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Introduction to Host Identity Protocol (Hip) and Its INTRODUCTION TO HOST IDENTITY PROTOCOL (HIP) AND ITS APPLICATIONS Course ANDREI GURTOV Helsinki Institute for Information Technology Slides jointly with Ekaterina Vorobyeva http://www.hiit.fi/˜gurtov November 2008 Outline 1 • Introduction to HIP architecture • Background on network security • The HIP architecture • Base protocol • Main extensions • Advanced extensions • Performance measurements • Lightweight HIP 1 c Andrei Gurtov, 2008. Figures from Host Identity Protocol (HIP): Towards the Secure Mobile Internet, Andrei Gurtov, 2008, c John Wiley & Sons Limited. Reproduced with permission. 2 Outline (cont.) • Middlebox traversal • Name resolution • Micromobility • Communication privacy • Possible HIP applications • API • HIP with other protocols • Implementations 3 Reading material • A. Gurtov, Host Identity Protocol (HIP): Towards the Secure Mobile Internet, ISBN 978-0-470-99790-1, Wiley and Sons, June 2008. (Hardcover, 320 p). • Jokela P, Moskowitz R and Nikander P 2008 Using the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Transport Format with the Host Identity Protocol (HIP). RFC 5202 • Kent S 2005a IP Authentication Header. RFC 4302 (Proposed Standard) • Kent S 2005b IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). RFC 4303 (Proposed Standard) • Kent S and Seo K 2005 Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol. RFC 4301 (Proposed Standard) 4 Reading material (cont.) • Krawczyk H, Bellare M and Canetti R 1997 HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication. RFC 2104 (Informational). • Laganier J and Eggert L 2008 Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Rendezvous Extension. RFC 5204 • Laganier J, Koponen T and Eggert L 2008 Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Registration Extension. RFC 5203. • Manral V 2007 Cryptographic Algorithm Implementation Requirements for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication Header (AH). RFC 4835 (Proposed Standard). • Moskowitz R and Nikander P 2006 Host Identity Protocol Architecture. RFC 4423, IETF. 5 Reading material (cont.) • Moskowitz R, Nikander P, Jokela P and Henderson T 2008 Host Identity Protocol. RFC 5201. • Nikander P, Henderson T, Vogt C and Arkko J 2008 End-Host Mobility and Multihoming with the Host Identity Protocol. RFC 5206 • Nikander P and Laganier J 2008 Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Domain Name System (DNS) Extension. RFC 5205. • Nikander P, Laganier J and Dupont F 2007b An IPv6 prefix for overlay routable cryptographic hash identifiers (ORCHID). RFC 4843, IETF. • Orman H 1998 The OAKLEY key determination protocol. IETF RFC 2412 • Rivest RL 1992 The MD5 message digest algorithm. RFC 1321 6 Reading material (cont.) • Rosenberg J, Weinberger J, Huitema C and Mahy R 2003 STUN: Simple traversal of user datagram protocol (UDP) through network address translators (NATs). RFC 3489, IETF • Saltzer JH 1993 On the naming and binding of network destinations in local computer networks. RFC 1498, IETF. • Stiemerling M, Quittek J and Eggert L 2008 NAT and Firewall Traversal Issues of Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Communication. RFC 5207. • Kivinen T and Kojo M 2003 More Modular Exponential (MODP) Diffie-Hellman groups for Internet Key Exchange (IKE). RFC 3526 • Kaufman C 2005 Internet key exchange (IKEv2) protocol. RFC 4306, IETF. 7 Overview 8 Identifier-locator split • Network prefixes of IP addresses – IP addresses are located in a close geographical area • The role of host identifier (e.g. DNS) • Dual role of IP addresses – identifying function of IP addresses – locating function of IP addresses 9 Location and identity of hosts are combined in the Internet Service Socket • the role of IP as identifier and locators are still mixed • separate service uses own socket Endpoint • the endpoint identity is attached to the IP ad- dress Locator IP address 10 Identifier-locator split (cont.) • HIP splits host identifier and locator • A security mechanism is essential to prove the identity – a long randomly generating string - not sufficient in a public Internet – a self-generated public-private key pair as the host identity • Host identity separates socket and network interfaces – several locators can be associated with one identity – a single host can have multiply identities – group host identities (in the research phase) 11 Separating location and identity of Internet hosts Service Socket • the positioning of host identity between socket and network interfaces • the sockets are bound to the host identity in- Endpoint Host ID stead of a locator Locators IP address 1 IP address 2 12 HIP in the Internet Architecture • IP protocol - the only routable network-layer protocol in use • IP protocol is able to run over a wide range of link technologies – Ethernet – Wireless LAN – Token Ring • Multiple transport protocols can run on top of IP – TCP and UDP • The large number of application uses the transport protocol – HTTP – SMTP – FTP 13 IP as a waist of the Internet protocol stack HTTP SMTP FTP TCP UDP • IP - narrowest part of the stack • waist of the Internet IP WLAN Ethernet TokenRing 14 HIP in the Internet Architecture (cont.) • A major problem in the original Internet architecture – tight coupling between networking and transport layers (e.g., TCP checksum calculation) – impossible independent evolution of two layers • Introduction of a new networking or transport protocol requires changes to other layers • The dramatic growth of the Internet scale (introduction of IPv6) • Unfeasible deployment of a new IP version with a flag day • The necessity of simultaneous routing of both IP protocol versions • HIP architecture can restore the original Internet hourglass model 15 HIP as a new waist of the Internet protocol stack HTTP SMTP FTP TCP UDP • HIP replaces IPv4 in its role • IPv4 and IPv6 run underneath HIP HIP • transport protocols on top of HIP IPv4 IPv6 WLAN Ethernet TokenRing 16 HIP in the Internet Architecture (cont.) • The problem of Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks – server creates a significant state during establishment of a TCP connection after replying to a SYN packet – there is no assurance that the SYN has arrived from the genuine host – moderate number of host can swamp the server with SYN messages • HIP prevents creating the state before the client is verified • By means of cryptographic puzzles HIP prevents the client generating connection attempts at an overly fast rate – puzzle offers a client to reverse a hash function that requires significant computational resources. Verifying the puzzle at the server is a short operation 17 The IP protocol stack Application IP address, port • a Berkley socket binds to the IP ad- dress and transport protocol family • the state created at a transport layer Transport IP address, port uses the IP and transport protocol port number to deliver data to a correct ap- plication Network IP address • the network layer uses the destination IP to determine a right transmission link MAC address • the Network Interface Card (NIC) ad- Link dress is added on the link 18 The protocol stack of HIP • HIP - a sub-layer between the network and Application HIT, port transport layers • the application and transport protocol use the Transport HIT, port host identity tag (HIT) in their messages • HIP sub-layer maps HITs to the IP address before passing a packet to the networking HI Host Identity layer • transmission of the packet then follows the IP address Network same pattern as in a plain IP stack Link MAC address 19 Brief history of HIP • The problem of naming hosts and data in the Internet – RFC1498 from 1993 reprints the paper on naming from 1982 – resource name, address, and route – services and users, network nodes, network attachment points, and paths – three bindings of a service to node, a node to attachment point, and an attachment point to a route • Name Space Research Group (NSRG) - in IRTF from 1993 to 2003 – other namespaces than the 32-bit IPv4 addresses – Robert Moskowitz from ICSA, Inc - the original inventor of HIP 20 Brief history of HIP (cont.) • The draft moskowitz-hip-00 is an individual submission in the IETF, May 1999 • From 1999 to 2002, R.Moskowitz has held informal meetings during the IETFs • Several revisions of the HIP architecture and protocol specifications were published as individual submissions • In 2002, Pekka Nikander became interested in HIP and took over the leading of the standardization effort from R.Moskowitz • New packet structure, the state machine and the protocol details were developed together with Ericsson NomadicLab, Boeing, and HIIT • The specifications were published as individual submissions until 2004 21 Brief history of HIP (cont.) • In June 2004 an IETF working group on HIP was created and draft-ietf-hip-base-00 was published – the HIP WG is chaired by David Ward (Cisco) and Gonzalo Camarillo (Ericsson) – the purpose was ”to define the minimal elements that are needed for HIP experimentation on a wide scale” • First outcome of the group - overview of HIP architecture – the HIP BE and ESP encapsulation specifications – mobility and multihoming extensions – DNS and RVS, and registration extensions 22 Brief history of HIP (cont.) • In late 2006, NAT traversal, the application support and native API - as WG items • In 2004, HIP RG was chartered at the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) • In 2005, Andrei Gurtov (HIIT) replaced Pekka Nikander • The task of HIP RG – evaluation of the impact of wider HIP deployment on the Internet – development of experimental protocol extensions that are not yet ready for standardization in the IETF 23 Introduction to network security 2 2Based on work contributed by Tobias Heer, RWTH. 24 Goals of cryptographic
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