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Tales of the Tuskegee Airmen: Pre/Post-Lesson Packet February 25, 2020
Tales of the Tuskegee Airmen: Pre/Post-Lesson Packet February 25, 2020 This packet was developed to provide students with greater context into the story of the Tuskegee Airmen prior to the Streamable Learning program with the Virginia War Memorial, as well as discussion questions for afterwards. Teachers are strongly encouraged to go over the biography of Howard Baugh before the program, as the speakers are the sons of Captain Baugh. The glossary and descriptions of planes may be useful for students to have during the program itself. The program will consist of approximately 30 minutes of presentation followed by a question and answer period, so please have questions ready. Questions may be sent in advance to Morgan Guyer at [email protected]. I. Glossary II. Howard Baugh Biography III. Tuskegee Planes IV. Discussion Questions V. Additional Resources VI. Howard Baugh Chapter of the Tuskegee Airmen, Inc. GLOSSARY Tuskegee Institute: founded in Alabama in 1881 as a school for African-Americans. United States Army Air Corps: the predecessor to the US Air Force, the USAAC was the aerial warfare service of the United States Army from 1926-1947 Congressional Medal of Honor: the United States’ highest military honor, awarded for personal acts of valor above and beyond the call of duty Harlem Hellfighters: the 369th Infantry unit in World War I (1914-1918), which consisted of only African-Americans and received many awards for bravery in action HBCU: Historically Black College or University Willa Brown: first African-American woman to become a Master Mechanic, a US trained pilot, and a member of the Civil Air Patrol Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady of the United States from 1933-1945, famously flew in a plane with a black pilot at Tuskegee Plessy v. -
The Foreign Military Presence in the Horn of Africa Region
SIPRI Background Paper April 2019 THE FOREIGN MILITARY SUMMARY w The Horn of Africa is PRESENCE IN THE HORN OF undergoing far-reaching changes in its external security AFRICA REGION environment. A wide variety of international security actors— from Europe, the United States, neil melvin the Middle East, the Gulf, and Asia—are currently operating I. Introduction in the region. As a result, the Horn of Africa has experienced The Horn of Africa region has experienced a substantial increase in the a proliferation of foreign number and size of foreign military deployments since 2001, especially in the military bases and a build-up of 1 past decade (see annexes 1 and 2 for an overview). A wide range of regional naval forces. The external and international security actors are currently operating in the Horn and the militarization of the Horn poses foreign military installations include land-based facilities (e.g. bases, ports, major questions for the future airstrips, training camps, semi-permanent facilities and logistics hubs) and security and stability of the naval forces on permanent or regular deployment.2 The most visible aspect region. of this presence is the proliferation of military facilities in littoral areas along This SIPRI Background the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa.3 However, there has also been a build-up Paper is the first of three papers of naval forces, notably around the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, at the entrance to devoted to the new external the Red Sea and in the Gulf of Aden. security politics of the Horn of This SIPRI Background Paper maps the foreign military presence in the Africa. -
The Flight Plan
® Chicago DODO Chapter, Tuskegee Airmen, Inc.® The Flight Plan Vol. XVIII no. 4 November 2011 Chicago DODO Chapter, P. O. Box 19063, Chicago, IL 60619 Ken Rapier, President Carrying on the legend and teaching young people about the opportunities in aviation. FROM: R. J. LEWIS 10/23/11 TO: EDITOR-TUSKEGEE NEW SUBJ: ARTICLE: MILDRED L. CARTER-AVITRIX MILDRED LOUISE (HEMMONS) CARTER Beloved Pioneer Tuskegee Aviatrix, Mildred Louise (Hemmons), Carter passed away peacefully at her home on 21 October 2011 after a lengthy illness. She filed her final Flight Plan on a perfect Tuskegee flying day with little wind and a cloudless blue sky; Mildred was 90 years old. Aviator, wife, great-grandmother, a leading citizen of Tuskegee; Mil- dred is perhaps best known as a graduate of the Tuskegee Civilian Pilot Program (CPT), authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was the precursor of the Tuskegee Airmen. As a 19 year-old Tuskegee Institute (University) graduate with a BA in Business, Mildred was the first hire of the Army Air Corps in setting up the Tuskegee Army Air Field (TAAF). She served as Chief Clerk in the Quartermaster Corps at TAAF and created the documents that equipped the new base. Mildred also held a Parachute Packer Rating and was an excellent Secretary/Typist. She was a Documented Original Tuskegee Airman (DOTA), and a member of the Bessie Coleman Foundation; an organization of women aviators... During the 1941 historic 40 minute flight of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt with C. Alfred “Chief” Anderson, head of the Tuskegee Civilian Pilot Training Program, Chief advised that the Negro students were indeed doing well in their training regimen. -
US Military Policy in the Middle East an Appraisal US Military Policy in the Middle East: an Appraisal
Research Paper Micah Zenko US and Americas Programme | October 2018 US Military Policy in the Middle East An Appraisal US Military Policy in the Middle East: An Appraisal Contents Summary 2 1 Introduction 3 2 Domestic Academic and Political Debates 7 3 Enduring and Current Presence 11 4 Security Cooperation: Training, Advice and Weapons Sales 21 5 Military Policy Objectives in the Middle East 27 Conclusion 31 About the Author 33 Acknowledgments 34 1 | Chatham House US Military Policy in the Middle East: An Appraisal Summary • Despite significant financial expenditure and thousands of lives lost, the American military presence in the Middle East retains bipartisan US support and incurs remarkably little oversight or public debate. Key US activities in the region consist of weapons sales to allied governments, military-to-military training programmes, counterterrorism operations and long-term troop deployments. • The US military presence in the Middle East is the culmination of a common bargain with Middle Eastern governments: security cooperation and military assistance in exchange for US access to military bases in the region. As a result, the US has substantial influence in the Middle East and can project military power quickly. However, working with partners whose interests sometimes conflict with one another has occasionally harmed long-term US objectives. • Since 1980, when President Carter remarked that outside intervention in the interests of the US in the Middle East would be ‘repelled by any means necessary’, the US has maintained a permanent and significant military presence in the region. • Two main schools of thought – ‘offshore balancing’ and ‘forward engagement’ – characterize the debate over the US presence in the Middle East. -
The Future of Naval Aviation November 2014
The Evolving Future for Naval Aviation By Robbin Laird and Ed Timperlake Second Line of Defense November 2014 http://www.sldinfo.com h The Evolving Future of Naval Aviation 1 Table of Contents LESSONS LEARNED AT FALLON: THE USN TRAINS FOR FORWARD LEANING STRIKE INTEGRATION .......................................................................................................................... 2 REAR ADMIRAL MANAZIR, DIRECTOR OF AIR WARFARE (OPNAV N98) ..................................... 7 THE ROLE OF LIVE VIRTUAL TRAINING ................................................................................................. 8 THE IMPACT OF 5TH GEN ON FIGHTING IN THE EXPANDED BATTLESPACE .................................................. 12 RE-THINKING THE SEA BASE ............................................................................................................ 13 THE CARRIER AND JOINT AND COALITION OPERATIONS: SHAPING INVESTMENTS FOR THE FUTURE ............... 14 VICE ADMIRAL WILLIAM MORAN, DEPUTY CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS, (N1), FORMER DIRECTOR OF AIR WARFARE (OPNAV N98) ............................................................................. 15 THE TRANSITION ............................................................................................................................ 15 SHAPING INNOVATION .................................................................................................................... 16 THE COMING OF THE F-35 ............................................................................................................. -
Tuskegee Airmen Chronology Daniel L. Haulman Organizational
TUSKEGEE AIRMEN CHRONOLOGY DANIEL L. HAULMAN ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY BRANCH AIR FORCE HISTORICAL RESEARCH AGENCY MAXWELL AFB, AL 36112-6424 14 November 2011 1 TUSKEGEE AIRMEN CHRONOLOGY Dr. Daniel L. Haulman Chief, Organization History Division Air Force Historical Research Agency Expanded Edition: 30 September 2011 27 June 1939: Congress passed the Civilian Pilot Training Act. (Robert J. Jakeman, The Divided Skies.) September-October 1939: The Civil Aeronautics Administration received Tuskegee Institute’s application to be a civilian pilot training institution, and after Tuskegee obtained permission to use the Montgomery Airport as a facility, the application was approved. (Robert J. Jakeman, The Divided Skies) Late February 1940: The Civil Aeronautics Authority approved Tuskegee’s Kennedy Field for Civilian Pilot Training, after improvements to the field, eliminating Tuskegee Institute’s need to use the Montgomery Airport. (Robert J. Jakeman, The Divided Skies) 25 March 1940: George A. Wiggs arrived in Tuskegee to administer the standard written examination required of all Civilian Pilot Training students. Every student who took the examination passed, surpassing the passing rate of other schools in the South. (Robert J. Jakeman, The Divided Skies.) 16 September 1940: Congress passed a Selective Service Act which required all the armed services to enlist “Negroes”. On the same day, the War Department announced that the Civil Aeronautics Authority, in cooperation with the U.S. Army, would start the development of “colored personnel” for the aviation service. (Public Law 783, 16 September 1940; War Department Press Release, 16 September 1940; 99th Fighter Squadron summary history in the lineage and honors folder of the 99th Flying Training Squadron at the Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA), Maxwell AFB, AL) Late October 1940: In a press release, President Franklin D. -
Lead IG for Overseas Contingency Operations
LEAD INSPECTOR GENERAL FOR OVERSEAS CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS OCTOBER 1, 2016‒DECEMBER 31, 2016 LEAD INSPECTOR GENERAL MISSION The Lead Inspector General for Overseas Contingency Operations will coordinate among the Inspectors General specified under the law to: • develop a joint strategic plan to conduct comprehensive oversight over all aspects of the contingency operation • ensure independent and effective oversight of all programs and operations of the federal government in support of the contingency operation through either joint or individual audits, inspections, and investigations • promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness and prevent, detect, and deter fraud, waste, and abuse • perform analyses to ascertain the accuracy of information provided by federal agencies relating to obligations and expenditures, costs of programs and projects, accountability of funds, and the award and execution of major contracts, grants, and agreements • report quarterly and biannually to the Congress and the public on the contingency operation and activities of the Lead Inspector General (Pursuant to sections 2, 4, and 8L of the Inspector General Act of 1978) FOREWORD We are pleased to publish the Lead Inspector General (Lead IG) quarterly report on Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR). This is our eighth quarterly report on the overseas contingency operation (OCO), discharging our individual and collective agency oversight responsibilities pursuant to sections 2, 4, and 8L of the Inspector General Act of 1978. OIR is dedicated to countering the terrorist threat posed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Iraq, Syria, the region, and the broader international community. The U.S. -
EAST of SUEZ, WEST from HELMAND: BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY FORCE and the NEXT SDSR Richard Reeve
Oxford Research Group | December 2014 Oxford Research Group Briefing – December 2014 EAST OF SUEZ, WEST FROM HELMAND: BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY FORCE AND THE NEXT SDSR Richard Reeve The formal signature on 5 December of a new defence cooperation agreement between the UK and Bahrain, including the formalisation of a ‘permanent’ Royal Navy forward operating base in Manama, is the latest step in the current UK Government’s plans to reconsolidate a military presence in the Persian Gulf. Of little significance in itself, the upgraded Bahrain naval base and the timing of its announcement are important reflections of British strategic thinking in the context of withdrawal from Afghanistan, intervention in the messy ideological and proxy wars of the wider Middle East, and the looming Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR), due after the May 2015 election. East of Suez The UK’s security relationship with Bahrain is not new. A British protectorate, along with all the other southern Gulf emirates, for a century up to 1971, the UK only scaled back its naval and air bases there in its post-1967 withdrawal from ‘East of Suez’. Since 1980, when the Iran-Iraq war occasioned the deployment of the Armilla Patrol to protect friendly (oil) shipping, the Royal Navy has continuously had at least one frigate or destroyer in the Gulf, and often many more. Bahrain is their usual regional base and is home to an indefinite deployment of four British minesweepers, alongside the much larger US Navy presence. While the US clearly eclipsed the UK as the dominant external power in the Gulf in the 1970s, British military influence has remained entrenched among elites. -
Teacher Resource Lesson Plan
TEACHER RESOURCE LESSON PLAN TUSKEGEE AIRMEN AND THE ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY on American Life: Analyze the changes in American life brought about by U.S. participation in World War II including • Mobilization of economic, military, and social resources • Role of women and minorities in the war effort • Role of the home front in supporting the war effort (e.g., rationing, work hours, taxes) • Internment of Japanese-Americans (National Geographic Standard 10, p. 203) CREATED BY • United State History 8.3.1: Civil Rights Anthony Salciccioli, Clarenceville High School Movement: Analyze the key events, ideals, documents, and organizations in the struggle for civil rights by African Americans including INTRODUCTION • The impact of WWII and the Cold War (e.g., This lesson helps High School United States racial and gender integration of the military) History students, over two class periods, understand the important role the Tuskegee Airmen played in World War II, and that many of them were BACKGROUND INFORMATION from the Detroit area. In spite of adversity and limited opportunities, African Americans have played a significant role LEARNING OBJECTIVES in U.S. military history over the past 300 years. They were denied military leadership roles and Students will: skilled training because many believed they lacked • Utilize various skills sets in order to complete qualifications for combat duty. Before 1940, activities related to Michigan’s role in the African Americans were barred from flying for the Tuskegee Airmen U.S. military. Civil rights organizations and the • Create a “RAFT” writing based upon these black press exerted pressure that resulted in the activities as a summative assessment formation of an African American pursuit squadron based in Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1941. -
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA BOO KK Class 2020-2 27
BBIIOOGGRRAAPPHHIICCAALL DDAATTAA BBOOOOKK Class 2020-2 27 Jan - 28 Feb 2020 National Defense University NDU PRESIDENT Vice Admiral Fritz Roegge, USN 16th President Vice Admiral Fritz Roegge is an honors graduate of the University of Minnesota with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering and was commissioned through the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program. He earned a Master of Science in Engineering Management from the Catholic University of America and a Master of Arts with highest distinction in National Security and Strategic Studies from the Naval War College. He was a fellow of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Seminar XXI program. VADM Fritz Roegge, NDU President (Photo His sea tours include USS Whale (SSN 638), USS by NDU AV) Florida (SSBN 728) (Blue), USS Key West (SSN 722) and command of USS Connecticut (SSN 22). His major command tour was as commodore of Submarine Squadron 22 with additional duty as commanding officer, Naval Support Activity La Maddalena, Italy. Ashore, he has served on the staffs of both the Atlantic and the Pacific Submarine Force commanders, on the staff of the director of Naval Nuclear Propulsion, on the Navy staff in the Assessments Division (N81) and the Military Personnel Plans and Policy Division (N13), in the Secretary of the Navy's Office of Legislative Affairs at the U. S, House of Representatives, as the head of the Submarine and Nuclear Power Distribution Division (PERS 42) at the Navy Personnel Command, and as an assistant deputy director on the Joint Staff in both the Strategy and Policy (J5) and the Regional Operations (J33) Directorates. -
Background to Red Tails
BACKGROUND TO RED TAILS THE INSPIRATION AND HISTORY The history of the Tuskegee Airmen began when the Civil Aeronautics Authority selected 13 cadets to participate in an experiment at the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama aimed at training “coloured personnel” to become combat pilots for service in the Army Air Corps. However, fierce discrimination, lack of institutional support and the belief that these men lacked the intelligence and aptitude to be pilots or maintain military aircraft dogged their every step. When they were finally awarded the opportunity to fight for the Allied forces during World War II, these men flew thousands of missions, and in a two-year period between 1943 and 1945, the Tuskegee Airmen shot down more than a hundred German aircraft, including three of the first German jets ever used in combat. Their planes, P-51 Mustangs painted with distinct red tails, came to be feared by the enemies and respected by allies. By the end of the war, the Tuskegee Airmen had earned 96 Distinguished Unit Citations and as individual pilots earned several Silver Stars, Purple Hearts and hundreds of other awards and medals. “I thought their story would make a great film,” says Red Tails producer George Lucas, “An inspirational one that shows the incredible things these men went through to patriotically serve with valour and help the world battle back the evils of fascism. It is an amazing story, and I wanted to memorialise it.” To be as true as possible to the spirit of the Tuskegee Experience would require direct input from the original Airmen themselves. -
Tuskegee Airmen
National Aeronautics and Space Administration tuskegee airmen Fighting to Fly Elementary School Educational Product Educators & Students Elementary School During World War II the U.S. military allowed Black men to fly as pilots. This had never happened before. Many people did not want them to fly because of their skin color. The pilots are known as the Tuskegee Airmen. They were very successful during the war. Although Black men had served in the U.S. military before World War II, they were not allowed to fly airplanes. Many military leaders did not think Black men were smart enough to fly. This was not true. Black pilots proved they could, flying for France during World War I. The first class of Black student pilots began training at Tuskegee University in Alabama on July 19, 1941. Nearly 1,000 Black men would learn to fly at Tuskegee between 1941 and 1946. When America joined World War II following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, everyone was in a hurry to train pilots. This was true at Tuskegee too. But there still were people who did not want Black men to fly in the war. When the Tuskegee Airmen arrived in Europe, they joined the rest of their Fighter Squadron. A squadron is a group of pilots and airplanes. Their job is to fly missions to find and hurt the enemy. Their job is to drop bombs, shoot at enemy ships on the water, and shoot down enemy aircraft. Guarding bombers from enemy attack was the mission the Tuskegee Airman became most famous for.