Teachers' Handbook
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WESTERN AUSTRALIA AT WAR 1914 Blackboy Hill The first convoy The 11th Battalion, the 8th Field Artillery Battery and Gallipoli Teachers’ Handbook Acknowledgement This resource was developed with the support of the Western Australian Government as part of the commemoration of the Anzac Centenary. Index 1. Rationale 2. Background information for the teacher 3. Excursions 4. Video 5. Newspaper articles 6. Electronic sources a. General b. Blackboy Hill c. 11th Battalion d. 8th Field Artillery Battery(3rd Field Artillery Brigade) e. The ships of the first convoy f. Gallipoli g. Diaries 7. Visual Sources a. Blackboy Hill b. 11th Battalion c. The ships of the first convoy d. Gallipoli e. Individuals 2 ' ! - ! 4 * $ 443 $ *5 6& 2 2 7&%8 ! 6 ! $ $%&9 *: ! 9) $ ! . /% / * ; $ </ $ : 4 *$'<$' % . /% $ = % ! ! #!5! 4 *$% ! ! . /%* > ! 2 - ? @%4 *! 2*!? ! ) ; $ : !!! &A*- &A*- ! $% B! !&3BA2 - 0/*5?0/* %? *5) * % * ? ! ( ) ) * % *- C3% '+2*, %+ ( ) 3% - ! !. % 9) 8; $ :? % ! /%*$%? .! . /% / * - 4 *! . /% $%&? % !9 - .! $%&1*:? / %9 - ! % 4* ! % %D % $ // $ / 7 % $%& ? *%A 4 * Programs of work There are three separate programs of work to accompany this handbook: Year 3 Community and Remembrance Relevant teaching point: • Days and weeks celebrated or commemorated in Australia (including ANZAC Day...) and the importance of symbols and emblems. (ACHHK063) Relevant inquiry question: • How and why do people choose to remember significant events of the past? Relevant elaboration: • Identifying and discussing the historical origins of an important Australian celebration or commemoration. Year 6 Australia as a nation Relevant teaching point: There is no directly relevant teaching point, but when considering Australia as a nation the experience of World War I has had a defining influence, particularly through the ANZAC legend. Relevant inquiry questions: • How did Australian society change throughout the twentieth century? • What contribution have significant individuals and groups made to the development of Australian society? Year 9 Depth Study 3 World War I Relevant teaching points: • An overview ... the reasons why men enlisted to fight in the war • The places where Australians fought and the nature of warfare during World War I, including the Gallipoli campaign • The commemoration of World War I. 4 Background information Britain declared war on Germany on the 4thAugust 1914. At the time Australia was involved in an election campaign. Both the candidates pledged support for Britain in the days before the declaration: Speech by Prime Minister Cook on August 3rd Whatever happens, Australia is a part of the Empire right to the full. Remember that when the Empire is at war, so is Australia at war … I want to make it quite clear that all our resources in Australia are in the Empire and for the Empire, and the preservation and security of the Empire. (Argus, Melbourne, 3rdAugust 1914) Speech by Labor leader Andrew Fisher during the election campaign We stand united against the common foe … our last man and our last shilling will be offered and supplied to the mother country in maintaining her honour and our honour, if we should happen to come into the conflict. (Argus, Melbourne, 1stAugust 1914) 10thAugust voluntary recruitment for the AIF commenced. 11thAugust enrolments for the 11thBattalion began in Perth and Fremantle and three days later selections began. The 11th Battalion was among the first infantry units raised for the AIF during the First World War. It was the first battalion recruited in Western Australia, and with the 9th, 10th and 12th Battalions it formed the 3rd Brigade. Some facts about the 11th Battalion: • in 1903 the Perth Rifle Volunteers were renamed the 11th Australian Infantry Regiment • the Battalion was raised at Blackboy Hill Camp on 17thAugust 1914 within days of war being declared • the Battalion was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James Lyon-Johnston • the majority of men came from Perth, Fremantle and the Goldfields • after ten weeks of preliminary training the volunteers embarked • there is a famous photograph of the 11th Battalion on the Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt prior to landing at Anzac Cove • the Battalion was part of the 3rd Brigade and therefore the first ashore on Anzac Cove at 4:30am on 25th April 1915 • the Battalion served in France and Belgium from 1916-1918 • the Battalion was disbanded th5 February 1919. 17thAugust, the training camp at Blackboy Hill was officially opened. This became the 11th Battalion's and the 8th Field Artillery Battery’s home for the next ten weeks as the men underwent their military training. 5 11th September the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed at Rabaul and took possession of German New Guinea at Toma on 17th September 1914 and the neighbouring islands of the Bismarck Archipelago in October 1914. 31st October the 11th Battalion embarked from Fremantle aboard the transport ship HMATAscanius . They were accompanied by the 8th Field Artillery Battery (Western Australia), the 3rd Field Artillery (Army) Brigade, and the 1st Division Ammunition Column 1st Division Artillery aboard the HMAT Medic along with the Japanese cruiser, HIJMS Ibuki. Also on the Medic was the 3rd Field Ambulance which trained at Blackboy Hill. 1st November the remainder of the first convoy departed from Albany. Merchant ships carrying troops from New Zealand, Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria together with three cruisers – HMAS Melbourne, HMAS Sydney and the HMS Minotaur. For a brief overview of the remainder of the convoy from Albany see: http://www.anzacalbany.com.au/discover-ww1-albany/albany-november-1914/ 3rd November the two groups joined together off Fremantle to form the complete convoy. 9th November HMAS Sydney was detailed to leave the convoy to investigate reports of an unknown vessel off the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. This was the German cruiser SMSEmden . In the resulting engagement the Sydney defeated the Emden which was beached on North Keeling Island. 15th-17th November the convoy arrived in Colombo. The Sydney rejoined the convoy in Colombo. 25th November the convoy arrived in Aden. 30th November the convoy passed through the Suez Canal. This was after Great Britain had declared war on Turkey. One person on the convoy wrote: Things look a bit queer for us getting through the Suez safely. 1st December the convoy arrived at Port Said and then on December 3rd at Alexandria. For more detail about the journey see the personal log of Arthur Read: http://www.wa.vindicatrix.com/pdf/First convoy to England from Albany.pdf December 3rd the soldiers disembarked at Alexandria to continue their training at the camp at Mena. For more detail and photos of the camp at Mena see: http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/ww1/mena-camp.htm http://alh-research.tripod.com/Light_Horse/index.blog?topic_id=1106105 December 1914 - March 1915: after four and a half months of training near Cairo, the Australians departed by ship for further preparation on Lemnos, then to the Gallipoli Peninsula. Some facts about the camp on Lemnos taken from: J. Yiannakis, "Lemnos and Gallipoli. Towards redressing a marginalised history", in Oliver, B and Summers, S (2014) Lest we Forget? Marginalised aspects of Australia at war and peace. Black Swan Press, Curtin University • Lemnos is 100 km from the Gallipoli Peninsula and was not a sideshow but essential to the ANZAC campaign. Lemnos supported the Allies with hospital facilities, recreation, entertainment, an opportunity to practice military manoeuvres (on the beaches and hills) and an assembly point for the April 25 landings. • When the 3rd Field Artillery Brigade arrived in Lemnos on 10 April 1915 there were already 3200 Australians on Lemnos, including the 3rd Australian Infantry Brigade, 1st Field Company of Engineers and the 3rd Field Ambulance. Captain Forrest noted that: "[Mudros was] an ideal harbour, well protected [and] full of ships, transports, warships and hospital ships. Warships of all nations..." (p. 144) 6 • The Greeks built jetties, supplied fresh food and assisted in unloading stores for the soldiers. • Australia, England, France and Canada established military hospitals on Lemnos. The island was used as an intermediate military base, rest camp and convalescent depot. There were water shortages early on, but the troops were supplied with fresh food. The hot springs on Mt Therma were popular with soldiers for recreation and a good wash."It is evident...that Lemnos was crucial to the conduct of the Gallipoli campaign from beginning to end, strategically, logistically, medically and recuperatively..." (p. 150) • In 2002 a memorial to the ANZACs was unveiled near Mudros Harbour. 25thApril 1915 the Australians, including the 11th Battalion, landed at what became known as Anzac Cove where they established a tenuous foothold on the steep slopes above the beach. August 1915 saw concerted but unsuccessful allied attempts to break through the Turkish lines. These included the Australian attacks at Lone Pine and the Nek. 19th–20thDecember 1915 the evacuation of the troops from Gallipoli occurred under cover of a comprehensive deception operation. No lives were lost during the evacuation. For a more detailed timeline of the Gallipoli campaign see: http://www.anzacsite.gov.au/5environment/timelines/australia-gallipoli-campaign/january-april- 1915.html then follow through