DOCSLIB.ORG

Handbook of Thermoset Resins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Handbook of Thermoset Resins Handbook of Thermoset Resins Debdatta Ratna Handbook of Thermoset Resins Debdatta Ratna iSmithers – A Smithers Group Company Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118 http://www.rapra.net First Published in 2009 by iSmithers Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, UK ©2009, Smithers Rapra All rights reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this publication may be photocopied, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior permission from the copyright holder. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of any material reproduced within the text and the authors and publishers apologise if any have been overlooked. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of any material reproduced within the text and the authors and publishers apologise if any have been overlooked. ISBN: 978-1-84735-410-5 (hardback) 978-1-84735-411-2 (softback) Typeset by Argil Services Printed and bound by Lightning Source Inc. Preface This book is dedicated to thermoset resins, an important class of polymer materials. Unlike thermoplastics, thermoset resins are characterised by a curing reaction, which converts the low molecular weight liquid resins (easy to process) into solid three- dimensional network structures. The main advantage of a thermoset over a thermoplastic is that a wide range of properties can be achieved by simply adjusting the crosslink density of the thermoset network, without changing the chemical structure. As a student of polymer science and a researcher in the field of thermoset resins, I always felt the lack of a self-sufficient book dedicated to thermoset resins. That is why I decided to compile my fundamental understanding and long research experience in this specialised field and present it in the form of a book when I was invited to do so by Ms. Frances Gardiner (Smithers Rapra Technology, UK) after the publication of my Rapra Review Report (No. 185) on Epoxy Resins. I am thankful to her and her team for their cooperation and encouragement. The major part of this book was written when I was a visiting scientist to the Institute of Composite Materials (IVW), Technical University, Kaiserslautern, Germany. Alexander von Humboldt foundation, Germany, was the sponsor for my fellowship and Professor J. Karger-Kocsis was my host, who has advised and encouraged me during my entire research stay in Germany. Dr. Thomas Abraham, who was a post doctoral fellow from the very beginning of my tenure in IVW, had helped me a lot to prepare the large number of figures for the book. Dr. Wanjale joined as a post doctoral fellow in IVW at a later part of my tenure and also helped me to a certain extent. I would like to acknowledge all of their contributions. I wish to thank Dr. Narayana Das, Director, Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Dr. B.C. Chakraborty, Head of polymer division, NMRL and my other colleagues of NMRL for their encouragement and supports. I have divided this book into seven chapters. It starts with a general introduction to thermosets, which includes network concept, additives and techniques/instrumentations (their principles) used to characterise a thermoset resin. The chemistry, properties and applications of individual thermoset resins are discussed in Chapters 2 and 3. Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the modification of thermoset resins for improvement in fracture toughness. The thermoset-based composites and nanocomposites are i Thermoset Resins discussed in Chapters 6 and 7, respectively. With such broad technical content covering the basic concepts and recent advances, I am sure this book will serve as a useful textbook-cum-handbook for the students, researchers, engineers, R&D scientists from academia, research laboratories and industries. It will be extremely useful for the scientists and researchers to make a knowledge-base in the subject as well as to plan their future works because I have not only presented the review of the recent advances in this book but also highlighted the future directions of research in the various areas of thermoset resins. The bounty of information garnered in this book will serve as a fountainhead for further exiting development in the field of thermoset resins in general and thermoset nanocomposites in particular. I would like to dedicate this book in the memory of my father late Lakshmikanta Ratna. The best wishes of my mother (Snehalata Ratna), in-laws, sisters, Sunilda and other well wishers have always been the driving force and heaven’s light (Almighty’s blessing) has been the guide behind this creation. I am thankful to my father-in-law Shri Nirmalendu Sathpathi for not only his moral support but for his editorial assistance. For writing this book, I had to utilise much of the quality time, which I generally give, to my family. Hence I am sincerely thankful and indebted to my wife (Sujata) and sons (Saptarshi and Debarshi) for their patience and for always being the source of inspiration, without which this book would have not been in reality. Debdatta Ratna Summer 2009 ii Contents 1 General Introduction to Thermoset Networks 1 1.1 Introduction ...........................................................................1 1.2 Network Concept ...................................................................1 1.3 Gelation ..................................................................................2 1.4 Cure Characteristics................................................................ 5 1.5 Effect of Vitrification on Polymerisation Rate .........................8 1.6 Effect of Cure Conversion on Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) ..................................................................10 1.7 Crosslinked Density (Xc) ......................................................12 1.8 Additives for Thermoset Resins ............................................ 14 1.8.1 Antioxidants ..................................................................... 14 1.8.2 Fillers ...............................................................................17 1.8.3 Blowing Agents ................................................................17 1.8.4 Coupling Agents ...............................................................18 1.8.5 Surfactants .......................................................................18 1.8.6 Colorants .........................................................................19 1.8.7 Other Additives ................................................................19 1.9 Processing of Thermoset Resins ............................................19 1.9.1 Die Casting ....................................................................... 19 1.9.2 Rotational Casting ...........................................................20 1.9.3 Compression Moulding ....................................................20 1.9.4 Reaction Injection Moulding Process (RIM) .....................21 1.10 Characterisation of Thermoset Resins ...................................22 1.10.1 Titration ...........................................................................22 1.10.2 IR Spectroscopy ................................................................ 23 1.10.3 NMR Spectroscopy ..........................................................23 1.10.4 Distribution of Molecular Weights ................................... 24 iii Thermoset Resins 1.10.4.1 Viscometry ......................................................25 1.10.4.2 End-Group Analysis ........................................26 1.10.4.3 Vapour Pressure Osmometry ........................... 26 1.10.4.4 Membrane Osmometry ...................................26 1.10.4.5 Light Scattering ...............................................27 1.10.4.6 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) ......... 28 1.10.5 Morphological Characterisation .......................................28 1.10.5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) ............. 28 1.10.5.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) ...... 29 1.10.5.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) ....................29 1.10.5.4 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) ................................. 31 1.10.6 Thermal Analysis .............................................................. 31 1.10.6.1 Differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC) ......... 31 1.10.6.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) ............ 32 1.10.6.3 Time–Temperature Superposition (TTS) .......... 34 1.10.6.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) .................35 1.10.7 Rheological Characterisation ............................................ 35 1.11 Testing and Evaluation of Thermoset Resins .........................38 1.11.1 Mechanical Properties ......................................................38 1.11.1.1 Tensile Test ......................................................40 1.11.1.2 Flexural Test ....................................................42 1.11.1.3 Creep Test .......................................................43 1.10.1.4 Fatigue Test .....................................................44 1.11.2 Fracture Toughness (K1c) ................................................. 45 1.11.3 Impact Test .......................................................................47 1.11.3.1 Pendulum Impact Test ..................................... 47 1.11.3.2 Falling Weight Impact Test .............................. 48 1.11.4 Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT) ...............................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mechanical Properties for Polyester Resin Reinforce with Fe Weave Wire
    International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected] Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847 Mechanical Properties for Polyester resin Reinforce with Fe Weave Wire Alaa A. Abdul-Hamead 1, Thekra Kasim2, and Awattiff A.Mohammed 3 1 Materials Eng. Department University of Technology 2Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq 3Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq ABSTRACT In the present work we prepared and study a polymer composite using from and polyester polymer with iron weave wire ratios (5,10,15,20%) .At first was studied and examined with chemical composition analyzing, then some of physical and mechanical properties of the composite were studied stress –strain , impact strength, fracture toughness , hardness and thermal conductivity. Results show an improvement in these mechanical properties after reinforcement by metals the value of mechanical properties will increase with increasing percentage of reinforcement. Keywords: polymer composite, polyester , Fe weave wire , impact strength, fracture toughness, hardness & thermal conductivity. 1. INTRODUCTION Composite materials were created as a result of an intensive search for materials which offer high reinforcement levels, with good mechanical properties and light weight.[1] Polymer composites can be classified as :Macro-composites ,Micro- composites and Nanocomposites according to fillers size[2,3]. Unsaturated polymers (UPE) resin is used for a wide variety of industrial and consumer applications. This consumption can be split into two major categories of applications: reinforced and nonreinforced. In reinforced applications, resin and reinforcement, such as fiberglass, are used together to produce a composite with improved physical properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics of Thermosetting Polymer Nanocomposites: Siloxane-Imide-Containing Benzoxazine with Silsesquioxane Epoxy Resins
    polymers Communication Characteristics of Thermosetting Polymer Nanocomposites: Siloxane-Imide-Containing Benzoxazine with Silsesquioxane Epoxy Resins Chih-Hao Lin 1 , Wen-Bin Chen 2, Wha-Tzong Whang 1 and Chun-Hua Chen 1,* 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan; [email protected] (C.-H.L.); [email protected] (W.-T.W.) 2 Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-3513-1287 Received: 16 September 2020; Accepted: 26 October 2020; Published: 28 October 2020 Abstract: A series of innovative thermosetting polymer nanocomposites comprising of polysiloxane-imide-containing benzoxazine (PSiBZ) as the matrix and double-decker silsesquioxane (DDSQ) epoxy or polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) epoxy were prepared for improving thermosetting performance. Thermomechanical and dynamic mechanical characterizations indicated that both DDSQ and POSS could effectively lower the coefficient of thermal expansion by up to approximately 34% and considerably increase the storage modulus (up to 183%). Therefore, DDSQ and POSS are promising materials for low-stress encapsulation for electronic packaging applications. Keywords: polysiloxane-imide-containing benzoxazine; polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane epoxy; double-decker silsesquioxane epoxy; polymer nanocomposite 1. Introduction Compared with pristine polymer nanocomposites, hybrid organic–inorganic nanocomposites comprising of functional polymers as the matrix and nanoscale inorganic constituents have attracted greater interest in both academia and industry because of their tunable and generally more favorable thermal, mechanical, electrical, and barrier properties [1–3]. Upgrading current thermosetting polymers has become critical because of their utilization in various applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Coating System Guide for Chemical & Petrochemical Plants
    Coating System Guide for Chemical & Sponsored by Petrochemical Plants Photo: Devoe High Performance Coatings Systems are alphabetized by first coat. Exterior Plant Exposure I Epoxy (1-2 coats)/Urethane I Epoxy/Epoxy 100% Solids Andek Corporation (101-250 g/L) A.W. Chesterton/ARC Composites (<100 g/L) Moderate to Severe Chemical, Coatings For Industry, Inc. (251-340 g/L) Blome International (<100 g/L) Complementary Coatings/DBA Insl-X (251-340 g/L) Corro-Shield International, Inc. Weathering, & UV Corchem Corporation (101-250 g/L) Denso North America Steel Coronado Paint (251-340 g/L) Duromar, Inc. (<100 g/L) Dampney Co., Inc. ENECON Corporation (<100 g/L) Endura Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (101-250 g/L) Gemite Products Inc. (<100 g/L) I Alkyd/Acrylic/Acrylic Devoe Coatings (AkzoNobel) (341-450 g/L) Euronavy Sauereisen, Inc. Diamond Vogel Paint Company (251-340 g/L) Gulf Coast Paint Mfg., Inc. (101-250 g/L) Mascoat Products (<100 g/L) Heresite Protective Coatings, Inc. (341-450 g/L) PolySpec L.P. / THIOKOL (<100 g/L) Highland International, Inc. QUESTMARK FLOORING ITW Futura Coatings (101-250 g/L) Superior Epoxies & Coatings (<100 g/L) KCC Corrosion Control Co., Ltd. Watson Coatings, Inc. Micor Company, Inc. (341-450 g/L) PPG Protective & Marine Coatings (<100 g/L) I Alkyd/Alkyd/Alkyd Richard’s Paint Mfg. Co., Inc. (341-450 g/L) Tnemec Company, Inc. Rust-Oleum Corporation (101-250 g/L) Watson Coatings, Inc. Sherwin-Williams (101-250 g/L) Wolverine Coatings Corporation Specialty Polymer Coatings, Inc. I Calcium Sulphonate I Epoxy/Epoxy Flake Filled/Epoxy Flake Filled Termarust Technologies (101-250 g/L) Tnemec Company, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Recycling for High Value Added Textiles Sang Ho Park and Seong Hun Kim*
    Park and Kim Fashion and Textiles 2014, 1:1 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40691-014-0001-x REVIEW Open Access Poly (ethylene terephthalate) recycling for high value added textiles Sang Ho Park and Seong Hun Kim* * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Department of Organic anc Nano Engineering, College of This study reviews the problems in the use and disposal of poly (ethylene Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 terephthalate) (PET) and includes the concise background of virgin and recycled PET Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-gu, as well as their possible applications. The current state of knowledge with respect to Seoul 133-791, Korea PET recycling method is presented. Recycling of PET is the most desirable method for waste management, providing an opportunity for reductions in oil usage, carbon dioxide emissions and PET waste requiring disposal because of its non-degradability. Advanced technologies and systems for reducing contamination, mechanical and chemical recycling, and their applications are discussed, and the possibility of diverting the majority of PET waste from landfills or incineration to recycling is suggested. Keywords: Polyethylene terephthalate; Mechanical recycle; Chemical recycle Introduction Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET), commonly referred to as ‘polyester’ in the textile industry, is considered to be one of the most important thermoplastic polyesters (Incornato et al. 2000). It is widely used for various applications such as bottles, fibers, moldings, and sheets because of its excellent tensile and impact strength, clarity, pro- cessability, chemical resistance, and thermal stability (Pawlak et al. 2000; Kong and Hay 2003; Avila-Orta et al. 2003). The PET fiber patented originally by DuPont (DuPont, 1997) dominates over 50% of the world synthetic fiber market.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanical and Electrical Studies of Silicone Modified Polyurethane
    Polymer Journal, Vol. 36, No. 10, pp. 848—855 (2004) Mechanical and Electrical Studies of Silicone Modified Polyurethane–Epoxy Intercrosslinked Networks y Arun ANAND PRABU and Muthukaruppan ALAGAR Department of Chemical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai-600 025, India (Received May 27, 2004; Accepted July 20, 2004; Published October 15, 2004) ABSTRACT: A series of intercrosslinked networks (ICNs) based on silicone modified polyurethane (PU)–epoxy resins were developed. In this study, epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A) was modified with PU prepolymer and hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HTPDMS) using -aminopropyl triethoxysilane ( -APS) as silane cross linker and dibutyltindilaurate (DBTL) as catalyst to form ICNs. Aromatic polyamine adduct (A), diethylenetri- amine (B) and polyamidoamine (C) were used as epoxy curatives. The final products were obtained in the form of tough films. Changes in chemical structure during ICN formation, mechanical and electrical properties were investigated us- ing FT-IR spectra, tensile, impact and dielectric testing. The mechanical properties were enhanced with incorporation of PU (10 wt %) and silicone (10 wt %) due to the toughening of brittle epoxy matrices. Electrical properties showed a marginally decreasing trend with the incorporation of PU (0–20 wt %) influenced by the polar urethane linkages where- as silicone incorporation (10 wt %) showed an enhancement due to the presence of inorganic –Si–O–Si– linkage. Among the systems studied, the silicone (10 wt %) modified PU (10 wt %)–epoxy cured with ‘‘A’’ exhibited excellent mechanical and electrical characteristics and can be used as coatings and composites for industrial, electrical and ma- rine components. [DOI 10.1295/polymj.36.848] KEY WORDS Intercrosslinked Network / Epoxy / Polyurethane / Silicone / Coatings / Composites / Numerous polymeric resins based on epoxy, unsat- used in epoxy and polyurethane synthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Reduction of Cure-Induced Stresses in Thermoset Polymer Composites Via Chemical and Thermal Methods
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2003 Reduction of cure-induced stresses in thermoset polymer composites via chemical and thermal methods Brett Hardin Franks Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Recommended Citation Franks, Brett Hardin, "Reduction of cure-induced stresses in thermoset polymer composites via chemical and thermal methods. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2003. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/5224 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Brett Hardin Franks entitled "Reduction of cure- induced stresses in thermoset polymer composites via chemical and thermal methods." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Engineering Science. Madhu Madhukar,, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Brett Franks entitled "Reduction of Cure­ Induced Stresses in Thermoset Polymer Composites via Chemical and Thermal Methods." I have examined the finalpaper copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Engineering Science·.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Thermosetting Polymer in Structural Composite
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ivy Union Publishing (E-Journals) American Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering Kausar A. American Journal of Polymer Sciencehttp://www.ivyunion.org/index.php/ajpse/ & Engineering 2017, 5:1-12 Page 1 of 12 Review Article Role of Thermosetting Polymer in Structural Composite Ayesha Kausar1 1 Nanoscience and Technology Department, National Center For Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract Thermosetting resins are network forming polymers with highly crosslinked structure. In this review article, thermoset of epoxy, unsaturated polyester resin, phenolic, melamine, and polyurethane resin have been conversed. Thermosets usually have outstanding tensile strength, impact strength, and glass transition temperature (Tg). Epoxy is the most widely explored class of thermosetting resins. Owing to high stiffness and strength, chemical resistance, good dielectric behavior, corrosion resistance, low shrinkage during curing, and good thermal features, epoxy form the most important class of thermosetting resins for several engineering applications. Here, essential features of imperative thermosetting resins have been discussed such as mechanical, thermal, and non-flammability. At the end, employment of thermosetting resins in technical applications like sporting goods, adhesives, printed circuit board, and aerospace have been included. Keywords: Thermoset; epoxy; mechanical; non-flammability; application Received : November 14, 2016; Accepted: January 8, 2017; Published: January 16, 2017 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Copyright: 2017 Kausar A. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Adhesives for Difficult-To-Bond Plastics
    Adhesives for Difficult-to-bond A GUIDE TO Plastics www.craftechind.com [email protected] info.craftechind.com/blog @CraftechIndNY (800) 833-5130 /company/craftech-industries www.craftechind.com www.craftechind.com 1 What makes these plastics so difficult to bond? Many modern plastics are formulated specifically Materials to be anti-corrosive in specific chemical and environmental Lexan » An amorphous polycarbonate polymer that conditions. As a result, these polymers also tend to be difficult offers a unique combination of stiffness, to chemically bond because of their low surface energies, hardness and toughness. It exhibits excellent weathering, creep, impact, optical, electrical low porosity, and non-polar or non-functional surfaces. and thermal properties. They feature no functional site or surface roughness onto which an adhesive can secure itself. In other words, they are extremely smooth and slippery, so there’s nothing for Nylon » A commonly used synthetic polymer because of the glue to grab onto. good mechanical properties, wear resistance and high melting point. Nylon is frequently used when a low cost, high mechanical strength, rigid and stable material is required. Objective Teflon (PTFE) » A synthetic fluoropolymer characterized by its Being able to effectively bond two surfaces together can excellent dielectric properties, high melting be useful in many situations. Yet, few adhesives offer consistently temperature, and non-reactivity. Teflon has one of the lowest coefficients of friction in the high bond strengths. In order to steer you towards the best adhesives world of plastics on the market, we’ve expanded our list of glues (and plastics!) since our last blog post on the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • 4.4 Polyester Resin Plastic Products Fabrication 4.4.1 General
    4.4 Polyester Resin Plastic Products Fabrication 4.4.1 General Description1-2 A growing number of products are fabricated from liquid polyester resin reinforced with glass fibers and extended with various inorganic filler materials such as calcium carbonate, talc, mica, or small glass spheres. These composite materials are often referred to as fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP), or simply "fiberglass". The Society Of The Plastics industry designates these materials as "reinforced plastics/composites" (RP/C). Also, advanced reinforced plastics products are now formulated with fibers other than glass, such as carbon, aramid, and aramid/carbon hybrids. In some processes, resin products are fabricated without fibers. One major product using resins with fillers but no reinforcing fibers is the synthetic marble used in manufacturing bathroom countertops, sinks, and related items. Other applications of nonreinforced resin plastics include automobile body filler, bowling balls, and coatings. Fiber-reinforced plastics products have a wide range of application in industry, transportation, home, and recreation. Industrial uses include storage tanks, skylights, electrical equipment, ducting, pipes, machine components, and corrosion resistant structural and process equipment. In transportation, automobile and aircraft applications are increasing rapidly. Home and recreational items include bathroom tubs and showers, boats (building and repair), surfboards and skis, helmets, swimming pools and hot tubs, and a variety of sporting goods. The thermosetting polyester resins considered here are complex polymers resulting from the cross-linking reaction of a liquid unsaturated polyester with a vinyl type monomer, list often styrene. The unsaturated polyester is formed from the condensation reaction of an unsaturated dibasic acid or anhydride, a saturated dibasic acid or anhydride, and a polyfunctional alcohol.
    [Show full text]
  • Epoxy, Polyester, Acrylic — What's in a Name?
    FOCUS: Powder Coating Materials Epoxy, Polyester, Acrylic — What’s in a Name? Powder coating resin systems are no longer distinct and easily categorized . By CHAMP BOWDEN Manager Product Development Ferro Powder Coatings Cleveland, Ohio emember how simple it used to Powder manufacturers and end us- be to decide what type of ham- ers compared these resin systems. Rburger to order? You basically Table I reviews the advantages and had two choices, plain or with cheese. disadvantages of each. This compari- Now you walk into a restaurant and it son became so common that when- takes at least five minutes to read all ever anyone involved in the powder the variations that are available. coating industry mentioned one of A similar situation is facing pow- the five resin systems, the listener der coating end users. When thermo- would immediately picture a set of setting powder coatings were intro- film properties. For example, poly- duced, the user could have any resin ester urethanes were thought of as system as long as it was epoxy. Then, thin-film, exterior-durable systems, as powder coatings evolved, polyes- while epoxy/polyester hybrids were ter and acrylic resins became avail- identified as a low-cost, versatile able. By the early 1980’s five basic binder where UV resistance was not systems were in use: epoxy, epoxy/ required. polyester (hybrid), polyester ure- As powder technology advanced, thane, TGIC polyester and acrylic these distinctions blurred. An out- urethane. Each of these resin systems pouring of resins and crosslinkers had specific characteristics that made changed the physical and chemical it easy to categorize.
    [Show full text]
  • Castin'craft Casting Resin Basics, Instructions and Tips
    CASTIN’CRAFT CASTING RESIN BASICS, INSTRUCTIONS AND TIPS BASICS OF RESIN CASTING (cured) stage in 1 to 24 hours. The length of this cycle will vary Resin casting is an exciting and fun craft that allows you to greatly depending on the four factors mentioned previously. The embed or encase almost any object in crystal-clear plastic. The period of time between the addition of the catalyst and the gel basic materials needed to get started in resin crafting are easy to stage is called the 'working time' or 'pot life' of the resin. find and relatively inexpensive. Generally this is about 15 to 20 minutes. Do not catalyze more You'll need: resin than you can pour during the 'working time' since catalyzed 1. Casting resin and catalyst resin cannot be poured once it has gelled. Do not pour catalyzed 2. Disposable graduated paper mixing cups resin back into your casting resin can. Catalyst should be stored 3. Wooden stir sticks at room temperature, out of sunlight and out of reach of children. 4. A mold Shelf life is indefinite as long as stored properly. 5. Objects you wish to embed EMBEDMENTS Color dyes and pigments are optional and can be used to create a Here are some suggested objects that can be suspended or variety of special effects and backgrounds. Resin crafting encased in casting resin: • Crushed glass • Coins • Fabric* • supplies are available at hobby, craft and plastics supply stores. Flowers - dried or pressed • Glass jewels or marbles • Glitter • Insects or biological specimens • Jewelry findings • Leaves - Understanding the basics of how casting resin can be changed dried or pressed • Mechanical parts, nuts bolts etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Premium Countertop Epoxy Instructions
    PREMIUM COUNTERTOP EPOXY INSTRUCTIONS TOOLS & SUPPLIES (Included in ProTops Tool COVERAGE Kit) 2 quarts = 8-10 sq feet @ 1/8” Premium FX Poxy Epoxy 1 gallon = 16-20 sq @ 1/8” FX Prime Coat & Metallic Powder 2 gallons = 32-40 sq @ 1/8” Clean Paint/Mixing Sticks 3 gallons = 48-60 sq @ 1/8” Graduated Mixing Buckets 4 gallons = 64-80 sq @ 1/8” Standard Mixing Cups 5 gallons = 80-100 sq @ 1/8” Nylon Paint Brush 6 gallons = 96-120 sq @ 1/8” Propane Torch 7 gallons = 112-140 sq @ 1/8” 3M Masking Gun 8 gallons = 128-160 sq @ 1/8” Masking Film & Painter’s Tape 9 gallons = 144-180 sq @ 1/8” Disposable Nitrile Gloves 10 gallons = 160-200 sq @ 1/8” DAP spackling & sandpaper STEP 1: PREPARATION & CLEANING Before you start, make sure that both the epoxy, substrate and ambient air temperature are between 70 - 75 degrees Fahrenheit (21 - 24 Celcius). Clean countertop surface with 409 or a comparable cleaner. Make sure the entire work area is clean and free of dust and clutter, which may contaminate the nished product. Use DAP spackling to ll small holes, cracks and seams. Be sure not to leave any excess spackling on surfaces to be coated with epoxy. Use a sanding block to smooth repairs. SKIM COAT If applying epoxy over a porous surface such as concrete or wood, a skim coat is necessary before ood coating with epoxy to prevent air bubbles in the nished product. If you're careful you can do this now; otherwise wait until a er masking.
    [Show full text]