species here. This remote, organization in Indonesia that partners Islands (Wildlife Conservation Society sparsely populated island is not well with BirdLife International to protect (WCS) 2010, pers. comm.). The Bacan known. It is 1,900 km2 (733 mi2) in area wild birds and their habitat) estimated Island group, also known as Palau and still contains relatively undisturbed the population in the western Batjan, is about 16 km (10 mi) southwest forests. On Bacan, as of 2011, the human Halmahera natural forests was 8,630 to of Halmahera Island. Little is known population estimate is between 13,000 48,393 individuals. This estimate may about the status of the species other and 59,000 individuals with the be optimistic based, in part, on the than on Halmahera Island. Due to the majority residing on the west side of the studies described above (Pollock 2006, lack of information, this status review island, in the capital (Labuha) and p. 882; Royle and Nichols 2003, p. 777; only addresses its status on Halmahera nearby villages. The current number of Marsden 1999, pp. 377–390). In Island unless otherwise specified. white cockatoos on the island is addition, because the survey The are also known as unknown. Reports from locals indicated extrapolated the population density for the Moluccas or the Spice Islands, and that the species had declined on Bacan the surrounding area outside of the they are between Sulawesi and New due to trapping between the 1970s and Aketajawe block (which contains less Guinea, below the Philippines. The 1980s (Lambert 1993, p. 146). Surveys suitable habitat for the species and is white cockatoo, like most cockatoos, is conducted here in 1985 found only 76 more accessible to poachers) from the a resident (nonmigratory) species, but white cockatoos. In 1991, the estimated density within the Aketajawe cockatoos are strong fliers, and they will population on Bacan and its satellite Nature Reserve (which contains the likely travel to nearby islands in search islands was estimated to be 7,220 to preferred habitat for the species and is of habitat or food, if it is not readily 29,300 white cockatoos (Lambert 1993), less accessible to poachers), the density available. The highest densities of this but this may be an overestimate of the levels outside of the Aketajawe Nature species occur in primary (old-growth) population size based on the survey Reserve may be an overestimate. forest (Burung International 2011; BLI methods used (Gilardi 2011, pers. Assuming that between 8,629 and 2009), but the species seems to tolerate comm.). 48,393 individuals were on Halmahera some habitat modification. White Accuracy of survey methodologies in 2009 and an estimated 49,765 to cockatoos inhabit mangroves, varies (Thomas et al. 2009, pp. 5–14; 212,430 individuals were there in 1992; plantations (including coconut), and Pollack 2006, p. 882; Thomas 1996, pp. this trend in population estimates agricultural land (BLI 2013d, p. 1). This 49–58), and there are limits to how suggests a decrease in the population. species requires large trees for nesting much confidence we can place in the As we noted earlier in this document, it and roosting, is often observed feeding various population surveys (Royle and is difficult to infer a trend from these in large flocks, and eats seeds, fruit, and Nichols 2003). One researcher pointed estimates because survey methodologies insects. Their preferred nesting holes out that differing survey methodologies were different. A decrease in the were observed to be situated at points can result in differences in at least an species’ population is extremely likely where large branches had broken off the order of magnitude. In situations where based on the negative effects of habitat main trunk (Lambert 1993, p. 146). species are rare or have small loss and poaching that are commonly Halmahera (also known as Jilolo or populations, the number of observations known to occur on this island. Gilolo Island) is the largest island in the made per survey may be very small and Local anecdotal accounts of this North Maluku province, and is 17,780 the number of sites limited, and, species’ population also vary. The km2 (6,865 mi2) in size. Its annual therefore, estimates and projections may population of white cockatoos is precipitation is 2,000 to 3,000 mm (79 not be accurate (Pollack 2006, p. 891; thought to be ‘‘very sparse’’ (WCS 2010, to 118 in). Halmahera, a four-pronged Marsden 1999, pp. 377–390). pers. comm.) and rapidly declining (BLI island, is considered a biodiversity In some areas, suitable habitat may be 2013d, p. 1). Populations were hotspot (Myers et al. 2000 in Setiadi et disturbed due to habitat modification conversely described as still being al. 2010, p. 560). North Maluku and infrastructure development. As a relatively widespread across Halmahera province consists of eight provincial result, species’ breeding, nesting, and Island, and birds were occasionally districts: North Halmahera, West forage habitat have subsequently been observed in flocks (WCS 2010, pers. Halmahera, East Halmahera, Central destroyed, and the birds are dispersing comm.). In November 2010, this species Halmahera, South Halmahera, Ternate out of their previously used habitat in was observed daily, with flocks up to 23 Municipality, Tidore City and Islands, search of other suitable areas. It may birds observed during a 5-day trip to and Sula Islands. In North Halmahera, appear as though the population is Halmahera (WCS 2010, pers. comm.). as of 2011, the number of districts on larger than it actually is, due to However, local people consider them to the island had increased to 22, and the sightings in new locations or the have declined from former population number of villages has increased from perception that the species is more levels. 174 to 260. The human population in common because it has been displaced As of 2014, we have no current Maluku Province in 2010 was estimated from its original habitat. estimate of the population on Bacan

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Island. Although the last estimate, in pressure and habitat loss if game on farming or fishing for their 1993, was between 7,220 to 29,300 wardens are monitoring the park. Also livelihood, but this is changing as individuals on Bacan Island, a 1985 on Halmahera, some of the foreign- investors move to the island bringing survey found only 76 cockatoos. We are owned mining operations are increased development. unsure of the population trend. Further, considering their environmental Part of the Indonesian Government’s in 1993, more than 100 people regularly impacts (see Factor A discussion on long-term planning strategy is to trapped parrots on Bacan, and this mining). Very few private or develop more efficient agriculture to practice was a major source of income nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) help alleviate poverty. For example, the (Lambert 1993, p. 155). Poaching is a operate in the area, in part due to the Government of Indonesia has sold land common practice in Indonesia, and it lack of funding available. Burung to a company called the Sustainable likely still occurs with regularity on Indonesia (http://www.burung.org) does Pacific Corporation (SPC), which Bacan Island. some work in this area, mostly in purchased 300,000 ha (750,000 ac) of relation to the national park, and there land to be used for organic agriculture Conservation Status for the White and livestock breeding, agricultural Cockatoo is another local NGO, Konservasi Alam Maluku Utara (KAMU), that is working packing houses, warehouses, tourism, The white cockatoo has been listed in to try to protect this species (Wildlife and a sea port (http:// Appendix II of CITES since 1981. Conservation Society (WCS) 2010, pers. www.associatedcontent.com/article/ Appendix II includes species which comm.). There may be carbon-funded 2412420/halmahera_a_world_ although not necessarily now threatened forest protection projects starting in the sustainable_development.html?cat=3 with extinction may become so unless area that also may convey protection and http:// trade in specimens of such species is measures, but we know of none worldteakplantation.itrademarket.com/ subject to strict regulation in order to operating yet. profile/sustainable-pacific-corp.htm, avoid utilization incompatible with accessed February 23, 2011). An their survival; and other species which Evaluation of Factors Affecting the essential part of this process is must be subject to regulation in order White Cockatoo infrastructure development, primarily that trade in specimens of certain Factor A. The Present or Threatened the improvement of roads, which can species threatened with extinction Destruction, Modification, or lead to further illegal logging and land which are or may be affected by trade Curtailment of the Species’ Habitat or clearance, and also facilitates bird may be brought under effective control Range. trapping (poaching). This initiative will (CITES Article II(2)). International trade likely convert land that is currently in specimens (dead or live) of Appendix Researchers commonly accept that suitable white cockatoo habitat into II species is authorized through permits deforestation and habitat loss is a land for other uses that are no longer or certificates. International trade in significant problem in Indonesia (Lee et suitable for this species, such as specimens of Appendix II species is al. 2013, p. 25; Laurance 2007, p. 1544). Jatropha curcas plantations, which are authorized when: (1) The CITES Indonesia consists of 17,508 islands and discussed below. Scientific Authority of the country of 33 provinces. It is a rapidly developing export has determined that the export country, with a population of Logging will not be detrimental to the survival approximately 230 million (United Illegal logging is considered to be a of the species in the wild; and (2) the Nations 2009, p. 11), and is the world’s leading cause of forest degradation in CITES Management Authority of the fourth most populous country (United Indonesia (Rhee et al. 2004, chap. 6, p. country of export has determined that Nations 2009, p. 11). Countries with the 7). Between 2000 and 2005, Indonesia’s the specimens to be exported were highest human population growth rates forest cover declined by more than legally acquired (UNEP–WCMC 2008a, tend to have the highest rates of 90,000 km2 (34,740 mi2). Unsustainable p. 1). deforestation as well (Laurance 2007, p. logging practices that destroy the forest This species is listed on the 2010 1545). As available land becomes canopy also reduce habitat available to IUCN Red list as vulnerable; however, scarcer, companies and humans move the white cockatoo (Lusli 2008, p. 22). the IUCN Red list confers no legal toward more remote areas in search of Logging creates a network of roads, protections. It is also protected in the resources (BLI 2008, p. 100). Human which can lead to secondary problems United States by the WBCA. The settlements and plantations are typically (BLI 2013b, p. 7; Benı´tez-Lo´pez et al. purpose of the WBCA is to promote the located in lowland coastal areas, which 2010, p. 1307; BLI 2008k, p. 6), such as conservation of exotic birds and to is the white cockatoo’s preferred habitat providing access for poachers. The ensure that international trade involving (Smiet 1985, pp. 181, 183). The habitat Center for International Forestry the United States does not harm exotic required by the white cockatoo has been Research estimated that between 55 and birds. Although Indonesia has a national impacted by activities such as 75 percent of logging in Indonesia is ban against harvest of the white conversion of its habitat to uses such as illegal (http://www.cifor.cgiar.org, cockatoo, the quota is not effective at development of towns, mining, and accessed December 10, 2010). Illegal eliminating poaching in the wild. logging (particularly illegal logging, logging is pervasive, and the Indonesian Cockatoos are still poached and which generally fails to use sustainable Government has been unable to enforce smuggled into local markets (ProFauna logging practices) (Lambert 1993, p. protected forest boundaries (Laurance 2010; ProFauna Indonesia 2008, pp. 1– 146). Pressure on the islands’ resources 2007, pp. 1544–1547; Barr 2001, p. 40). 9). The white cockatoo is not listed as is increasing (http://www.indonesia- Illegal logging activities include: a protected species by the Indonesian tourism.com/north-maluku/halmahera_ Overharvesting beyond legal and Republic Forestry Ministry (WCS 2010, history.html), in part from the increase sustainable quotas, harvesting trees from pers. comm.). in human population on the island, a steep slopes and riparian habitat, illegal Information available suggests that a demand for more resources such as timber harvest and land encroachment few local protections are in preliminary biofuel and agriculture, and to a lesser in conservation areas and protected stages but occurring. Existence of the extent, an increase in ecotourism. forests, and falsification of documents. Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park on Historically, 75 percent of the Overexploitation of the forests and Halmahera may serve to reduce hunting population on Halmahera has depended illegal logging are driven by the wood-

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processing industry, which is reported factors include poor forest management should not be allowed. The current to consume at least six times the practices, rapid decentralization of operating status of the Toguraci mine is officially allowed harvest (Rhee et al. government, abuse of local political unclear; however, local NGOs indicate 2004, p. xvii, chap. 6, p. 8). Illegal powers, complicity of the military and that mining on Halmahera does affect logging in national parks is reported police in some areas of the country, the white cockatoo (WCS 2010, pers. with regularity, and the people involved inconsistent law enforcement, and comm.; Vetter 2009, pp. 2, 14, 15). have in the past been armed and dwindling power of the central Mining activities can affect the white described as being ruthless (Whitten et government (Laurence 2007, p. 1544; cockatoo’s habitat either directly or al. 2001, p. 2). USAID 2004, pp. 3, 9). indirectly, through pressures such as Selective logging is the primary legal Although illegal logging still occurs, illegal poaching or human method used for the extraction of timber the Indonesian Government is actively encroachment and habitat disturbance. in Indonesia (BLI 2008k, p. 6). In working to conserve its resources. The Yet another mining company, PT selective logging, the most valuable year 2011 was declared the International Weda Bay Nickel, proposed a nickel and trees from a forest are commercially Year of Forests. Many countries, cobalt mining project in 2009 on the extracted (Johns 1988, p. 31), and the including Indonesia, are working island and submitted an environmental forest is left to regenerate naturally or toward reducing emissions from monitoring plan (Cardiff 2010, pp. 1–14; with some management until being deforestation and forest degradation PT Weda Bay Nickel 2009, 204 pp.). The subsequently logged again. Johns (1988, (termed REDD) (Ministry of Forestry of footprint of the mining operation p. 31), studying a West Malaysian the Republic of Indonesia 2008, 185 appears to be within the boundaries of dipterocarp forest (tall hardwood pp.). Despite these efforts, illegal logging Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park tropical trees of the family still occurs within this species’ range. (Cardiff 2010, p. 1; Vetter 2009, p. 19), Dipterocarpaceae), found that which could have significant Mining mechanized selective logging in tropical detrimental effects on Halmahera’s rain forests, which usually removes a Mining and its associated impacts is wildlife, including the white cockatoo. small percentage of timber trees, caused a fairly new factor affecting this species. A review of the proposed mining project severe incidental damage. The Several companies have mining rights indicated that it would likely destroy extraction of 3 percent of trees in the Maluku area, particularly on between 4,000 and 11,000 hectares destroyed 51 percent of the forest. He Halmahera (WCS 2010, pers. comm.). (9,884 and 27,182 acres) of tropical concluded that this type of logging PT Antam, the largest mining company forest, and between 2,000 and 6,000 ha reduced the availability of food sources in Indonesia, currently operates three (4,942 and 14,826 ac) of protected for frugivores (fruit-eaters). Loggers nickel mines on the northeast prong of forested area (Cardiff 2010, pp. 6, 9, 12). occasionally find parrots, including Halmahera (PT Antam 2009). Another The review indicated that mining Cacatua alba, in commercially valuable mining company, PT Nusa Halmahera activities are extremely destructive to trees that they cut down, such as Mineral (NHM), is a joint venture this habitat. Based on deforestation Anisoptera (locally known as mersawa) company between Newcrest Mining of projections, the population of the white in the Dipterocarpaceae family. The Australia and PT Antam Tbk, an cockatoo is projected to decline more white cockatoo has been observed in Indonesian-owned company. They have than 65 percent over three generations commercially valuable trees such as an exploration license for Bacan and due to deforestation (Vetter 2009, pp. Anisoptera and Canarium species nearby islands to look for gold and other 25, 26, 51). However, although it is clear (kenari or kiharpan) (Lambert 1993, p. minerals. A third mining company has that the extractable resources on 146). As of 2008, the BLI assessment a license to mine nickel near Ake Tajawi Halmahera are desirable, as of 2013, the stated that much of the habitat for the on Halmahera (WWF 2010a). project was not funded by the World species was still intact, and even where Two gold mines have been in Bank. degraded, the species used degraded operation on Halmahera (Newcrest Biofuel Production areas. This was confirmed by WCS, Mining 2010, p. 1). The Gosowong mine which indicated that the islands of was an open-pit, cyanide-leach mine Indonesia is investing in the planting Halmahera and Bacan still have that operated from 1999 to 2002, but has of Jatropha curcas trees and palm oil extensive forest cover; however, because closed. The Toguraci mine began (Elaeis guineesis) (Department for selective logging targets mature trees, it operation in 2004. Toguraci is located 2 Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, can have a disproportionate impact on km (1.2 mi) southwest of the original United Kingdom 2008, pp. xvii, 47, 64, tree cavity nesting species such as Gosowong pit mine. This mining 65). Rapid expansion of biofuel cockatoos because fewer nest sites operation is operated by a joint venture plantations has led to intense remain (BLI 2008k, p. 6). company, Pt Nusa Halmahera Minerals international concern about wide-scale Although almost 80 percent of its (PTNHM) and PT Aneka Tambang. environmental impacts. On Halmahera, original forest is still intact, the Development of this mine began in July at least 500 hectares (3,750 acres) have Halmahera Rain Forests ecoregion 2003, after approval of a feasibility been allotted for cultivating the Jatropha (including Bacan Island) still faces study and environmental impact tree (Consulate General of the Republic habitat deforestation threats. As the statement by the Indonesian Minister of of Indonesia 2006, pp. 5–6). Many forests are lost on other Indonesian Mines. Actual mining of ore and the industries, such as the air transportation islands, there is an increasing potential first gold production began in February industry, are considering the use of fuel for forestry operations to move to 2004. This mine has been the subject of from Jatropha as a biofuel source, and it Halmahera and other islands with large, conflict between local residents and the is also being encouraged as a desirable trees. Despite Presidential mining company. Between October and mechanism for carbon credits (http:// Instruction No. 4/2005 to eradicate December 2003, several illegal miners www.jatrophabiodiesel.org, http:// illegal logging in forest areas and occupied the Toguraci mine site. www.jatrophaworld.org, http:// distribution of illegally cut timber Additionally, the mine is located in a www.jatropha-alliance.org, accessed throughout Indonesia (FAOLEX 2009, p. forested area that, according to local May 20, 2014). This oil has been 1), illegal logging continues (refer to residents, is protected under Indonesian reported to produce energy similar to Factor D discussion). Contributing law, and, therefore, mining operations diesel fuel. Although this species may

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yield 4 times as much fuel per hectare white cockatoo to be approximately 20 threat to this species (ProFauna as soybeans, and possibly 10 times that percent between 1990 and 2003, and Indonesia 2010, pers. comm.; ProFauna of corn, it requires 5 times more water projected the loss of approximately 65 2008, pp. 1–9; BLI 2003, pp. 1–2). Bird- to produce than corn. It is also reported percent of forest in its range over the keeping is a popular pastime in to be desirable to developing countries next three generations. Indonesia, with deep cultural roots because its carbon emissions footprint is Research found that the abundance of (Jepson and Ladle 2005, p. 442). Parrots thought to be relatively small when cockatoos is positively related to the have been traded for hundreds of years burned. density of its favored nesting trees (large by people living in the Moluccas. One Conversion of land to monocultures trees that would be impacted by report indicated that 17 percent of the destroys white cockatoo habitat. logging), especially since reduced- global white cockatoo population was Monocultures are generally not suitable impact logging techniques are rarely captured for trade in 1991 alone habitat for wildlife. White cockatoos applied. Once the primary forest is (Lambert 1993, p. 160). As of 1999, there require large trees, which provide large logged, experience on other nearby appeared to be no enforcement of the enough nesting cavity sites. Jatropha Indonesian islands shows that the country’s national harvest ban; curcas is not cultivated as a tree, instead secondary forest is generally converted cockatoos were widely available in local it is cultivated as a large shrub (Gilardi to other uses or logged again rather than markets. 2011, pers. comm.). As such it will being allowed to return to primary In 2002, an investigation found 500 never produce cavities large enough to forest. Although cockatoos may white cockatoos were caught to supply be suitable for any cockatoo nest. Land continue to inhabit secondary forests, the pet trade (ProFauna Indonesia 2010, conversion will also likely have a the population will be at a substantially pers. comm.). Parrots are an important negative impact on this species’ suitable lower number. There is generally a part of the Indonesian culture, which habitat due to road building, delay between deforestation and bird creates significant demand for parrots infrastructure development, and other extinctions (Brooks et al. 1999, p. domestically (BLI 2008k, p. 10). In a construction (Vetter 2009, pp. 1–10). 1,140). During this conversion process, survey of bird-keeping among Because there is currently no effective the deforested area is in a state of flux; households in five major Indonesian enforcement body to monitor some bird species are no longer able to cities, Jepson and Ladle (2005, pp. 442– sustainable land development (also refer exist due to the lack of adequate 448) found that as many as 2.5 million to Factor D discussion) on Halmahera, resources needed for survival (nesting, birds are kept as pets in the five cities. these activities threaten white cockatoo feeding, and breeding). The high loss of Of these, 60,230 wild-caught, native habitat. Therefore, we find that primary forests and degradation of parrots were kept by 51,000 households, conversion of forests to monocultures secondary forests is a concern, in part and 50,590 wild-caught, native parrots for biofuel, particularly Jatropha, is a because little is known about the were acquired each year (they changed threat to the white cockatoo. reproductive ecology of white cockatoos hands, not an indication of birds taken in the wild, including breeding success from the wild each year). The study Summary of Factor A in mature forests versus secondary recommended a conservation Deforestation affects endemic bird forests, and whether this species of intervention based on the level of bird- species restricted to single islands more cockatoo will survive in degraded keeping among urban Indonesians. As of severely than it affects other species forests in the long term. 2006, an average of 100 white cockatoos (Brooks et al. 1997, p. 392). In summary, habitat modification and was found for sale in bird markets in Monocultures such as exotic tree deforestation activities, such as Java annually (ProFauna Indonesia plantations and agriculture, as well as conversion of primary or secondary 2010, pers. comm.). resource extraction and logging, are forests to exotic tree plantations for The commercial market for pet forms of deforestation and habitat loss biofuel production and agriculture, cockatoos is highly lucrative (Cantu´ - affecting endemic island species such as combined with selective logging and Guzma´n et al. 2007, 121 pp.). Parrots the white cockatoo in Indonesia resource extraction (mining), are likely can sell for 75,000 to 500,000 (Laurance 2007, p. 1544). Lowland areas to destroy much of the white cockatoo’s Indonesian Rupiahs (IDR or Rp) each, that offer vital habitat for Indonesia’s habitat (the lowland rain forests of which equates to between $7.50 and $50 cockatoos have been the most severely Halmahera) in the near future. While U.S. dollars. A young cockatoo can sell impacted (Vetter 2009, p. 4; Cameron this species may be tolerant of for $20 to $25 USD (ProFauna Indonesia 2007, p. 177). As islands become more secondary-growth forests or other 2010, pers. comm.; Sasaoka 2009, pers. inhabited and deforested, humans move disturbed sites, these areas do not comm., pp. 1–2; ProFauna 2008, p. 3). to other islands that contain available represent optimal conditions for the Because parrots have a high value resources (Laurance 2007, p. 1544). species. Based on these factors, we find relative to locals’ income, the sale of Cockatoos are highly impacted by that the present and threatened live parrots can be a significant source selective logging of primary forests. destruction, modification, or of revenue. Selective logging, which primarily curtailment of its habitat is a threat to Even with government controls, targets mature trees, has a negative the continued existence of the white poaching of cockatoos (i.e., hunting by impact on cavity-nesters such as the cockatoo throughout all of its range. people to gain at least a temporary white cockatoo. Vetter 2009 used remote living from the activity) is relatively sensing techniques to track the rate and Factor B. Overutilization for common. A demand for this species as spatial pattern of forest loss in the North Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or pets still exists, and wild-origin birds Maluku Endemic Bird Area between Educational Purposes are less expensive to obtain than 1990 and 2003, and projected rates of The primary threat to white cockatoos captive-bred birds (Reynolds 2010, pers. deforestation over the next three is poaching from the wild to meet the comm.; Horsfield 2010, pers. comm.). generations for restricted range bird demand for the pet trade (BLI 2013b, p. Field research conducted in 2003 species found in this region (BLI 2013d, 7; ProFauna 2008; Jepson and Ladle through 2005 in a small village (320 pp. 1–2; Vetter 2009). This study 2005, p. 442). Illegal collection for the people, 60 households) located in the estimated the rate of forest loss within pet trade is a major problem for wild Manusela Valley, Seram, led to the the geographic and elevation range of birds in Indonesia and is the primary conclusion that collecting wild parrots,

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including cockatoos, is a way for During the illegal trade process, many Indonesia had reported the export of villagers to supplement their income birds die prior to being exported 712 wild-caught birds, import records during times of economic hardship (Cameron 2007, p. 163; Cantu´ -Guzma´n from other CITES countries recorded (Sasaoka 2009, pers. comm., p. 1; et al. 2007, p. 60; Lambert 1993, p. 157). 1,646 (UNEP–WCMC 2010; Cahill et al. Sasaoka 2008, p. 158). In 2003, 21 Methods used for poaching lead to 2006, p. 162). The Service found a cockatoos were trapped in the research significant mortality. In some cases, report in 2009 that included an export site by 3 households; in 2004, 25 white cockatoos in the past have been to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) from cockatoos, by 5 households; and in caught with gum or glue, which would South Africa for which South Africa 2005, 26 cockatoos, by 10 households. stick to their feathers and cause fatal reported 614 captive-bred live birds These researchers found that villagers injuries (ProFauna 2008, p. 2; Lambert exported and the UAE reported 965 sometimes kept the cockatoos for 1993, p. 155). Some trappers reported captive-bred birds imported. Despite several months while waiting for the mortality rates between 77 and 80 these discrepancies, the best available best price, but normally did not keep percent before parrots reach customers, information suggests that this species is them as pets. and nestlings experience a higher a desirable pet, and its removal from the Exploitation for commercial purposes mortality rate (Cantu´ -Guzma´n et al. wild is still occurring. prior to 1992 is widely accepted as the 2007, p. 60). ProFauna Indonesia Locally, a high level of parrot primary cause of drastic, rangewide estimated that parrot smuggling in poaching in north Halmahera is due in population decline of many parrot North Maluku, Indonesia, results in part to the lack of supervision by species. Prior to 1992, when the WBCA approximately 40 percent mortality (5 Natural Resources Conservation (KSDA) was enacted, critical scientific studies to percent during glue trapping, 10 percent officers in the Forestry Department address issues of detriment to during transportation, and 25 percent (ProFauna 2008, p. 3). The KSDA populations, appropriate management of during holding to sell in bird markets officers do not conduct regular species and sustainable levels of trade (due to malnutrition, disease, and stress) enforcement or patrol. An NGO working had not been undertaken for most CITES (2008, p. 5)). The estimates do not with this species indicated that they had Appendix-II bird species in trade. Even always include deaths of birds before received several white cockatoos from in 1992, there was serious concern that export, smuggled birds, and birds Indonesian authorities who had the international commercial trade in domestically traded. Others estimate confiscated them from poachers (Metz wild-caught birds was contributing to that as few as one-fourth of those 2010, pers. comm.). Most of the the decline in the wild of some species poached survive the process of removal Indonesian parrots come from of birds listed in CITES Appendix II. from their native, wild habitat to Halmahera Island and are shipped to the However, the implementation of WBCA captivity. Philippines. A 2008 investigation found in addition to CITES has curtailed much A 2007 investigative report of the that 40 percent of parrots were of the trade into the United States. illegal parrot trade in Mexico revealed smuggled to the Philippines from the Within Indonesia, however, poaching the magnitude of illegal trade of parrot port in Pelita Village, Galela District in continues to pose a serious threat to the species (Cantu´ -Guzma´n et al. 2007, 121 northern Halmahera (ProFauna 2008, p. species. The scope of the illegal trade in pp.). The investigation found that 5). The birds are apparently smuggled to white cockatoos is unknown. documents are frequently forged to Balut Island or to General Santos in the ProFauna’s investigation in 2008 found smuggle desirable and increasingly rare Philippines. The journey to smuggle that this species is regularly poached parrot species (p. 38). The organization parrots from Halmahera, Indonesia, to from the wild and shipped to the that seizes parrots in Mexico, the General Santos, the Philippines, takes Philippines. After reaching the Federal Attorney for the Protection of more than 9 hours, not including the Philippines, what occurs to the birds is the Environment (PROFEPA), indicated time it takes to transport birds from the unclear. Based on ProFauna’s that their most serious problem is forest, to villages, and then to the port. investigation, many of the birds being combating the illegal bird trade (p. 45). The transactions are done offshore or in poached from the wild may be Although this investigation was done in the sea, where the Philippine dealers ‘‘laundered and described as being of Mexico, it reflects a problem in many collect the parrots from Indonesian captive-origin.’’ In general, it is difficult, countries where parrots occur. ships. Upon arrival at General Santos, if not impossible, to determine the The extent of undocumented illegal the birds are sent to Cartimar market in source of cockatoos (BLI 2003, p. 1). trade (international and domestic) is Manila, the capital of the Philippines ProFauna found that around 9,800 difficult to quantify (Pain et al. 2006, p. (ProFauna 2008, p. 4). Since there is parrots, including white cockatoos, are 322; Thomsen et al. 1992, p. 3). Cases little disincentive for locals, it is a low- poached every year (ProFauna 2008, p. of seizures reported to the CITES risk and lucrative source of income. Law 3). An investigation completed in 2008 Secretariat since 1990 are small—1 live No. 5, 1990, governing the conservation found that the white cockatoo is bird seized in Austria in 1997; 25 live of biological resources and their poached from Maluku and smuggled birds seized in the United Arab Emirates ecosystems, was enacted to protect into the Philippines (ProFauna in 1998; and 4 live birds seized in natural resources and the ecosystems Indonesia 2010, pers. comm.; ProFauna Indonesia in 1999 (Sellar 2009, pers. (Yeager 2008, pp. 3–4); however, 2008). Parrot poaching was found to comm., p. 2). Between 2000 and 2010, poaching and illegal trade continue to take place most frequently in the central the United States refused import occur (also see discussion under Factor part of Halmahera, as well as Bacan, clearance for three birds reported as D). Despite the existence of legislation, Obi, and Mandioli (ProFauna 2008, p. Cacatua species. One bird was this illegal trade of protected parrots 7). The investigation indicated that described as C. alba in 2010; the other continues. approximately 10 percent of the 4,000 two birds were unknown Cacatua The presence of mining projects in parrots smuggled annually were white species. All three birds were reexported. Halmahera is also likely to increase cockatoos. In their investigation, they Additionally, discrepancies in the demand locally for birds (see Factor A found bird poachers in Togawa, for UNEP–WCMC Trade Database are discussion above). Temporary workers example, were able to catch 15 common, so it is difficult to understand are known to buy these birds as gifts, individuals of white cockatoo in a week the full extent that this species is in and even police and military personnel (ProFauna 2008, p. 3). trade. Between 1993 and 2002, although posted to the area have contributed to

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this problem (WCS 2010, pers. comm.). requested that the Forestry Department instituting a decentralization policy that ProFauna has encouraged the Navy of of Indonesia list the white cockatoo as gave local governments greater Indonesian Armed Force (TNI) and the a protected species, and the Sultan of autonomy (Vetter 2009, p. 15). However, Indonesian Marine Police to improve Ternate Palace has forbidden the this decentralization resulted in the patrol of marine boundaries between poaching of this species (ProFauna confusion of roles and responsibilities, Indonesia and the Philippines in order Indonesia 2010, pers. comm.), poaching and implementation of decentralization to decrease this illegal trade. The and illegal cross-border trade still occur. has been slow and uncertain. governments of both Indonesia and the The ProFauna investigation in 2008 Conflicting interpretation of policies Philippines are working to enforce their found that enforcement in both and priorities and the lack of capacity wildlife laws (ProFauna 2008, pp. 8–9); Indonesia and the Philippines is or experience of local governments have however, poaching continues. lacking. In part because this species occurred (Rhee et al. 2004, chap. 2, p. Stopping illegal trade is further does not begin to reproduce until 20). complicated by the vast size of approximately 6 years of age, and According to ProFauna, the high level Indonesia’s coastline, and government because this species is thought to be of parrot poaching in north Halmahera officials have limited resources and monogamous and usually mates for life, is in part due to the lack of monitoring knowledge to deal with the illegal pet this level of poaching for the pet trade by Natural Resources Conservation trade (Laurence 2007, p. 1544). To is a considerable threat to the species in (KSDA) officers in the Forestry combat illegal wildlife trade, Southeast its ability to maintain its population. Department (ProFauna 2008, p. 3). Asian countries, including Indonesia, Based on the best available information, There is no regular enforcement or formed the Association of South East we find that overutilization is a threat patrol by the KSDA officers (ProFauna Asian Nations-Wildlife Enforcement to the continued existence of this 2008, p. 3). The North Maluku Network (ASEAN–WEN) in 2005 to species. Government and ProFauna Indonesia protect the region’s biodiversity (http:// Factor C. Disease or Predation have proposed to the Forestry Ministry www.asean.org, accessed March 3, that the species be classified as a 2011). ASEAN–WEN uses a cooperative We are unaware of any reports of protected species (BLI 2013b, p. 7; approach to law enforcement (Cameron diseases negatively affecting white ProFauna 2010, pers. comm.). 2007, p. 164). It focuses on the gathering cockatoos in the wild. Since disease and In Indonesia, the export of wild- and sharing of intelligence, capacity predation associated with this species in caught parrots is generally subject to building, and better cooperation in anti- the wild are not well documented, we harvest and export quotas. However, smuggling and Customs controls across extrapolate from what is known about Southeast Asia (Lin 2005, p. 192). For because the white cockatoo is not on the cockatoos in general (see analysis under Indonesian Government’s list of example in 2008, Indonesian police Factor C for the Philippine cockatoo). officers and forestry and Customs protected species (ProFauna 2010a, Although some serious diseases such as pers. comm.; Rhee et al. 2004, chap. 5, officers participated in an intensive beak and feather disease and PDD occur Wildlife Crime Investigation Course p. 2, App. VIII; Law No. 5 1990, pp. 1– in cockatoos in the wild, we found no 44), Indonesia has no legal export quota presented by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife information that these diseases occur in Service to help the government tackle for wild-caught specimens of this cockatoos in the wild in Indonesia. species (IPP 2010). In 1988, the poaching and smuggling (Wildlife Cases of avian influenza (H5N1) do Alliance 2008, p. 2). Despite these Indonesian Government began issuing occur in Indonesia, but parrots, quotas on trapping for the white efforts, illegal trade of white cockatoo particularly cockatoos, are not still occurs within Indonesia. cockatoo; however, these trapping considered to be natural reservoirs of quotas were poorly enforced. In 1999, Summary of Factor B this disease (Indonesian Parrot Project no quota was issued, and all capture In summary, overutilization (poaching 2006, pp. 1–2). With respect to was reported to be illegal after 1999 (BLI of the white cockatoo for the pet trade) predation, the white cockatoo has 2013b, p. 7). However, an NGO reported is a significant threat to the species natural predators, but we were unable to that there was a catch quota of the white contributing to the species’ population find information that these natural cockatoo for 2007. It was issued by the decline. Poaching and illegal trade is predators are having a negative impact General Director of Perlindungan Hutan difficult to control, in part because on the productivity of this species. dan Konservasi Alam (PHKA; Forest Indonesia has a vast coastline, and Therefore, we find that the white Protection and Nature Conservation because income derived from poaching cockatoo is not threatened due to under the Indonesian Ministry of can be a significant source of income for disease or predation. Forestry), and the catch quota was for 10 local people. Birds are clearly being Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing pairs that were to be used only for poached and shipped to the Philippines, Regulatory Mechanisms breeding (ProFauna 2008, p. 3). and there is strong demand for this However, that quota was exceeded Domestic Regulatory Mechanisms species within Indonesia. Additionally, (ProFauna 2010, pers. comm.). As of having a parrot as a household pet is a Indonesia has laws and regulations in 2010, information indicated that there common part of Indonesian culture. place to conserve its biodiversity, was no longer a catch quota (ProFauna Government officials have limited manage its forests, regulate trade, 2010, pers. comm.), but that restrictions resources to deal with the illegal pet provide species protection, and develop may apply to commercial purposes, trade. Indonesia is a founding member and manage protected areas. However, rather than breeding. According to WCS of ASEAN–WEN and has made an effort these laws and regulations are (2010, pers. comm.), this species is to train its police, forestry, and Customs frequently ignored (BLI 2008k, p. 7; trapped and sold, and this can include officers in methods to tackle poaching Laurance 2007, p. 1,544), and the trapping on a ‘‘commercial’’ scale by and smuggling. However, the wildlife country is unable to adequately monitor professionals, or farmers trapping protection laws are not vigorously its vast area, which consists of 17,508 occasional birds and then selling them enforced at local levels for this species. islands. The Indonesian economic crisis to wholesalers. In 2007, at least 200 Although ProFauna Indonesia and the that led to the downfall of the Suharto white cockatoos were caught from the Indonesian Institute of Sciences have regime resulted in the government wild in North Halmahera, which far

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exceeded the quota of 10 pairs cockatoos was reported. The majority of the pet trade continues to adversely (ProFauna 2008, p. 3). these birds were exported from South impact white cockatoos. Despite illegal Additionally, in 2010, the Sultan of Africa and were reported as captive trade, CITES is adequately regulating Ternate Palace issued a fatwa (order) origin. Between 2000 and 2009, only 28 legal international trade. forbidding the poaching of cockatoos in live white cockatoos were reported as Summary of Factor D the wild. However, as stated before, wild origin. None of these live enforcement often is severely lacking specimens reported as wild origin was In summary, we find that the existing (Shepherd et al. 2004, p. 4) or difficult, exported directly from Indonesia. Of the regulatory mechanisms within and therefore, illegal activities remain shipments of live birds, 8,435 were Indonesia, as implemented, are socially acceptable at the local level. described as captive origin, 19 were inadequate to reduce or remove the Illegal trade has been reported to the described as ‘‘unknown’’ origin, and 20 current threats to white cockatoos. Local Natural Resource Conservation Agency, were described as pre-Convention, protections in place provide some which is responsible for enforcing the seized, or confiscated. Of the countries protection to white cockatoos. While law, but to date enforcement efforts that reported the most exports of live Indonesia has a good legal framework to remain ineffective (ProFauna Indonesia white cockatoos, 371 specimens were manage wildlife and their habitats, 2004, p. 8). To further complicate reported as exported from Indonesia, implementation of its laws and enforcement efforts, some bird dealers 5,009 specimens were reported as regulatory mechanisms is inadequate to claim that members of the Department exported from South Africa, and 1,044 reduce the threats to white cockatoos. of Forest Protection and Nature specimens were reported as exported The national parks on Halmahera may Conservation are involved in the illegal from the Philippines. Since provide some protection to white trade of this species (Shepherd et al. discrepancies often arise between the cockatoos; however, management of 2004, p. 4). numbers of animals reported by both protected areas is hindered by staff Existing regulatory mechanisms exporting and importing countries, shortages and lack of expertise and within Indonesia, as implemented, are these values are derived using the money. As discussed under Factors A inadequate to reduce or remove the reported trade from both the exporting and B above, we found that habitat current threats to the white cockatoo. countries and the importing countries. destruction and poaching are threats to Even with government controls, Note that countries that are not Parties white cockatoos. Deforestation and poaching of cockatoos is relatively to CITES do not submit annual report illegal activities are still rampant in common (WCS 2010, pers. comm.). As trade data to UNEP–WCMC. However, Indonesia (Sau 2013, pp. 1–2; Gaveau et discussed under Factor B, we found that Parties, in their annual reports, do al. 2009, p. 2165; Laurance 2007, pp. 1– poaching is a significant factor affecting include data on their trade with non- 7). The national and local regulations the white cockatoo. There is some parties, and these data are recorded in and management of this species’ habitat evidence that the actions of the the UNEP–WCMC Trade Database. Also, are ineffective at reducing the threats of Indonesian government agencies and while the Database does not include (see Factor A) and the military are changing; however, if CITES annual report trade data from poaching for the pet trade (see Factor B). penalties are not enforced for illegal CITES Parties that did not submit The white cockatoo is listed in trade, trapping from the wild will annual reports, it does include CITES Appendix II of CITES (see discussion continue (ProFauna Indonesia 2004, pp. trade data from Parties that submitted under Conservation Status for the White 9–11). In conclusion, we find that the their annual reports and engaged in Cockatoo above), and CITES appears to existing regulatory mechanisms are CITES trade with those non-submitting be an adequate regulatory mechanism to inadequate to reduce or remove the Parties. address legal international trade. current threats to the white cockatoo. Between 2010 and 2012 (complete Even with government restrictions, No information is available to suggest trade data was not available for 2013), poaching of cockatoos (i.e., hunting by that these regulatory mechanisms will the trade database indicates that this people to gain at least a temporary improve in the foreseeable future. species is commonly in trade (http:// living from the activity) is still relatively trade.cites.org, accessed May 19, 2014). CITES common in Indonesia. Nestlings are However, very few were reported as more desirable as pets, yet their Indonesia has been a member of being exported from Indonesia, and CITES since December 28, 1978. It has mortality rate when taken from the wild none of those from Indonesia were is greater than that of adults (ProFauna designated Management, Scientific, and reported as wild origin. In 2010, none 2008). Laws and regulations are Enforcement authorities to implement were reported as being exported from frequently ignored, and this adds to the the Treaty (CITES 2013) and has played Indonesia; in 2011, 30 were reported as inability to enforce them due to the an active role in CITES meetings. being exported from Indonesia, and in remoteness of the areas where this Because this species is not listed in 2012, the trade database indicated 20 species is located. No information is Appendix I, which would mean that captive-origin white cockatoos from available to suggest regulatory commercial trade would be prohibited Indonesia. except under certain circumstances, The purpose of CITES is to ensure mechanisms within Indonesia will be legal international trade is still that international trade in animal and adequate to protect this species in the occurring for this species. plant species is not detrimental to the foreseeable future; therefore, we find Between 2000 and 2009, there was survival of wild populations by that the inadequacy of regulatory generally a downward trend in regulating the import, export, and mechanisms is a threat to the white international trade in the white reexport of CITES-listed animal and cockatoo throughout its range. cockatoo (UNEP–WCMC CITES Trade plant species. The best available data Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade Database, accessed January 4, 2011). indicate that the current threat to this Factors Affecting the Continued According to the CITES UNEP–WCMC species of cockatoo stems from illegal Existence of the Species Trade Database, 1,321 live white trade in the domestic markets of cockatoos were exported in 2000, 741 in Indonesia and international surrounding Ecotourism 2008, and 1,574 in 2009. Between 2000 countries. As discussed under Factor B The Halmahera region is an emerging and 2009, trade in 12,321 live white above, uncontrolled illegal poaching for diving destination (WWF 2010a, p. 2).

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An Internet search found several Web nearby Philippines (ProFauna 2008, pp. regulatory mechanisms to administer sites offered diving trips that are in the 3–4; BLI 2003, pp. 1–2). An and manage wildlife and their habitats, Halmahera region; there is a video investigation conducted by NGOs in existing laws are inadequate (factor D) available online (http:// Indonesia in 2002 and 2003 found to protect the species and its habitat www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEmEB-Zj_ evidence of wild birds in local markets, from these other factors. L4, accessed May 22, 2014), entitled and sellers reported that they were Although diving activities are ‘‘Diving travel: The North Halmahera destined to go to countries such as increasing near islands containing white Experience.’’ Although the Halmahera Europe (BLI 2004, pp. 1–2). The attempt cockatoo habitat, we have no evidence region is remote and few diving to end illegal trade is hampered by that ecotourism is a threat to this operations exist, there is the potential Indonesia’s large coastline and officials species now or in the foreseeable future. for the diving industry to expand and with limited resources and knowledge. Therefore, we conclude that there are no exert more of an effect on the islands in Unsustainable poaching is other natural or manmade factors that this area. However, at this time, the best particularly detrimental to the white are threats to the species throughout its available information does not indicate cockatoo because of its estimated small range (Factor E). that diving-related activities on or near and rapidly declining population. Under the ESA, an ‘‘endangered Halmahera negatively affect the white Excessive removal of individuals from species’’ is defined as ‘‘any species cockatoo. We are not aware of any the wild for illegal trade is particularly which is in danger of extinction tourist activities occurring on Bacan harmful to species such as the white throughout all or a significant portion of Island. We found no other natural or cockatoo, which are a monogamous, its range.’’ The ESA defines a manmade factors affecting the long-lived species that do not begin ‘‘threatened species’’ as ‘‘any species continued existence of the white breeding until they are 6 years of age. which is likely to become an cockatoo. Therefore, we find there are Additionally, because this species has a endangered species within the no threats to this species under this high monetary value (Basile in litt. 2010, foreseeable future throughout all or a factor. pp. 6–7) and little risk is associated with significant portion of its range.’’ Based poaching, poaching is financially on our review of the best available Finding for the White Cockatoo lucrative. The Act describes a scientific and commercial information As required by the ESA, we ‘‘threatened species’’ as ‘‘any species pertaining to the above five factors, we considered the five factors in assessing which is likely to become an find that the white cockatoo meets the whether the white cockatoo is endangered species within the definition of a ‘‘threatened species’’ endangered or threatened throughout all foreseeable future throughout all or a under the ESA, and we are finalizing or a significant portion of its range. We significant portion of its range.’’ The our rule to list the white cockatoo as a analyzed the potential threats to the best available information indicates that threatened species throughout its range. white cockatoo including: Habitat loss poaching and trade are not at a level to Our rationale for proposing to list this and degradation, poaching for the pet consider the species to be in danger of species as threatened rather than trade, disease and predation, the extinction at this time. However, based endangered is due to its current inadequacy of regulatory controls, and on the analysis of the five factors distribution within its range and its other natural or manmade factors, such discussed above, we determine that the dispersed distribution on two islands, as the conversion of habitat to white cockatoo is likely to become an which provides resiliency to the monocultures for biofuel, and endangered species within the population against threats such that the ecotourism activities such as diving. We foreseeable future. Therefore, we find species is not currently in danger of found that habitat loss, particularly due overutilization for commercial, extinction. However, white cockatoo is to selective logging, and conversion of recreational, scientific, or educational likely to become in danger of extinction forests to agriculture, mining, or purposes (Factor B), specifically in the foreseeable future throughout its biofuels, is a threat to the white poaching for the pet trade, is a threat to range. cockatoo; the population is declining the white cockatoo throughout its range. BLI indicates that this species is rangewide (Factor A). Halmahera is We found no evidence that disease or undergoing a rapid population decline becoming increasingly more desirable to predation (Factor C) significantly affects of 30–49 percent over the past three developers and investors as natural the wild white cockatoo population generations (estimated to be resources become scarcer. throughout its range. approximately 39 years based on an We found that poaching for the pet The white cockatoo is not currently estimated generation length of trade is the most significant threat to the classified as a protected species by the approximately 13 years), principally species, despite local public awareness Indonesian Government. Although due to unsustainable levels of campaigns. Researchers estimate that Indonesia has a good legal framework to exploitation. This rapid population between 8,629 and 48,393 individuals of manage wildlife and their habitats, decline is likely to continue into the this species remain in the wild on implementation of its laws and foreseeable future unless revised Halmahera; the number of white regulatory mechanisms has been trapping quotas are effectively enforced cockatoos remaining on Bacan Island is inadequate to address the threats to the (BLI 2013d, pp. 1–2). As stated unknown, though poaching of wild white cockatoo, in part due to the previously, existing regulatory birds on this island is believed to be remoteness of the white cockatoo’s mechanisms in Indonesia are occurring. Pet birds are an important habitat. Logging laws and policies are inadequate to reduce or remove the part of not only Indonesian culture, but frequently ignored and rarely enforced, current threats to the white cockatoo also Asian culture, with large numbers and illegal logging is rampant, even and no information is available to of wild-caught parrots traded occurring in national parks and nature suggest that these regulatory domestically and internationally reserves. Current concession policies mechanisms will improve in the (ProFauna 2008, pp. 3–4; BLI 2004, pp. and logging practices hamper foreseeable future. BLI also offers strong 1–2; Baula et al. 2003, pp. 1–12). sustainable forestry. Threats to the evidence that the white cockatoo Trappers reportedly remain quite active. species have not decreased; local NGOs population could decline by 50–79 Wild-caught birds are openly sold in indicate the population trend is percent over the next 39 years (BLI Asian markets, particularly in the declining. Despite numerous laws and 2013d, p. 2). Based on deforestation

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projections, the population of the white of Indonesia) and Indonesia. The clear. Finally, because the common cockatoo is projected to decline more yellow-crested cockatoo inhabits forest, names vary by locality, referring to these than 65 percent over three generations forest edge, scrub, and agricultural land species by their scientific names is more due to deforestation (Vetter 2009, BLI (BLI 2013c, p. 2), but prefers primary effective. 2013d). Although the best available lowland forest. Historically, it was Biology information indicates that the species is found throughout the Lesser Sundas, on not currently in danger of extinction Sulawesi and its satellite islands, on Two tree species used by Cacatua and, thus, does not qualify as an Nusa Penida (near Bali), and the sulphurea for nesting include Sterculia ‘‘endangered species’’ under the ESA, Masalembu Islands (in the Java Sea). foetida (wild almond tree) and we conclude that the species is likely to These subspecies (hereafter collectively Tetrameles nudiflora (Binong) (Widodo become endangered in the foreseeable referred to as the species) are found in 2009, p. 85). Nesting cavities have been future and qualifies as a threatened forested habitat in the lowlands up to observed to be 6 to 18 m (20 to 60 feet) species. 500 m (1,640 feet) on Sulawesi and up above ground (Setiawan 1996 in Prijono to 800 m (2,625 feet) and sometimes 2008, p. 3). The breeding season does Significant Portion of the Range 1,200 m (3,937 feet) in the Lesser not appear to be set or restricted Having determined that the white Sundas (Snyder 2000, p. 69; Jones et al. (Prijono 2008, p. 3), and it may coincide cockatoo meets the definition of 1995; Collar 1994). They prefer large, with the availability of nutrients in food threatened throughout its range, we mature trees with nesting areas higher sources. Incubation is shared by both must next consider whether there are in the canopy, and they prefer internal parents. Incubation lasts 28 days, and any significant portions of its range that forested areas to forest edges (Jones et al. the nestling period is 65 days until meet the definition of endangered. For 1995, pp. 27–28, 39). fledging (Cameron 2007, p. 140). the purpose of this analysis, we There is substantial discussion in C. sulphurea’s diet includes consider a portion of the white scientific literature that debates the Mangifera indica (mango); Carica cockatoo’s range to be significant if it is classification of island species and papaya (papaya); Ficus spp. (fig); important to the conservation of its whether they deserve species status Psidium guajava (guava); Eugenia range because it contributes rather than subspecies status (James malaccensis (jambu bol); Opuntia meaningfully to the representation, 2010, pp. 1–5; Phillimore 2010, pp. 42– elation (prickly pear cactus); Annona resiliency, or redundancy of its range 53; Pratt 2010, pp. 79–89). This is squamosa (srikaya); flowers of Cocos (see Redford et al. 2011). The best sometimes significant with respect to nucifer (coconut); Tamarindus indica available information indicates that conservation measures, particularly (tamarind); flowers and fruit of threats to the species occur throughout when considering the criteria used by Avicennia (mangrove); fruit of Dehaasia its range. Although declines on organizations such as the IUCN. IUCN (marangtaipa) and young leaves of Halmahera have been quantified to accepts assessments of subspecies only Sonneratia (mangrove); and ninifo, some extent, the lack of any if a global assessment of the species as thought to be within the Canarium information, including quantitative a whole has occurred. These four (Nandika 2006, p. 10). population trend information for Bacan subspecies may all be in fact species, Feral Populations Island, precludes a comparison of the but for the purpose of this rule, these declines in these two portions of its four subspecies face the same threats, Feral populations of released or range. Further, we found no information are all generally in the same region of escaped captive-held yellow-crested indicating that the threats are of greater Indonesia, and all have quite small cockatoos have established themselves magnitude or extent in any portion of its populations. Absent peer-reviewed outside of their native range; however, range on Halmahera Island. The limited information to the contrary, and based they exist in low numbers (Lin and Lee information available for the white on the best available information, we 2006, p. 188). Between 1986 and 2000, cockatoo does not allow us to determine recognize all four subspecies as being researchers observed 11 feral yellow- what portion of the range if any, would valid. For the purpose of this rule, crested cockatoos in Taiwan (Ling and be impacted to a significant degree more listing C. sulphurea, which includes all Lee 2006, p. 190). Cacatua sulphurea than any other. Therefore, we conclude subspecies, is prudent. has also become feral in places such as Singapore, Hong Kong, New Zealand, that the threats to the species are Use of Scientific Names in This Section uniform throughout its range, and no and Western Australia. In 1998, the portion of its range is currently in It is generally our practice to use the species was described as being locally danger of extinction. scientific name of the species in the common in south and east Singapore, beginning of the document for avian including the islets of St John’s and Species Information species, and, subsequently, refer to each Sentosa, and reportedly breeding in C. Yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua species by their common name; gardens and parks, with possibly sulphurea) however, in this section, we will between 30 and 50 birds existing there generally refer to the species by their (PHPA/LIPI/BirdLife International-IP Taxonomy and Description scientific names. There are many similar 1998 in BLI 2001, p. 1652). The yellow-crested cockatoo has four cockatoo species, some of which have recognized subspecies: Cacatua similar sounding common names, Population Estimates sulphurea abbotti (Oberholser, 1917), C. which may cause some confusion. For C. sulphurea was formerly common s. citrinocristata (Fraser, 1844), C. s. example, the yellow-crested cockatoo is throughout much of its range. There is sulphurea (Bonaparte, 1850), and C. s. also referred to as the lesser sulphur- evidence of substantial population parvula (Gmelin, 1788). IUCN and BLI crested cockatoo, which is Cacatua declines on the island of Sulawesi, recognize C. sulphurea at the species sulphurea, but the sulphur-crested where it may already be beyond level only. All four subspecies are cockatoo, which is C. galerita, is recovery (Gilardi 2011, pers. comm.; recognized by ITIS (http://www.itis.gov). endemic to Australia. Additionally, Cahyadin and Arif 1994; Andrew and These four subspecies are endemic to because there are four recognized Holmes 1990), and the Lesser Sundas, Timor-Leste (an independent state subspecies of C. sulphurea, using their where it is believed to be close to which is adjacent to West Timor, a part scientific names is more precise and extinction on Sumbawa and Flores. It is

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still fairly common in the Komodo found in 1998. In 2008, a few (O’Brien et al. 1997 in Cahill et al. 2006, National Park (Prijono et al. 2008, p. 7; individuals were found on Solombo p. 166). Butchart et al. 1996). As of 2001, Kecil Island. In IPP’s last population Cacatua sulphurea parvula Cacatua sulphurea sulphurea only survey, they found that, on Solombo existed in tiny remnant numbers, except Kecil, fewer than 30 individuals remain Historically, C. s. parvula was found perhaps for a small population in Rawa (Metz 2010, pers. comm.). The on most of the Lesser Sunda Islands Aopa Watumohai National Park (BLI population of this subspecies as a whole (also known as Nusa Tenggara) 2001, p. 1648). C. sulphurea is has declined more than 80 percent including Penida, Lombok, Sumbawa, extirpated on Lombok (BirdLife-IP in within three generations (45 years). Moyo, Komodo, Flores, Pantar, Alor, litt. 1997). C. s. abbotti is at a critically Although the Indonesian Parrot Project Timor, and Semau Islands. Currently, low population level; C. s. parvula is has started a conservation program for this subspecies is found on Alor, Pantar, doing fairly well on Komodo in Komodo this subspecies, it is too early to report Komodo, and Sumbawa Islands. As of National Park; and C. s. citrinocristata on progress of the conservation program 2008, in the past 10 years, populations persists but was steadily declining on (BLI 2013c, pp. 1–2). of more than 10 cockatoos had been Sumba (BLI 2001, p. 1648). On Nusa Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata found at only 2 locations (Prijono 2008, Penida, this subspecies was last p. 6; Setiawan et al. 2000). In 1994, on recorded in 1986 (van Helvoort in van The subspecies citrinocristata is Sumbawa, this subspecies was observed Balen 1994). found on Sumba where the 2002 at 3 sites and reported by islanders to Population estimates for each estimate of the population was between occur at 14 more locations although in subspecies vary in part due to the 565 and 2,054 individuals (Cahill et al. very low numbers (Widodo 2009, p. 84; remoteness of the islands where they 2006, p. 265; Persulessy et al. 2003 in Setiawan et al. 2000). In 2000, 80 exist. The BLI Web site reported as of Prijono 2008, p. 5). Another 2002 survey individuals were observed on Alor 2013 that 1,500–7,000 mature by WCS found a density of 4.3 birds per Island; the population estimate was 678 2 individuals are estimated to remain in km within the two national parks, to 784 individuals on this island. the wild (BLI 2013c, accessed Manupeu-Tanadaru and Laiwangi- As of 2001, it was thought that West September 26, 2013). We believe, based Wanggameti (Kinnaird 2003 in Prijono Timor and other small islands in the on reports from local researchers and 2008, p. 5). On Sumba, C. s. Lesser Sundas could support only a few NGOs as we describe below, that the citrinocristata’s population in 1995 was individuals (Agista and Rubyanto 2001; populations may be significantly less. estimated to be just over 3,000 (Jones et Setiawan et al. 2000; PHKA/LIPI/ However, there is consensus that the al. 1995, p. 39). Earlier surveys in 1989 BirdLife International–IP 1998). In 2004, numbers of this species are rapidly and 1992 (Marsden 1995 in Prijono the population estimate on Timor-Leste declining in the wild (BLI 2013c, pp. 1– 2008, p. 5) estimated the total (East Timor) was between 500 and 1,000 2). Population estimates for each population of C. s. citrinocristata to be individuals (Trainor et al. in litt. 2004). between 1,150 and 2,644 birds. On subspecies are as follows: Cacatua On Timor-Leste, C. s. parvula was Sumba, C. s. citrinocristata populations sulphurea abbotti, 40; C. s. recorded in six locations (Tilomar, increased between 1992 and 2002, likely citrinocristata, 100 to 2,000; C. s. Fatumasin, Sungai Clere, Lore, Monte due to moratoria on international trade parvula, 800 to 1,500; C. s. sulphurea, Paitchau–Iralalora, Mount Diatuto) and local protections (Cahill et al. 2006, 100 to 150. The population estimates (Trainor 2002, pp. 93–99). Below is a p. 162). The population on Sumba is and a discussion of the subspecies’ summary of observations and thought to be roughly 100 birds (Gilardi status are presented in more detail population estimates for this subspecies. below. 2011, pers. comm.). The earlier • population estimates may have been Alor Island: 80 individuals Cacatua sulphurea abbotti overly optimistic based on surveying observed; population estimate was 678 Abbott’s cockatoo, the largest of the techniques, or the population has to 784 individuals (Setiawan et al. 2000 yellow-crested cockatoos, is known only in Widodo 2009, p. 84). rapidly declined. • from a single island in the Masalembu Sumba Island is located in the Lesser Flores Island: 14 individuals Archipelago, which is 500 ha (1,235 ac) Sundas in southeastern Indonesia. The observed (Ria; Watubuku forest, part of and in the Masalembu Archipelago in island is 12,000 km2 (4,633 mi2), 210 km Lewotobi area, see Butchart et al. 1996 the Sulawesi Strait. This island is in the (130 mi) in length, and 50 km (31 mi) in Widodo 2009, p. 84). • Java Sea, north of the cities of Surabaya south of Flores Island. Its highest point Komodo Island: 137 individuals and Bali, and east of southern Sumatra. is Gunung Wanggameti at 1,225 m observed; population estimate was 150 The subspecies is considered to be (4,019 feet). Precipitation is between (Imansyah et al. 2008). extirpated from Masalembu Island (also 500 and 2,000 mm annually (20 to 79 • Moyo Island: 10 individuals known as Salembo Besar) (Indonesian inches). As of 1995, forest covered less observed (Setiawan et al. 2000). Parrot Project 2010). C. s. abbotti has a than 11 percent of the island (McKnight • Pantar Island: 29 individuals mostly white body with a brilliant et al. in prep in Jones et al. 1995, p. 22) observed; population estimate was 444 yellow, forward-curving crest, and slight and was confined to relatively small and to 534 individuals (Setiawan et al. yellow on its ear covert feathers. The fragmented pockets. 2000). species prefers very large trees within The two national parks, covering • Sumbawa Island: 14 individuals the Datiscaceae family for nesting 1,350 km2 (521 mi2), were established observed in 1996; subspecies observed (Snyder 2000, p. 69). When Abbott first on Sumba through Ministerial Decree at 3 sites and reported by islanders to found the endemic form abbotti in 1907, No. 576/Kpts-II in 1998. Manupeu- occur at 14 more, although in very low he ‘‘reported it in hundreds’’ on Tanadaru (280 km2 or 108 mi2) seems to numbers (Setiawan et al. 2000). Masalembu (Oberholser 1917 in BLI have the healthiest population of • East Timor (Timor-Leste): 2001, p. 1651). Only between 8 and 10 cockatoos. It had the highest density of Population estimate was 500 to 1,000 individuals of the subspecies abbotti cockatoos when surveyed both in 1992 individuals in 2004 (Trainor et al. 2005, were located in 1993 on the Masalembu and 2002 (Cahill et al. 2006, p. 164). pp. 121–130). Islands (Jones et al. in prep. in Cahyadin However, of 33 forest patches surveyed, • West Timor: 8 individuals observed and Arif 1994), and 6 to 8 birds were cockatoos were recorded in only 17 (Setiawan et al. 2000).

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The largest known population, which site. RAWNP is unique because it has Solombo Kecil Island. Visits were made is on Komodo Island (311 km2 (120 mi2) seven ecosystem types: Tidal mudflats, to junior and senior high schools to in size) in Komodo National Park, was mangrove forest, wooded savannas, hill teach students about the principles of previously thought to be doing well, but forest, swamp forest, peat swamp, and conservation, increase their awareness the subspecies’ population is declining cultivation. Therefore this is a of the plight of this species, and foster even here although the exact reasons are significant site to concentrate pride in this species, emphasizing that unclear (Imansyah et al. 2008, 2 pp.). conservation efforts. However, it is it is their rare and unique bird. Laws to Cockatoo poaching is believed to be unlikely that this species occurs here protect these birds have been passed but effectively eliminated due to currently, although a separate species, only in the distant ‘‘kabupatan’’ surveillance and enforcement, and loss C. galerita, is believed to occur in this (district) of Madura. These decrees are of mature trees or forest loss due to park. out of date, but officials plan to update illegal logging is negligible (Ciofi and de them and extend them locally to the Conservation Status for the Yellow- Boer 2004 in Prijono 2008, p. 8). Flocks islands of the Masalembu Archipelago, Crested Cockatoo of 20 to 30 birds were seen during where they are more likely to be observations between 1989 and 1995, In 1981, Cacatua sulphurea (and all of enacted. Officers from the local armed and, in 1999, an estimated 100 birds its subspecies) was listed in CITES forces and police were taught about the were observed (Agista and Rubyanto Appendix II. In 2005, it was uplisted to protections already in place nationally 2001 and BirdLife 2001 in Prijono 2008, Appendix I, thus commercial trade is and internationally, and were p. 8). In Komodo National Park, C. s. generally prohibited (see above encouraged to conserve the birds (IPP parvula was still relatively common discussion with respect to CITES for 2008, pp. 3–4). Nest boxes and use of prior to 2001, and was most frequently additional information). C. sulphurea is wardens are other conservation methods recorded in dry tropical forest (from sea listed on the IUCN Redlist as Critically used. Konservasi Kakatua Indonesia level to 350 m (1,148 feet)) dominated Endangered. It is also protected in the (KKI, also known as Cockatoo by T. indicus (common name: date or United States by the WBCA. Conservation Indonesia) is another NGO tamarind) and Sterculia foetida (Java- It is against Indonesian law to capture working to protect this species. olive, poon tree, or skunk tree) (Agista Cacatua sulphurea for the export trade. Only about 100 to 150 Cacatua and Rubyanto 2001). The total C. sulphurea is protected by the Act on sulphurea sulphurea are left in the wild, population size in Komodo National the Conservation of Biological solely on Sulawesi Island. Although IPP Park, which spans several islands, is Resources and their Ecosystems (Act instituted a conservation program for estimated to be approximately 150 No. 5 of 1990), and there has been no this subspecies as of 2011, it is still in individuals on Komodo Island catch quota for this species since 1994. its preliminary stages. (Imansyah et al. 2008, p. 2) and about Violation of this law by capture, possession, or trade in this species Evaluation of Factors Affecting the 100 individuals on Rinca Island (BLI Yellow-Crested Cockatoo 2013c, pp. 1–2). could result in up to 5 years in prison and a fine of up to 200 million rupiahs We examined the factors affecting the Cacatua sulphurea sulphurea ($22,870 USD; Prijono 2008, p. 13). In species based on section 4(a)(1) of the Information from local NGOs suggests 1997, C. sulphurea was protected within ESA. Under the ESA and our that only about 100 to 150 individuals Indonesia by Forestry Ministerial implementing regulations, a species of this subspecies remain in the wild, Decrees No. 350/Kpts-II/1997 and No. may warrant listing if it is endangered and they are likely found only on 522/Kpts-II/1997. Although a or threatened throughout all or a Sulawesi Island. C. s. sulphurea was cooperative recovery plan has been significant portion of its range. The formerly widely distributed in Sulawesi developed and put into place for C. yellow-crested cockatoo is highly (formerly called Celebes); however, sulphurea, its effectiveness is unclear as restricted in its range, and the threats to since the early 1980s, this subspecies there are no clear indications that the it occur throughout its range. Therefore, has become very rare (Prijono 2008, pp. species’ situation is improving. we assessed the status of the species 2–3) due to high rates of poaching Protections exist in several areas such as throughout its entire range. We consider (CITES 2004a, p. 2). In 2001, between 7 the Rawa Aopa Watumohai and all of the subspecies to be facing and 15 individuals were observed on Caraente National Parks (on Sulawesi), equivalent threats; their habitats are Pasoso Island; however, the south and which may support approximately 100 very similar, and they are all island central parts of the island have limited individuals (Nandika 2006, pp. 10–11); endemics in the same region. Like the suitable habitat consisting of mixed Suaka Margasatwa Nature Reserve on white cockatoo, the greatest threats to secondary forest, scrub, and dry land Pulau Moyo; Komodo National Park; cockatoos in Indonesia and other range agricultural plots (Agista et al. 2001 in and two national parks on Sumba, countries is poaching from the wild for Prijono 2008, p. 5). Manupeu-Tanahdaru and Laiwangi- the illegal pet trade (usually nestlings Now, the subspecies is believed to Wanggameti. The Nini Konis Santana are taken), logging, and other forms of occur only in a small region of Sulawesi National Park in Timor also may have deforestation and habitat destruction. In (Metz 2010, pers. comm.). a population of approximately 100 birds order to be efficient, if the threats are Approximately 10 years ago, it was (Trainor 2002 in Prijono 2008, p. 9). In the same threats affecting a species documented in Rawa Aopa Watumohai Timor-Leste, BirdLife International discussed above, we summarize these National Park (RAWNP) (Agista et al. identified 16 Important Bird Areas threats and refer to a discussion in the 2001 in Prijono 2008, p. 5). Older (IBAs). Although this designation does document above if it is not unique to studies suggested that, although some not confer any measure of protection, this species or subspecies. small populations of this subspecies some of these IBAs may be vital to this may exist elsewhere, the remaining species, particularly since the majority Factor A. The Present or Threatened cockatoos were likely confined to two of the IBAs are located in coastal areas Destruction, Modification, or locations in southern Sulawesi: RAWNP (BirdLife International 2007). Curtailment of the Species’ Habitat or and Buton Island and in central For Cacatua sulphurea abbotti, the Range Sulawesi on Pasoso Island. Of these, Indonesian Parrot Project (IPP) initiated Habitat destruction such as that RAWNP is clearly the most significant an intensive conservation program on described above for white cockatoos

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also threatens Cacatua sulphurea. addition to several smaller islands mature forests versus secondary forests, Deforestation is pervasive throughout (http://www.komodonationalpark.org, and whether these cockatoos will Indonesia and Timor-Leste (Lee et al. accessed March 3, 2011). Its total marine survive in degraded forests in the long 2013, p. 1; Laurance 2007, p. 1,544; and land surface area is 1,817 km2 (701 term. However, surveys indicate that the Costin and Powell 2006, p. 2). For mi2). Due to the dryer climate, wildfires species is declining in the wild. example, on one island inhabited by are a problem (Imansyah, unpublished, In summary, extensive logging, both this species, trees that are preferred by in Imansyah et al. 2008, p. 2). legal and illegal, is a threat to Cacatua this species to provide food and nest Researchers believe that the species’ sulphurea habitat. In some areas, holes for C. s. abbotti have been decline may be due to the lack of deforestation and habitat degradation eliminated due to logging. Their habitat nesting sites. are still ongoing. The populations have on this island has been essentially C. sulphurea predominately resides in decreased on all islands, with no sign of destroyed and replaced with coconut lowland forests at elevations between improvement. Therefore, we find that palms. Almost total destruction of 100 to 600 m (328 to 1,968 feet) the present and threatened destruction, habitat flora, such as kapuk trees (Ceiba throughout these islands, with the modification, or curtailment of its pentandra) and mangrove (Avicennia highest densities of birds occurring in habitat is a threat to the continued apiculata), which are preferred by the little-disturbed forests. The locations existence of this species throughout all species, has occurred (IPP 2008, p. 3). where the subspecies is thought to exist of its range. Cockatoos consume fruit of tall timber currently, as well as the most recent trees such as ‘‘kayu besi’’ (Intsia bijuga), population estimates, may be found Factor B. Overutilization for the source of ‘‘ironwood’’ for building, below under the Factor B discussion. Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or and tangkalase (scientific name Both legal and illegal logging have been Educational Purposes unknown), a deciduous hardwood tree the primary threats to the habitat of this Cacatua sulphurea is also affected by (Nandika 2006, p. 10). These trees are species, with the threats occurring poachers who sell the species as pets for disappearing from the island. throughout the islands in lowland the pet trade. Not only are cockatoos Researchers noted that cockatoo nests forests, decreasing available habitat desirable as pets, but this species is also seemed to be safe from trappers if they (Widodo 2009, p. 81; Prijono 2008, p. 1). very vocal and conspicuous, making it were sufficiently high. The decrease in For example, research found that, for 2 2 an easy target for poachers (Prijono such trees likely played a vital role in every 100 km (38.6 mi ) of Seram’s 2008, pp. 4–5; Jepson and Ladle 2005, the species’ decline (Marsden and Jones primary forests that were selectively pp. 442, 447). Extremely heavy trade 1997 in Snyder 2000, p. 70) in two logged in the last 6 years, 700 birds were during the 1970s and 1980s was ways: By decreasing suitable trees for likely lost from the cockatoo population indicated as the main cause of the nesting sites and by forcing cockatoos to (Marsden 1992, p. 12). Similarly, for 2 decline of this species (BLI 2004 in locate nesting sites lower in the canopy. every 100 km of locally disturbed Cahill et al. 2006, p. 161; BirdLife This type of habitat loss affects all secondary forest that were converted to International-IP, 1998). Between 1981 four subspecies. In the case of Cacatua plantations, 600 birds were likely lost and 1992, exports from Indonesia of C. sulphurea abbotti, coconut palms have from the cockatoo population. Even sulphurea were reported to have been been planted, displacing their favored when habitat is protected, generally 96,785 (UNEP–WCMC, in Cahill 2006, habitat flora such as kapuk trees and little undisturbed habitat is available, p. 162). In 1992, cockatoos were worth mangrove. The main cause of forest loss and it is of less suitable quality. approximately $55 USD to the for C. s. citrinocristata has been the Cockatoos are highly impacted by wholesalers who export birds to Java clearing and repeated burning of selective logging of primary forests, (Marsden 1995 in Cahill et al. 2006, p. vegetation to provide land for grazing especially because reduced-impact 165). and cultivation, although between 1992 logging techniques are seldom applied and 2002, there was no evidence of (Lee et al. 2013, pp. 1–3; Kim et al. From the data collected by ProFauna additional forest loss (Cahill et al. 2006, 2013, pp. 1–7). Selective logging, which about animal markets in Java and Bali, p. 165). Removal of trees for local use targets mature trees, has a substantial the domestic trade in parrots is still high occurs, but no legal commercial logging negative impact on tree-cavity nesters (ProFauna 2008, pp. 2–8). Many occurs on Sumba. In many areas, as a such as Cacatua sulphurea because the investigations indicate that these result of the shifting cultivation and species requires large trees for nesting. cockatoos could fairly easily be annual burning for cattle grazing, the The abundance of cockatoos is often exported, and for some birds, their original vegetation has been replaced by related to the density of its preferred origin would be unknown, yet these fire-resistant trees, shrubs, and grasses. nest trees (trees that would be impacted birds may be listed as captive-origin Where grazing and burning have been by logging). (BLI 2003, p. 2). particularly intensive, the grasslands After the primary forest is logged, On Sumba Island, evidence of have become degraded and soil erosion land use surveys on other Indonesian cockatoo trapping was seen in 1996 is evident. A study found that, on islands show that the secondary forest is (Kinnaird 1999), and shipments of Sumba Island, birds were absent or rare generally converted to other uses or cockatoos were confiscated on Sumba in in forest areas of less than 10 km2 logged again rather than being allowed 1998 and again in 2002 (when 32 were (Kinnaird et al. 2003 in Prijono 2008, p. to return to forested land. Therefore, seized). In 2002, an investigation found 4). Jones et al. indicated that, in order although cockatoos may continue to that 1 collector in Waikabubak exported to protect the few remaining C. s. inhabit secondary or degraded forests on 52 yellow-crested cockatoos to other citrinocristata, remaining forest areas on their respective islands, their islands (Persulessy et al. 2003 in CITES Sumba Island must be preserved (1995, populations will be at a substantially 2004a, p. 6). In 2002, evidence was p. 49). fewer number. The trend of high loss of found of cockatoo trapping at Manupeu For Cacatua sulphurea parvula, the primary forests and degradation of and Langgaliru, mainly in the form of largest population is thought to be on secondary forests is of concern because snaring. Many trees with nests at Komodo Island in Komodo National little is known about the reproductive Poronumbu even had ladders attached Park. This park extends over three major ecology of Cacatua sulphurea in the to them for nest raiding, suggesting that islands: Komodo, Rinca and Padar, in wild, including breeding success in trapping activity was relatively high at

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this site even in 2002 (Cahill et al. 2006, not find any indication that disease is a South Africa, and Indonesia were the p. 166). threat to C. sulphurea; however, we main countries exporting captive-bred IPP, a local NGO which is actively found reports of psittacine beak and specimens of Cacatua sulphurea. In working to protect Cacatua sulphurea, feather disease (PBFD) in C. sulphurea Indonesia and Singapore, there has been noted specific threats to the subspecies when these birds were imported into the a ‘‘sudden turn up of captive bred on Solombo Kecil Island. They found United States in the 1970s and 1980s. specimens since 1994, the time the legal that usually nestlings, rather than adult PBFD is a viral disease that originated trade in wild specimens stopped’’ birds, are taken. According to ProFauna, in Australia and affects both wild and (CITES 2004, p. 5). In 2004, two captive- nestlings are worth 2 to 3 times more captive birds, causing chronic infections breeding operations of C. sulphurea than adult cockatoos (2008, p. 8). resulting in either feather loss or were identified in Indonesia: PT. Bali Historically, cockatoos were trapped in deformities of beak and feathers Exotica Fauna and PT. Anak Burung large numbers by outside visitors who (Cameron 2007, p. 82). As described Tropikana. Both of these companies took them to Bali and Sumbawa Islands. earlier in this document, although some were located in Bali Province (CITES Studies by social anthropologists of cockatoo species are susceptible to this 2004a, p. 5). Currently, there is one locals in Seram and Halmahera showed virus, we have no indication that PBFD CITES-registered operation for breeding that parrot poaching accounted for 25 to adversely affects the C. sulphurea at the C. sulphurea for commercial purposes 30 percent of their cash income population level in the wild. (CITES 2014, http://cites.org/eng/ (Badcock in litt. 1997, in Snyder et al. With respect to predation, two common/reg/cb/summary.html, 2000, p. 60). Among the Halafara people predators, a spotted kestrel (Falco Accessed May 20, 2014). of the Manusela valley on Seram, locals moluccensis) and a white bellied sea- When the proposal to transfer the would catch and sell parrots to raise eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), have Cacatua sulphurea from Appendix II to their bride price (Badcock in litt. 1997, been observed attacking cockatoos Appendix I (CITES CoP13, 2–14 in Snyder et al. 2000, p. 60). Now, with (Prijono 2008, pp. 4–5). Although C. October, Bangkok, Thailand) was under the marked decline in their numbers, sulphurea has natural predators, to our consideration in 2004, BLI noted in the birds are even sought by government knowledge, these predators are not their position paper that the difficulty in officials, who keep them as pets due to having a negative impact on the species. distinguishing captive-bred birds from the prestige of owning such a rare bird After a review of the best scientific and wild birds was facilitating illegal (IPP 2008, p. 3). commercial information, we conclude capture from the wild and illegal Due to high demand for cockatoos and that neither disease nor predations are international trading of the captured based on trade reports in 1993, the threats to C. sulphurea. birds (BLI 2003). They pointed to CITES Standing Committee examples of these birds found in Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing recommended that countries suspend markets in Indonesia (BLI 2003 p. 2). imports from Indonesia, pending Regulatory Mechanisms Between 2000 and 2009, the UNEP– surveys to assess the status of the After surveys conducted in the late WCMC Trade Database indicated that species after a significant trade review 1990s by the Directorate-General of 6,485 live specimens of Cacatua (CITES 2001, AC17 Inf. 3 p. 4; CITES Forest Protection and Nature sulphurea were exported (subspecies Notification to the Parties No. 737). Conservation (PHPA) and BirdLife are unknown). Nearly all of these were Singapore continued to reexport wild- International-Indonesia, it was documented as captive-bred, but caught birds originating from Indonesia determined that Cacatua sulphurea wildlife laundering is quite lucrative after the export suspension of Indonesia populations had collapsed (Snyder et al. and does still occur (ProFauna 2010; in 1994 (CITES 2001, AC17 Inf. 3 p. 4). 2000, p. 59). Prior to 1993, at which 2008; Cantu´ -Guzma´n et al. 2007, 121 In total, 1,229 wild-caught birds were time legal trade was prohibited, a pp.). reported to be reexported from reported average of 1,600 C. s. Between 2010 and 2013 (complete Singapore between 1994 and 1999 citrinocristata individuals were being trade data was not available for 2013), (WCMC 2001 in CITES 2004a, pp. 9–10; removed from Sumba annually, yet the the UNEP–WCMC Trade Database CITES 2001, AC17 Inf. 3 p. 4). Although 1992 population was only indicated no exports of Cacatua trade was recognized to be a problem, approximately 3,200 (Cahill et al. 2006, sulphurea were from Indonesia (http:// this species was not listed on Appendix p. 161). This level of trade was trade.cites.org, accessed May 19, 2014). I of CITES until 2005. Poaching for the obviously unsustainable. The CITES regulates international trade of pet trade, as with the other cockatoo population had increased, likely due to this species, and we have no evidence species referenced in this rule, is a the moratorium on international trade to suggest that CITES is inadequate in significant threat to this species. and local protections (Cahill et al. 2006, regulating legal trade of this species. Although some subspecies are p. 164); however, the population is A 2003 IUCN review found that monitored and are on remote islands, declining again (BLI 2013c; Metz 2010, Cacatua sulphurea was readily available poaching still occurs. Poaching can be pers. comm.). In 1992, the Regent of in Indonesian bird markets (BLI 2003, extremely lucrative, and there is West Sumba (Decree no. 147) banned pp. 1–2). As described above for the relatively low risk involved in poaching. trapping and transport of cockatoos. Philippine cockatoo, poaching is None of these subspecies is fully This action was followed by a similar relatively easy and lucrative, poverty is protected from the illegal pet trade. decree in East Sumba (Decree no. 21), widespread, and local communities Based on our review, we find that and in 1994, the government of have little incentive or awareness to overutilization, specifically poaching for Indonesia imposed a zero export quota conserve their resources. Although the the domestic pet trade, continues to be (Cahill et al. 2006, p. 162). In 1997, this species occurs within a number of a threat to Cacatua sulphurea species was provided additional protected areas, and a recovery plan was throughout its range. protection by the Forestry Ministerial initiated in 1998, poaching is still Decrees No. 350/Kpts-II/1997 and No. occurring (ProFauna 2008). Birds are Factor C. Disease or Predation 522/Kpts-II/1997. still likely smuggled to and exported There is no evidence that disease or According to a CITES 2004 proposal from Singapore and the Philippines predation is a threat to Cacatua to uplist Cacatua sulphurea to (ProFauna 2008). Continued trapping sulphurea in the wild. Our review did Appendix I, the Philippines, Singapore, and large-scale logging that are not

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sufficiently regulated or mitigated by protect this species. Therefore, we find C. sulphurea on Komodo Island as a the Indonesian Government remain that the inadequacy of regulatory whole. threats to the species. For some mechanisms is a threat to Cacatua Small and Declining Population subspecies, there are specific local sulphurea throughout its range. protections in place. For example, a All four subspecies of Cacatua local law for the protection of C. s. Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade sulphurea have very limited geographic abbotti exists, which IPP assisted in Factors Affecting Its Continued ranges and small, declining populations. obtaining in 2010. However, these laws Existence Their existing populations are extremely are inadequate to combat the threats Interspecific Competition localized, and sometimes geographically facing the species according to a local isolated from one another, leaving them NGO who works on the conservation of The Komodo dragon (Varanus vulnerable to localized extinctions from this species (Metz 2010, pers. comm.). komodoensis) preys upon eggs and uses habitat modification and destruction, With respect to the adequacy of nests of Cacatua sulphurea during the natural catastrophic changes to their internal government controls within species’ arboreal phase. Competition habitat (e.g., flood scour, drought), other Indonesia, we find that they are between the dragon and cockatoo has stochastic disturbances, and decreased inadequate (refer to discussion and been observed in attempts to use the fitness from reduced genetic diversity. finding under Factor D for the white tree Sterculia foetida for nesting (Agista Fewer than 1,000 to 2,000 individuals cockatoo, which faces the same threats and Rubyanto 2001 in Prijono 2008, p. likely represent each subspecies with respect to this factor). Poaching 4). Although individuals of C. sulphurea remaining in the wild; in the case of C. and illegal trade of this species continue may be subject to occasional s. abbotti and C. s. sulphurea, likely to occur. This species continues to competition with Komodo dragons, we fewer than 100 remain of each experience population declines, and the have no evidence that this is occurring subspecies (Metz 2010, pers. comm.) protections in place are inadequate to at a level that may affect the status of (see Table 2).

TABLE 2—YELLOW-CRESTED COCKATOO POPULATION ESTIMATES

Species Where found and date of population estimate Estimated number remaining in the wild

Yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea). .... Indonesia and Timor-Leste ...... 1,500 to ∼ 5,000.*

Subspecies

C. s. abbotti ...... Sulawesi Strait (2010) ...... fewer than 30. C. s. citrinocristata ...... Sulawesi Strait (2002) ...... 565 to 2,054. C. s. parvula ...... Sulawesi Strait (2000, 2009) ...... 500 to 2,000. Timor (2000, 2004) ...... 500.

C. s. sulphurea ...... Sulawesi Strait (2010) ...... 100 to 150. * Number includes all four subspecies.

Small, isolated populations of wildlife (Charlesworth and Charlesworth 1987, available in our files, and other species that have gone through a p. 231; Shaffer 1981, p. 131). This, in available published and unpublished reduction in population numbers can be turn, compromises a species’ ability to information. susceptible to demographic and genetic adapt genetically to changing We analyzed the potential threats to problems (Purvis et al. 2000, p. 1949; environments (Frankham 1996, p. 1,507) Cacatua sulphurea, including habitat Shaffer 1981, pp. 130–134). A small, and reduces overall fitness of the loss and habitat degradation, poaching declining population size renders a species, thus increasing extinction risk for the domestic pet trade, disease and species vulnerable to any of several (Reed and Frankham 2003, pp. 233– predation, and the inadequacy of risks including inbreeding depression, 234). regulatory controls. We found that loss of genetic variation, and Based on the best scientific and habitat loss as a result of deforestation is a threat to C. sulphurea, and the accumulation of new mutations. A commercial information available, we subspecies are declining rangewide. species’ small population size, conclude that Cacatua sulphurea’s very small and rapidly declining populations This species faces immediate and combined with its restricted range, may is a factor that negatively affects the significant threats, primarily from the increase the species’ vulnerability to species throughout its range, destruction and modification of its adverse natural events and manmade particularly when combined with other habitats from logging (Factor A). Efforts activities that destroy individuals and threats to this species. such as reforestation and building of their habitat (Holsinger 2000, pp. 64–65; nest boxes may continue to improve the Young and Clarke 2000, pp. 361–366; Finding for the Yellow-Crested Cockatoo habitat of this species, which may Primack 1998, pp. 279–308). Inbreeding As required by the ESA, we subsequently increase their numbers. can have individual or population-level considered the five factors in assessing However, no improvement has been consequences either by increasing the whether Cacatua sulphurea is seen yet as a result of conservation phenotypic expression (the outward endangered or threatened throughout all efforts (Metz 2010, pers. comm.). We appearance or observable structure, or a significant portion of its range. We conclude that the present or threatened function, or behavior of a living examined the best scientific and destruction, modification, or organism) of recessive, deleterious commercial information available curtailment of its habitat or range is a alleles (harmful gene sequences) or by regarding the past, present, and future significant threat to C. sulphurea. reducing the overall fitness of threats faced by C. sulphurea. We We found information that poaching individuals in the population reviewed the petition, information for the domestic pet trade is also a

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significant threat to the species. Illegal conservation measures in place, this species prohibitions provided for poaching of the cockatoo for the pet species faces severe threats, and the endangered species under section 9 of trade is still common, despite existing population trend for this species the ESA. Our implementing regulations laws, education, and public awareness continues to decline. Based on our for threatened wildlife in 50 CFR 17.31 campaigns. Pet birds are an important review of the best available scientific incorporate the section 9 prohibitions part of Indonesian culture, with large and commercial information pertaining for endangered wildlife, except when a numbers of wild-caught parrots traded to the five factors, we find that Cacatua special rule is promulgated. For domestically and internationally. sulphurea is in danger of extinction threatened species, section 4(d) of the Trappers remain active, and wild-caught (endangered) throughout all of its range. ESA gives the Secretary discretion to birds are openly sold in Asian markets Therefore, we are listing C. sulphurea as specify the ESA prohibitions and any (Prijono 2008, p. 18). Efforts to curtail endangered under the ESA. exceptions to those prohibitions that are illegal trade are hampered by appropriate for the species. A special Available Conservation Measures Indonesia’s large coastline and rule allows us to include provisions that enforcement officials with limited Conservation measures provided to are tailored to the specific conservation resources and knowledge. The species listed as endangered or needs of the threatened species and continuing illegal trade of the cockatoo threatened under the Act include which may be more or less restrictive is a threat to the survival of the species. recognition, requirements for Federal than the general provisions at 50 CFR Therefore, we find overutilization for protection, and prohibitions against 17.31. commercial, recreational, scientific, or certain practices. Recognition through The finalized special rule for the educational purposes (Factor B) is a listing results in public awareness, and white cockatoo, in most instances, threat to Cacatua sulphurea throughout encourages and results in conservation adopts the existing conservation its range. actions by Federal and State regulatory requirements of CITES and We found no evidence that diseases governments, private agencies and the WBCA as the appropriate regulatory significantly affect Cacatua sulphurea interest groups, and individuals. provisions for the import and export of in the wild. Other avian species may be The ESA and its implementing certain captive white cockatoos. It susceptible to certain diseases but we regulations set forth a series of general would also allow interstate commerce. have no evidence that disease occurs to prohibitions and exceptions that apply The purpose of the WBCA is to promote an extent that it is a threat to this to all endangered and threatened the conservation of exotic birds and to species. Predation was not found to wildlife. These prohibitions, at 50 CFR ensure that international trade involving affect C. sulphurea populations; 17.21 and 17.31, in part, make it illegal the United States does not harm exotic however, we will continue to monitor for any person subject to the jurisdiction birds. The white cockatoo is also listed this factor. Based on the best available of the United States to ‘‘take’’ (includes in Appendix II of CITES, a treaty that information, we conclude that neither harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, contributes to the conservation of the disease nor predation (Factor C) is a wound, kill, trap, capture, or to attempt species by monitoring international threat to the species throughout its any of these) within the United States or trade and ensuring that trade in the range. upon the high seas; import or export; species is not detrimental to its survival Although Indonesia has a good legal deliver, receive, carry, transport, or ship (see Conservation Status for the white framework to manage wildlife and their in interstate commerce in the course of cockatoo). However, import and export habitats, implementation of its laws and commercial activity; or sell or offer for of birds taken from the wild after the regulatory mechanisms has been sale in interstate or foreign commerce date this species is listed under the inadequate to address the threats to any endangered wildlife species. It also ESA, take, and foreign commerce would Cacatua sulphurea. Logging laws and is illegal to possess, sell, deliver, carry, need to meet the requirements of 50 policies are frequently ignored and transport, or ship any such wildlife that CFR 17.31 and 17.32. ‘‘Take’’ under the rarely enforced, and illegal logging is has been taken in violation of the ESA. ESA includes both harm and rampant, even occurring in national Certain exceptions apply to agents of the harassment. When applied to captive parks and nature reserves (Prijono Service and State conservation agencies. wildlife, take does not include generally 2008). The illegal trade of this species Permits may be issued to carry out accepted animal husbandry practices, continues to occur. The current range of otherwise prohibited activities breeding procedures, or provisions of C. sulphurea is much smaller than its involving endangered and threatened veterinary care for confining, historical range. The population wildlife species under certain tranquilizing, or anesthetizing, when estimates for each subspecies range from circumstances. Regulations governing such practices, procedures, or 30 to 2,054 individuals. Threats to C. permits for endangered species are provisions are not likely to result in sulphurea continue, and based on the codified at 50 CFR 17.22. With regard to injury to the wildlife. When conducting best available information, the endangered wildlife, a permit may be an activity that could take or population trends are declining. Thus, issued for the following purposes: For incidentally take wildlife, a permit we conclude that inadequate regulatory scientific purposes, to enhance the under the ESA is required. mechanisms are a threat to C. sulphurea propagation or survival of the species, On March 12, 2013, we published in throughout its range. and for incidental take in connection the Federal Register (78 FR 15624) a Finally, we conclude that effects that with otherwise lawful activities. For final rule listing the yellow-billed parrot typically impact small, declining threatened species, a permit may be with a special rule under section 4(d) of populations negatively affect this issued for the same activities, as well as the Act, and correcting the salmon- species, particularly when combined zoological exhibition, education, and crested cockatoo special rule under with the other threats affecting the special purposes consistent with the section 4(d) of the Act. In the preamble species (Factor E). ESA. of that rule, we explained that we were Because of the uniformity of the adopting for yellow-billed parrot and threats throughout its range, we find Special Rule correcting for salmon-crested cockatoo a that there are no other listable entities Section 4(d) of the ESA states that the provision similar to the one we that may warrant a different Secretary of the Interior (Secretary) may, proposed in the 4(d) rule for the white determination of status. Despite the by regulation, extend to threatened cockatoo, which would allow certain

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acts in interstate commerce for yellow- We assessed the conservation needs of listed under the ESA, take, and foreign billed parrot and salmon-crested the white cockatoo in light of the broad commerce would still need to meet the cockatoos that may be conducted protections provided to the species requirements of 50 CFR 17.31 and 17.32. without a threatened species permit under the WBCA and CITES. The best However, under the terms of section under 50 CFR 17.32. Consistent with available commercial data indicate that 9(b)(1) of the Act, white cockatoos held our intent in proposing the exceptions the current threat to the white cockatoo in captivity or a controlled environment contained in the 4(d) rule for the white stems from illegal trade in the domestic prior to the date the species is listed cockatoo, we are amending the and international markets of Indonesia under the Act would be considered regulations found at 50 CFR 17.41(c) to and surrounding countries. Thus, the ‘‘pre-Act’’ and would not require include the white cockatoo among the general prohibitions on import and permits for take or foreign commerce species in the parrot family to which 50 export contained in 50 CFR 17.31, unless they are subsequently held or CFR 17.41(c) applies, including the which extend only within the used in the course of a ‘‘commercial provision that certain acts in interstate jurisdiction of the United States, would activity.’’ For example, if a taking by the commerce of white cockatoos may not regulate such activities. Accordingly owner of a pet bird occurred and that proceed without a permit under the Act. we find that the import and export pet bird was (1) held in captivity prior This final special rule allows import requirements of the final special rule to the listing date and (2) not and export of certain white cockatoos provide the necessary and advisable subsequently held or used in the course and interstate commerce of this species conservation measures that are needed of a commercial activity, then that without a permit under the ESA as for this species. taking would be exempt and not a explained below. Interstate commerce. Under the violation of the ESA under the terms of special rule, a person may deliver, Import and export. This final special section 9(b)(1). Section 3(2) of the Act receive, carry, transport, or ship a white rule applies to all commercial and and our regulations at 50 CFR 17.3 cockatoo in interstate commerce in the noncommercial international shipments define ‘‘commercial activity’’ as all course of a commercial activity, or sell of live white cockatoos and parts and activities of actual or intended transfer or offer to sell in interstate commerce a products, including the import and of wildlife or plants from one person to white cockatoo without a permit under export of personal pets and research another person in the pursuit of gain or the Act. At the same time, the samples. It allows a person to import or profit, including, but not limited to, the prohibitions on take under 50 CFR 17.31 buying or selling of commodities and export a specimen that was held in apply under this special rule, and any captivity prior to the date this species is activities conducted for the purpose of interstate commerce activities that could facilitating such buying and selling. For listed under the ESA or that was incidentally take white cockatoos or captive-bred, provided the import is example, when a specimen is sold or otherwise prohibited acts in foreign offered for sale, it loses its pre-Act authorized under CITES and the WBCA commerce require a permit under 50 and export is authorized under CITES. status. The Act also provides, however, CFR 17.32. that exhibition of commodities by The terms ‘‘captive-bred’’ and Although we do not have current museums or similar cultural or ‘‘captivity’’ used in the final special rule data, we believe a large number of white historical organizations is not included are defined in the regulations at 50 CFR cockatoos exist in the United States. in the ESA’s definition of ‘‘commercial 17.3 and refer to wildlife produced in a ISIS (International Species Information activity.’’ For example, when a controlled environment that is System) information as of 2008 commodity containing a white cockatoo intensively manipulated by man from indicated that 252 white cockatoos were feather and acquired by a museum prior parents that mated or otherwise held in U.S. zoos (ISIS 2008, p. 4). This to the listing date is sold in foreign transferred gametes in captivity. The number is an underestimate, as some final special rule applies to birds zoos do not enter data into the ISIS commerce for exhibition by a second captive-bred in the United States and database. We have no information to museum after the listing date, it would abroad. Import and export of specimens suggest that interstate commerce not lose its pre-Act status (provided it that have been held in captivity prior to activities are associated with threats to was not held or used in the course of a the date this species is listed under the the white cockatoo or would negatively commercial activity by a non-qualifying ESA or that were captive-bred would be affect any efforts aimed at the recovery entity in the time between listing and allowed without a permit under the ESA of wild populations of the species. the transaction between the two provided the provisions of CITES and Therefore, because acts in interstate museums). You may obtain information the WBCA are met. With respect to commerce within the United States have about permits or other authorizations to captive-bred specimens, the CITES not been found to threaten the white carry out otherwise prohibited activities export permits would need to indicate cockatoo, the species is otherwise by contacting the U.S. Fish and Wildlife that the specimen was not taken from protected in the course of interstate Service, Division of Management the wild by using a source code on the commercial activities under the Authority, Branch of Permits, 4401 N. face of the permit other than U incidental take provisions and foreign Fairfax Drive, Room 212, Arlington, VA (unknown) or W (taken from the wild). commerce provisions contained in 50 22203; telephone: (703) 358–2104 or If the specimen was taken from the wild CFR 17.31, and international trade of (toll free) (800) 358–2104; facsimile: prior to the date this species is listed this species is regulated under CITES (703) 358–2281; email: under the ESA, the importer or exporter and the WBCA, we find this special rule [email protected]; Web would need to demonstrate that the adopts appropriate prohibitions from site: http://www.fws.gov/international/ cockatoo was taken from the wild prior section 9(a)(1) of the Act and contains index.html. to that date. Under the special rule, a all the prohibitions and authorizations Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, person would need to provide records, necessary and advisable for the and as implemented by regulations at 50 receipts, or other documents when conservation of the white cockatoo. CFR part 402, requires Federal agencies applying for permits under CITES and Pre-Act Exemptions. As stated to evaluate their actions within the the WBCA to show the specimen was previously, under the Special Rule, United States or on the high seas with held in captivity prior to the date this import and export of birds taken from respect to any species that is proposed species is listed under the ESA. the wild after the date this species is or listed as endangered or threatened

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and with respect to its critical habitat, References Cited Regulation Promulgation if any is being designated. However, A list of all references cited in this Accordingly, we are amending part given that these species are not native 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of to the United States, we are not document is available at http:// www.regulations.gov, Docket No. FWS– the Code of Federal Regulations, as set designating critical habitat for these forth below: species under section 4 of the Act. R9–ES–2010–0099, or upon request from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, PART 17—[AMENDED] Required Determinations Ecological Services Program, Branch of ■ National Environmental Policy Act (42 Foreign Species (see FOR FURTHER 1. The authority citation for part 17 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) INFORMATION CONTACT). continues to read as follows: Authors Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 1531– We have determined that we do not 1544; 4201–4245; unless otherwise noted. need to prepare an environmental The primary authors of this rule are ■ 2. Amend § 17.11(h) by adding new assessment, as defined under the staff members of the Branch of Foreign authority of the National Environmental entries for ‘‘Cockatoo, Philippine’’, Species, Ecological Services Program, ‘‘Cockatoo, white’’, and Cockatoo, Policy Act of 1969, in connection with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. yellow-crested’’ in alphabetical order regulations adopted under section 4(a) List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 under Birds to the List of Endangered of the Act. We published a notice and Threatened Wildlife, as follows: outlining our reasons for this Endangered and threatened species, determination in the Federal Register Exports, Imports, Reporting and § 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife. on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). recordkeeping requirements, Transportation. * * * * * (h) * * *

Species Vertebrate population where Critical Special Historic range endangered or Status When listed habitat rules Common name Scientific name threatened

******* BIRDS

******* Cockatoo, Philippine Cacatua Philippines ...... Entire ...... E 786 NA NA haematuropygia.

******* Cockatoo, white ...... Cacatua alba ...... Indonesia ...... Entire ...... T 786 NA 17.41(c) Cockatoo, yellow- Cacatua sulphurea Indonesia and Entire ...... E 786 NA NA crested. Timor-Leste (East Timor).

*******

■ 3. Amend § 17.41 by revising (2) * * * (C) For white cockatoos: July 24, 2014 paragraph (c) introductory text and (ii) Specimens held in captivity prior (the date this species was listed under paragraph (c)(2)(ii) introductory text, to certain dates: You must provide the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as and adding paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(C), to documentation to demonstrate that the amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.)). read as follows: specimen was held in captivity prior to * * * * * the applicable date specified in § 17.41 Special rules—birds. paragraphs (c)(2)(ii)(A), (B), or (C) of this Dated: June 6, 2014. * * * * * section. Such documentation may Stephen Guertin, (c) The following species in the parrot include copies of receipts, accession or Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife family: Salmon-crested cockatoo veterinary records, CITES documents, or Service. (Cacatua moluccensis), yellow-billed wildlife declaration forms, which must [FR Doc. 2014–14624 Filed 6–23–14; 8:45 am] parrot (Amazona collaria), and white be dated prior to the specified dates. BILLING CODE 4310–55–P cockatoo (Cacatua alba). * * * * * * * * * *

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