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Identities in Flux Identities in Flux Globalisation, Trauma, and Reconciliation Edited by DAGMAR KUSÁ Kritika & Kontext 53—54 Identities in Flux Globalisation, Trauma, and Reconciliation Edited by DAGMAR KUSÁ No. 53—54 2018 Published as an issue of Kritika & Kontext, no. 53-54 in the series Neverending Texts. Published in 2018 with print-run of 300 copies Publisher: Samuel Abrahám © Kritika & Kontext Editor: Mgr. Dagmar Kusá, PhD Reviewers: Prof. PhDr. Iveta RADIČOVÁ, PhD Prof. PhDr. Silvia MIHÁLIKOVÁ, PhD Associate Prof. Karen HENDERSON, PhD The Liberal Herald Series Editorial Panel: Jakub TLOLKA, MA James GRIFFITH, PhD Mgr. Dagmar KUSÁ, PhD Authors: © Marta Boniardi, Fleur Damen, Mbulelo Patrick Gcaza, James Griffith, Dagmar Kusá, Mateusz Mazzini, František Novosád, Daniele Nuccilli, Dominique Otigbah, Darina Petráňová, Walter Philander, Daniel Odin Shaw, Junjiro Shida, Jon Stewart, Peter Šajda, Christo Thesnaar, Oholiabs D. Tuduks All chapters were subjected to double-blind peer review. Language Editor: Linda Steyne, PhD Text Editor: Jonáš Jánsky Cover art: Martina Šumichrastová, Bratislava Apocalypse, 2018 Graphic design: Michaela Chmelíčková ISBN: 978-80-972340-1-0 ISSN: 1335-1710 Publisher’s Address: Grösslingová 53, 811 09 Bratislava, Slovakia. Phone: +421 2 592 34 471 Supported from public funds by the Slovak Arts Council Supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency within the research project Philosophical Anthropology and Print: Gupress Contemporary Civilisational Situation (contract No. APVV-15-0682). Registered: MK SR 1406/96 7 Table of Contents Part One FLEUR DAMEN HISTORY, MEMORY, AND IDENTITY IN PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT Franco’s Totalitarian Temptation and the Recovery of the Political: An Analysis of the Franco regime and Spanish Social Memory . 131 DAGMAR KUSÁ Identities in Flux: Globalisation, Trauma, and Reconciliation: Introduction . 10 WALTER PHILANDER Reconciliation: The Ultimate Goal for a New Identity After Transition . 144 FRANTIŠEK NOVOSÁD Basics of Philosophical Anthropology . 21 MBULELO PATRICK GCAZA Redefining Self-Identity as Military Ex-Combatant in the Post-Apartheid Era . 151 DANIELE NUCCILLI History and Stories: Schapp’s Ontological Conception of the Entanglement . .. 29 DOMINIQUE OTIGBAH Remembering and Misremembering: A Reconsideration of Narratives PETER ŠAJDA of the Nigerian Civil War 1967-70 . 160 Writing Better Histories: On the Epistemological Potential of Being Vanquished . 46 Part Three JON STEWART REPERCUSSIONS OF GLOBALISATION AND DECOLONISATION Classical Education in a Globalised World and Our Modern Prejudices: Questions of Identity and the Curriculum . 54 JUNJIRO SHIDA The Clash of Histories: Can Japan and China Overcome JAMES GRIFFITH Their Historical Dispute? . 170 De Reconciliatione: Violence, the Flesh, and Primary Vulnerability . 69 OHOLIABS D. TUDUKS (Dis-)continuity of Colonial Religious Identities: Part Two A Challenge for Christian/ Muslim Coexistence in Northern Nigeria . 178 RECONCILIATION IN POST-TRANSITION, WORKING THROUGH CULTURAL TRAUMAS DANIEL ODIN SHAW The New Language of Hate: Misogyny and the Alt-Right . 188 CHRISTO THESNAAR Intergenerational Guilt and Shame Continue to Challenge Relations: DARINA PETRÁŇOVÁ Some Thoughts from the Dialogical Intergenerational Pastoral Process . 82 The More Distant “Other”? Impact of the Refugee Crisis on the discourse about identity in the Slovak Republic . 200 DAGMAR KUSÁ Memory Holes and the Democratic Project: Impacts of the Abuse MARTA BONIARDI of Memory on the Quality of Democracy in Central Europe . 99 Recognising Each Other: An Identity-Based Argument for Multiculturalism . .210 MATEUSZ MAZZINI Improving the Past, Damaging the Present . Memory Politics Seen Index . 222 Through the Post-Transitional Justice Framework . 119 Notes on Contributors . 230 8 9 dag M ar K us Á Identities in Flux. Globalisation, Trauma, as is the case of the European human rights framework, particularly the and Reconciliation: Introduction human rights documents enshrined within the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe which make a point of Dagmar Kusá collective rights pertaining to national and/or linguistic minorities. The long-term global democratisation process was propped up by the Since the third wave of democratisation reached Central and East- spread of the global human rights culture. Since the Second World War and ern Europe in 1989 and its communist regimes began to crumble, the fate the passing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—draf ted under of liberal democracies has become polemicised. In 1989, the end of another the auspices of Eleanor Roosevelt and an international team of lawyers grand ideology of the twentieth century was hailed as the “end of history”, and scholars in under three years—dozens of global and regional human proclaiming liberal democracy the final form of government and the “tri- rights covenants and declarations, some having reached near universal sta- umph of the Western idea” (Fukuyama, 1992). Liberal democracy was now tus, have been signed and ratified by almost all governments represent- the only game in town, having defeated all viable ideological competitions. ed in the United Nations. Even ruthless dictators pay lip service to human Not only in the Western world, but in regions such as East Asia, including rights, testifying to their global acceptance. This has contributed to the China, the liberal idea was taking root and setting off on the path of capi- understanding of a democracy centred on the concept of dignity. Although talist consumerism. the concept itself has been evolving since the Enlightenment’s ideas of au- Many expected liberal democracies to gradually spread to all corners tonomy, it was the international framework of human rights that placed of the globe. Yet, despite the hope inspired by the Arab Spring across North it front and centre in the concept of democratic society, as human rights Africa and the Middle East in 2011, the mood has grown more sombre over are the tools for its implementation. Dignity serves as the benchmark for the years as several countries of the 1989 wave have backslidden democra- democracies, advanced and developing alike. For the old democracies, the tically, and the Arab Spring has seen mixed results, even descending into dignitarian framework provides criteria upon which the depth of the qual- violent conflict, resulting in mass migration. Growing ranks of political ity of democracy can be evaluated: to what extent it meets the conditions leaders in the transitioning countries, as well as in the old democracies, for free and equal development of human potentials, how effective it is in are moving away from liberal democracy toward apocalyptic populism and protecting the most vulnerable in the society, and how it fulfils the imple- authoritarian practices. mentation of civil and political rights or is able to ameliorate the social and “Globalisation crisis” is a term of ten misused to strike fear into the economic disparities between people. hearts of many who deem their traditional identities and economic securi- The collective pursuit of dignity has taken on many forms, from ties threatened. In response, political participation is becoming more con- the quests for self-determination to the pursuit of securing minority rights tentious. “Assertive citizens” in the democratic and democratising world and access to representation and decolonisation movements in the post-co- trust political leadership less and less (Norris, 2011; Dalton & Welzel, 2014). lonial world. Founded upon membership in a collectivity, the collective dig- The annual Edelman Trust Barometer shows a global decline in trust, nity is derived from narratives that shape identities, of tentimes formulat- reaching a crisis point in 2017. In 2018, the world battles for truth. Trust is ed in antagonism towards a narrative of a different collectivity. Narratives increasingly polarised between the informed public—those who are college of ethnic groups are of a tragic form, interweaving the episodes of the past educated, consumers of the media, and with the top 25% of income—and the with the emotions of pity and fear, serving as the glue that binds together general public (Edelman Trust Barometer, 2018). and endows the community with a purpose. It is worth mentioning that Fukuyama’s article on the “end of his- Countries of the third wave transition were faced with the added tory” does not end on an optimistic note. He comments that while there burden of the transformation process. Not only did they have to address may be no viable ideological alternative to a liberal democracy, it is quite economic and social transformations, and the institutional remake of the capable of coexisting with identity politics, ethnic, and nationalist violence societies to enable the transition to democracy; the leaders and the civil (Fukuyama, 1992). In his most recent book, he continues to develop this society of countries in Central and Eastern Europe, parts of Africa, Lat- idea, claiming that there were two streams of identity politics unleashed in America, and East Asia also had to reinvent their identities, facing the with the French Revolution: one devoted to the pursuit of personal dignity ghosts of oppressive past regimes. Some stayed the course, with greater or and individual autonomy, the other to the pursuit of collective autonomy lesser difficulty, others slid back into authoritarianism of various sorts. and dignity (Fukuyama, 2018). At times, these are pursued simultaneously,
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