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An Analysis of State Superfund Programs

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An Analysis of State Superfund Programs ENVIRONMENTAL LAW INSTITUTE AN ANALYSIS OF STATE SUPERFUND PROGRAMS 50-State Study, 2001 Update November 2002 AN ANALYSIS OF STATE SUPERFUND PROGRAMS 50-State Study, 2001 Update Environmental Law Institute® Copyright© 2002 An Analysis of State Superfund Programs: 50-State Study, 2001 Update Copyright© 2002 Environmental Law Instititute®, Washington, DC. All rights reserved. ISBN No. 1-58576-049-8. ELI Project No. 981621 An electronic retrievable copy (PDF file) may be obtained for no cost from the Environmental Law Institute Web site <www.eli.org>, click on “Publications” then “2002 Research Reports” to locate the file. [Note: ELI Terms of Use will apply and are available on site.] (Environmental Law Institute®, The Environmental Forum®, and ELR® —the Environmental Law Reporter® are registered trademarks of the Environmental Law Institute.) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by the Environmental Law Institute (ELI) with funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) under Assistance Agreement ID No. CR-822795-01. It does not represent the views of the U.S. EPA and no official endorsement should be inferred. Environmental Law Institute staff contributing to this report were Margaret Filbey, Dorigen Fried, Samantha Klein, James McElfish, Kelly Mott, John Pendergrass, Kapena Pflum, and Elizabeth Seeger. Michael Bellot and Susan Sladek from U.S. EPA also contributed to this report. The assistance of state program officials was essential to this report and is gratefully acknowledged. This report is the seventh in a series of ELI studies of state superfund programs beginning in 1989, the first four of which were published by U.S. EPA. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary.....................................................................................................7 Acronyms..............................................................................................................................10 . Chapter I: Introduction...............................................................................................................................11 Chapter II: State “Superfund” Programs................................................................................................13 A. Overview of Cleanup Activities and Capabilities.....................................................................13 B. Statutory Authorities..................................................................................................................14 C. Hazardous Substances Sites..........................................................................................................15 D. Program Organization.................................................................................................................17 E. Funds.....................................................................................................................................19 F. Cleanup Policies..........................................................................................................28 G. Public Participation.................................................................................................................30 H. Enforcement................................................................................................................................32 I. Voluntary Cleanup Programs.........................................................................................................37 J. Brownfields............................................................................................................................41 Chapter III: Long-term Stewardship............................................................................................................45 A. Staffing and Funding.................................................................................................................45 B. Institutional Controls...................................................................................................................46 C. Reopeners....................................................................................................................................48 D. Summary.....................................................................................................................................49 Chapter IV: State Program Tables................................................................................................................51 Table IV-1: Overview of State Programs............................................................................................51 Table IV-2: Statutory Authorities and Provisions.............................................................................54 Table IV-3: Hazardous Sites.........................................................................................................60 Table IV-4: Actions Taken at Non-NPL Sites..................................................................................63 Table IV-5: Program Organization..................................................................................................66 Table IV-6: Program Administration and Staff Funding Sources...................................................71 Table IV-7: Program Administration and Staff Funding Sources VCP/Brownfields Program...........................................................................................74 Table IV-8: State Cleanup Funds.................................................................................................77 Table IV-9: Expenditures and Obligations from State Cleanup Funds...............................................82 Table IV-10: Sources of State Cleanup Funds...................................................................................87 Table IV-11: Uses of State Cleanup Funds.........................................................................................92 Table IV-12: State Cleanup Policies and Criteria..............................................................................97 Table IV-13: Public Participation..................................................................................................100 Table IV-14: Liability Standards................................................................................................103 Table IV-15: Penalities and Damages Available Under State Superfund Statutes..............................106 Table IV-16: Voluntary Cleanup Programs.....................................................................................109 Table IV-17: Brownfields Programs............................................................................................115 Table IV-18: Brownfields Sites......................................................................................................119 Table IV-19: Long-term Stewardship Programs.........................................................................122 Table IV-20: Long-term Stewardship Staffing and Tracking..........................................................125 Table IV-21: Institutional Controls...........................................................................................128 6 SUPERFUND Chapter V: State Summaries....................................................................................................................133 Region 1.............................................................................................................................133 Region 2.................................................................................................................................150 Region 3.................................................................................................................................159 Region 4...................................................................................................................................175 Region 5.........................................................................................................................................197 Region 6.......................................................................................................................................215 Region 7........................................................................................................................................231 Region 8.........................................................................................................................................241 Region 9.........................................................................................................................................257 Region 10.......................................................................................................................................269 Appendix:.........................................................................................................................280 Executive Summary 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY tates are in the process of cleaning up thousands of sites that are not on the National Priorities List (NPL) but are contaminated with hazardous substances. Because these sites are not on the NPL, they are not eligible for Scleanup funding under the federal Superfund program. These non-NPL cleanups are either paid for by the states, by responsible parties, or by volunteers such as developers or prospective purchasers who want to put the site to a new use. In fiscal year 2000 (FY00), states completed cleanups at more than 4,500 non-NPL sites, with slightly fewer than half of those being completed under
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