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Review Article Enterovesical Fistulae: Aetiology, Imaging, and Management Hindawi Publishing Corporation Gastroenterology Research and Practice Volume 2013, Article ID 617967, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/617967 Review Article Enterovesical Fistulae: Aetiology, Imaging, and Management Tomasz Golabek,1 Anna Szymanska,2 Tomasz Szopinski,1 Jakub Bukowczan,3 Mariusz Furmanek,4 Jan Powroznik,5 and Piotr Chlosta1 1 Department of Urology, Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian University, Ulica Grzegorzecka 18, 31-531 Cracow, Poland 2 Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, Ulica Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland 3 Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK 4 Department of Radiology, Central Clinical Hospital Ministry of Interior in Warsaw, ul. Wolowska 137, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland 5 The 1st Department of Urology, Postgraduate Medical Education Centre, European Health Centre in Otwock, ul.Borowa14/18,05-400Otwock,Poland Correspondence should be addressed to Tomasz Golabek; [email protected] Received 3 September 2013; Accepted 29 October 2013 Academic Editor: Iwona Sudoł-Szopinska Copyright © 2013 Tomasz Golabek et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background and Study Objectives. Enterovesical fistula (EVF) is a devastating complication of a variety of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Radiological imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis of EVF and is indispensable to gastroenterologists and surgeons for choosing the correct therapeutic option. This paper provides an overview of the diagnosis of enterovesical fistulae. The treatment of fistulae is also briefly discussed. Material and Methods. We performed a literature review by searching the Medline database for articles published from its inception until September 2013 based on clinical relevance. Electronic searches were limited to the keywords: “enterovesical fistula,” “colovesical fistula” (CVF), “pelvic fistula”,and “urinary fistula”. Results.EVFis a rare pathology. Diverticulitis is the commonest aetiology. Over two-thirds of affected patients describe pathognomonic features of pneumaturia, fecaluria, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Computed tomography is the modality of choice for the diagnosis of enterovesical fistulae as not only does it detect a fistula, but it also provides information about the surrounding anatomical structures. Conclusions. In the vast majority of cases, this condition is diagnosed because of unremitting urinary symptoms after gastroenterologist follow-up procedures for a diverticulitis or bowel inflammatory disease. Computed tomography is the most sensitive test for enterovesical fistula. 1. Introduction paper describes the imaging appearances of enterovesical fis- tulae and the option for their management. Enterovesical fistula (EVF) represents an abnormal commu- nication between the intestine and the bladder. Although 2. Material and Methods EVF are uncommon, they cause significant morbidity and may markedly affect patient’s quality of life. Enterovesical A comprehensive search strategy was applied for Med- fistulae most frequently occur as a consequence of advanced- line/PubMed electronic database from its inception until stage disease or due to traumatic or iatrogenic injuries. The September 2013. We selected all human research articles pub- diagnosisofEVFcanbechallengingandisoftendelayedfor lished in English, not classified as case report, editorial, com- several months after symptoms begin. Radiological imaging ment, letter, or news. The search strategy included the follow- plays a vital role in establishing the site, course, and complex- ing terms: “enterovesical fistula,” “colovesical fistula”, “pelvic ity of fistulae and in identifying an aetiological factor. This fistula” and “urinary fistula”. 2 Gastroenterology Research and Practice 3. Results and Discussion the dome of the bladder, rectovesical fistulae are observed in the postoperative setting (i.e., after prostatectomy) [24]. A key We found a total of 274 papers about urinary tract fistulae and consideration in determining optimal management of EVF is a total of 75 articles specifically related to EVF. Among these, not only the termination point of the fistula tract but also the 70 were original articles and 5 were reviews. complexity of the fistula itself. Simple enterovesical fistulae are usually small and single and occur in nonradiated tissue. 3.1. Aetiology of Enterovesical Fistulae. It is estimated that Complex EVF are larger, have multiple tracts, often develop enterovesical fistulae account for 1 in every 3,000 surgical in a previously irradiated tissue, and are commonly accom- hospital admissions [1]. EVF most frequently occur in a paniedbyapelvicabscessoracolonicobstruction[2, 21]. setting of inflammatory bowel disease. Diverticulitis is the commonest aetiology accounting for approximately 65–79% of cases, which are almost exclusively colovesical [2–5]. 3.3. Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis. Symptoms of vesi- The relative risk for developing enterovesical fistula in the coenteric fistulae may originate from both the urinary and the presence of diverticular disease is between 1 and 4% [4, 6]. gastrointestinal tracts. However, patients with EVF usually The underlying mechanism of it is a direct extension of rup- present with lower urinary tract symptoms, which include tured diverticulum or erosion of a peridiverticular abscess, pneumaturia (the most common symptom present in 50– into the bladder, and a phlegmon and abscess are the risk 70% of cases), fecaluria (reported in up to 51%), frequency, factors for subsequent fistula formation [4, 5, 7]. The second urgency, suprapubic pain, recurrent urinary tract infections most common cause of EVF is cancer (10–20% of cases), (UTIs), and haematuria [5, 8, 21, 25]. Over 75% of affected followed by Crohn’s disease (5–7%) [4, 8, 9]. While only patients describe pathognomonic features of pneumaturia, approximately 2% of patients with Crohn’s disease develop fecaluria, and recurrent UTIs due to Escherichia coli,col- EVF, ileovesical fistula remains the most common type [8, 10]. iform bacteria, mixed growth, or enterococci [4, 5, 21]. The Regional enteritis, secondary to the transmural inflammation hallmark of enterovesical fistulae is Gouverneur’s syndrome characteristic of Crohn’s colitis, may result in adherence to the characterised by suprapubic pain, frequency, dysuria and bladder with subsequent erosion into the organ and further tenesmus [26]. Physical signs include malodorous urine and fistula formation [8, 9]. The mean duration of Crohn’s disease debris in the urine, as well as less commonly reported fever. atthetimeofonsetofEVF-relatedsymptomsis10yearsand Additionally, symptoms of an underlying disease causing the an average patient’s age is 30 [9]. Less-common inflammatory fistulamaybepresent.InpatientswithfistulatingCrohn’s causes of EVF include Meckel’s diverticulum, genitourinary disease, abdominal pain, abdominal mass, and abscess are coccidioidomycosis, pelvic actinomycosis, and appendicitis more common [27]. [11–14]. Advanced-stage colon and bladder malignancies account for up to one-fifth of all cases, with the latter being 3.4. Diagnostic Algorithm. The diagnosis of an enterovesical extremely rare [4, 15]. Other urogenital malignancies, as well fistula poses a significant challenge as there is no consensus as lymphoma, cause EVF only occasionally [16, 17]. The iatro- on any clear gold standard for EVF workup. A review of the genic aetiology of enterovesical fistulae may occur as a con- literature showed that enterovesical fistulae are most com- sequenceofgeneralsurgicalprocedures(particularlyforcol- monly diagnosed based on clinical evidence. Nevertheless, orectal cancer, diverticulitis, or inflammatory bowel disease), diagnostic verification of EVF is necessary not only to estab- as well as vascular and urological interventions [18, 19]. Fis- lishthepresenceofafistulabutalsotoexcludestrictureofthe tulae may also develop as a complication of both chemo- and bowel and presence of abscess and to evaluate the anatom- radiation therapy. External beam radiation or brachytherapy ical region of involved intestine to guide the subsequent to the bowel in the treatment field can precipitate fistula surgery [28]. Although cystoscopy, with the highest yield formation by inducing progressive endarteritis obliterans, in identifying a potential lesion, is an essential component whichsubsequentlymayresultinnecrosisandbreakdownof of the entire investigation process, its findings are usually mucosal surfaces [20]. Radiation-associated fistulae usually nonspecific and include erythema, oedema, and congestion. develop years after radiation therapy for gynaecological or Endoscopic evaluation of the urinary bladder fails to identify urological malignancies [20, 21]. Enterovesical fistulae, sec- EVF in 54–65% of cases [4, 25, 28]. Colonoscopy is not ondary to cytotoxic therapy, are extremely rare and have been particularly valuable in detecting fistulae. A detection rate for previously reported in a patient undergoing chemotherapy EVF can be as low as 8.5% and does not usually exceed 55% for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [22]. Other uncommon causes [25, 29, 30]. However, as 10%–15% of colovesical fistulae are of EVF include penetrating abdominal or pelvic injuries and secondary to
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