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Home , Apache Shindig, Google Friend Connect, Google Native Client, Google Web Toolkit

WEB 2.0 Fundamentals with , Development Tools, and Mobile Platfori

Oswald Campesato

Kevin Nilson

JONES AND BARTLETT PUBLISHERS Sudbury, Massachusetts

BOSTON TORONTO LONDON SINGAPORE Contents

Acknowledgments XXI

Biographies of Book Contributors XXV

Preface XXXIII

Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Information About This Book 2 1.1.1 Why Should You Buy This Book? 2 1.1.2 Why Are There Two Social Networking Chapters? 2 1.1.3 Why Are There Three Cloud Computing Chapters? 3 1.1.4 Why Does This Book Use the DojoToolkit and jQuery? 1.1.5 Versions of Software and Tools in This Book 4 1.1.6 Appendices with Web 2.0 URLs 4 1.1.7 Web 2.0 Topics That are Omitted from This Book 4 1.1.8 The URLs in This Book 5 1.1.9 Is This Book Only for Developers? 6 1.1.10 Do You Discuss the Best Web 2.0 Tools? 6 1.2 Web 2.0 in Our Lives 7 1.3 What Is Web 2.0? 9 1.3.1 Pioneers in Web 2.0 9

1.3.2 The Shift from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 10 1.3.3 Is Web 2.0 Overrated? 11 1.3.4 Advantages/Disadvantages ofWeb 2.0 12 1.3.5 Early Enabling Technologies of Web 2.0 12 1.4 Popular Web 2.0 Products andTools 15 1.4.1 Flickr 15 1.4.2 YouTube 16 VIII CONTENTS

1.4.3 16 1.4.4 Yelp 18 1.4.5 Del.icio.us 18 1.4.6 SlideShare 18 1.5 The Current Web 2.0 Landscape 19 1.5.1 Ajax (Formerly Called AJAX) 19 1.5.2 Productivity Tools 21 1.5.3 Development Tools and IDEs 22 1.5.4 Social Networks 23 1.5.5 Mash-Ups 26 1.5.6 Cloud Computing 28 1.5.7 Semantic Technology 33 1.5.8 Advanced Project with GWT 35 1.5.9 Comet: "Reverse Ajax" 36 1.5.10 Mobile Applications 36 1.6 What AboutWeb 3.0? 37 1.7 Summary 38

Chapter 2 Landscape of the Web 39 2.1 Coding Guidelines 40 2.2 HTML/JavaScript Examples 41 2.2.1 JavaScript Strings and Arrays 42 2.2.2 Handling Mouse Events 44 2.2.3 Regular Expressions and String Manipulations 2.2.4 HTML Frame Elements 48 2.2.5 HTML IFrame Elements 48 2.2.6 Design Patterns and Best Practices 50 2.3 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 50 2.3.1 Basic CSS Examples 51 2.3.2 Object-Oriented CSS (OOCSS) 54 2.4 HTML and (DOM) 55 2.4.1 HTML DOM and JavaScript DOM 56 2.4.2 Managing Nodes and Elements 56 2.4-3 Dojo and jQuery Syntax 60 2.4.4 Distributed DOM 61 2.5 Browser Plug-Ins 61 2.5.1 SVG Plug-In 62 2.5.2 Silverlight Plug-In 65 2.5.3 66 2.6 Assorted JavaScript Technologies and Tools 69 2.6.1 Caja 69 CONTENTS IX

2.6.2 ECMAScript for XML (E4X) 69 2.6.3 RaphaelJavaScript Library 70 2.7 HTML5: Browser Support and Code Samples 71 2.7.1 The HTML5 72 2.7.2 75 2.8 Summary 76

Chapter 3 JSON and XML 79 3.1 Introducing the Concept ofJSONAnd XML 79 3.1.1 XPath, XQuery, XSlt, and XML Documents 83 3.2 Working with JSON 86 3.3 AjaxTool Kits Working with JSON 88 3.3.1 Dojo and JSON 89 3.3.2 jQuery and JSON 90 3.3.3 Working with XML 90 3.3.4 Understanding Simple API for SML (SAX) 102 3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages ofJSON and XML 116 3.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of JSON 116 3.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of XML 117

3.5 HTML and SGML versus XML 119

3.6 YAML and Comma Separated Values (CSV) as Alternatives to JSON and XML 120 3.6.1 YAML 120 3.6.2 CSV 121 3.7 Advanced Example with Dojo and JSON 121 3.8 Summary 125

Chapter 4 Ajax 127 4.1 Introducing the Concept of Ajax 127 4.2 A Brief History ofAjax 129 4.2.1 IFrames 130 4.3 XMLHttpRequest (XHr) 134 4.4 Ajax via Ajax Libraries 136 4.4.1 Ajax via Dojo 136 4.4.2 Ajax via jQuery 137 4.5 Ajax Working with JSON Using Dojo 138 4.5.1 Ajax Working with JSON in jQuery 139 4.6 Limitations of Ajax 140 4.7 Adoption ofAjax 141 4.7.1 Disadvantages of Ajax 142 4.7.2 Advantages ofAjax 142 4.8 Comparison of Existing Ajax Libraries 143 X CONTENTS

4.8.1 Dojo 143 4.8.2 ExtJS 143 4.8.3 GWT 143 4.8.4 jQuery 143 4.8.5 Prototype Script.aculo.us 144 4.8.6 SmartClient 144

4.8.7 SproutCore 144 • 4.8.8 Tibco GI 144 4.8.9 YUI 144 4.8.10 Understanding the Terms 144 4.9 Comprehensive Ajax Project 144 4.10 Advanced Ajax 157 4.11 Summary 158

Chapter 5 Productivity and Testing Tools 159 5.1 Which Tools Are Best? 160 5.2 162 5.2.1 Google Wave Features 163 5.3 Yahoo Pipes 164 5.3.1 A Simple Yahoo Pipe 165 5.3.2 UsingYQL in Yahoo Pipes 166 5.4 Dapper 168

5.4.1 Creating a Simple Dapp 169 5.5 Assorted Open Source Tools from Google 169 5.5.1 Google 170 5.5.2 170 5.5.3 Google 03D 172 5.5.4 Google Ajax, Playground, and Sandbox 5.5.5 Google Innovation 173 5.6 Miscellaneous Productivity Tools 174 5.7 Twitter 176 5.7.1 Invoking Twitter 177 5.8 The MIT Simile Project 179 5.9 Web 2.0 Applications and Product Suites 181 5.9.1 Google Apps 182 5.9.2 Zoho 183 5.10 Build Automation and TestingTools 184 5.10.1 185 5.10.2 A Simple build. File 185 5.10.3 Maven 188 5.10.4 Other Build Tools 189 CONTENTS XI

5.10.5 JUnit 190 5.10.6 Other Testing Tools 191 5.11 BenchmarkingTools 191 5.11.1 Faban 192 5.12 Source Code Management Tools 192

5.12.1 How to Use Mercurial 194 5.12.2 Web Containers and Servers 196 5.13 Using DTrace for Web 2.0 Applications 197 5.13.1 DTrace Fundamentals 198 5.14 Industry Perspective and Business Focus 201 5.14.1 HowWillYahoo Pipes Evolve During the Next SeveralYears? 203 5.15 Summary 205

Chapter 6 Debugging Tools 207 6.1 Introducing the Concept of Debugging 207 6.2 Integrated Development Environments (IDES) 208 6.2.1 209 6.2.2 Adobe Flash Builder 4 210 6.2.3 SUNNetBeans 211 6.2.4 Oracle JDeveloper 211 6.2.5 InteUiJIDEA 211 6.2.6 Studio 212 6.3 Rich Internet Applications (RJA) 212 6.3.1 Adobe AIR 212 6.3.2 SUNJavaFX 212 6.4 215 6.4.1 Inspect and Edit HTML and CSS 215 6.4.2 Monitor Network Activity 217 6.4.3 Debug and Profile JavaScript 218 6.4.4 Find Errors 219 6.4.5 Exploring the DOM 220 6.4.6 Execute JavaScript on the Fly 220 6.4.7 Log from JavaScript 221 6.5 Firebug Lite 221 6.6 Venhnan 222 6.7 Add-On 222 6.8 JSLint 225 6.9 JsUnit 225 6.10 Selenium 226 6.11 Wireshark 226 6.12 227 XII CONTENTS

6.13 Summary 232

Chapter 7 The Platform 233 7.1 Social Networking 234 7.2 Facebook 235

7.2.1 Facebook Features and Services 236 7.2.2 Facebook Applications 238 7.2.3 Facebook Core Components 242 7.2.4 Facebook Integration with Other Products 246 7.3 SUNZembly 260 7.3.1 Zembly Features 261 7.3.2 Zembly Applications and Tools 261 7.3.3 ZemblyWeb Gateway API 262 7.4 Bebo 265 7.5 Identity Management for Web 2.0 Applications 266 7.5.1 Key Technologies 266 7.5.2 Conclusions 269 7.6 Summary 269

Chapter 8 The OpenSocial Platform 271 8.1 The OpenSocial Landscape 272 8.2 OpenSocial Markup Language (OSML) 273 8.2.1 OpenSocial Tags 273 8.2.2 OpenSocial Templates 274 8.3 OpenSocial Gadgets 275 8.3.1 Creating and Submitting OpenSocial Gadgets 276 8.3.2 Google Gadgets and Other Tools 277 8.4 The OpenSocial Technology Stack 277 8.5 OpenSocial Applications in Eclipse 278 8.5.1 A Basic OSDE Application 279 8.6 OpenSocial and Major Vendors 279 8.6.1 Yahoo Application Platform (YAP) and OpenSocial 280 8.6.2 Google 281 8.7 (GFC) 281 8.7.1 GFC APIs 282 8.7.2 GFC Gadgets 283 8.8 Apache Shindig 285 8.8.1 Building Apache Shindig 285 8.8.2 OpenSocial Client 289 8.8.3 Display Friends in Shindig 289 8.8.4 Compiling the Sample Shindig Code 293 8.9 Integrated OpenSocial Sample Application 294 CONTENTS XIII

8.9.1 Working with OpenSocial: Our Findings 301 8.10 Summary 304

Chapter 9 Mash-Ups and Search Technology 305 9.1 Mash-Ups 306 9.1.1 Consumer and Enterprise Mash-Ups 308 9.1.2 Design Patters and Best Practices 310 9.2 Mash-Up Tools and Products 311 9.2.1 IBM Mash-Up Center 311 9.2.2 WS02 312 9.2.3 Intel Mash Maker 314 9.2.4 Denodo Technologies 315 9.2.5 JackBe 316 9.2.6 Yahoo BOSS Mash-Up Framework 319 9.2.7 Consumer Mash-Ups and Online Tools 320 9.3 Search Technology 323 9.3.1 Tools 324 9.3.2 Yahoo Search Tools 327 9.3.3 Open Source Search Tools 328 9.4 Search-Related Engines 333 9.4.1 Microsoft Bing 333 9.4.2 Google Caffeine 335 9.4.3 Hakia 336 9.4.4 Kosmix 337 9.4.5 Yebol 337 9.5 Industry Perspective and Business Focus 338 9.5.1 Background 338 9.5.2 Mash-Ups,Web 2.0, and Beyond 339 9.5.3 Products and Resources 341 9.5.4 Implementation 343 9.5.5 Conclusions 344 9.6 Summary 345

Chapter 10 Cloud Computing Part I 347 10.1 What Is Cloud Computing? 348 10.1.1 Public, Private, and Hybrid Clouds 350 10.1.2 Questions to Ask Cloud Computing Vendors 352 10.1.3 The Software Platform Infrastructure (SPI) 353 10.2 Amazon Web Services (AWS) 356 10.2.1 Amazon EC2 357 10.2.2 Amazon S3 358 10.2.3 Amazon SimpleDB 359 XIV CONTENTS

10.2.4 Amazon CloudFront 361 10.2.5 Amazon SQS 362 10.2.6 AlexaWeb Information Service (AWIS) 362 10.2.7 Amazon Elastic Map Reduce 363 10.2.8 Creating Amazon EC2 Applications 364 10.3 IBM Cloud Labs 365 10.3.1 IBM and Amazon Partnership 366 10.4 (GAE) 366 10.4.1 Assessing GAE for Your Company 367 10.4.2 Upcoming GAE Features and Pricing Structure 368 10.4.3 Google 368 10.4.4 Installing the GAE SDK for Python 370 10.4.5 A "Hello, World" Example in Python 370 10.4.6 Uploading Applications to GAE 371 10.4.7 "Fusion " Database 371 10.5 Windows Azure 372 10.5.1 Windows Azure Features and .NET Services 373 10.5.2 SQL Azure 374 10.5.3 Windows Azure Development 376 10.6 Yahoo Cloud Computing 377 10.6.1 Yahoo MObStor 377 10.6.2 Yahoo Sherpa 378 10.7 Other Cloud Computing Initiatives 378 10.8 Industry Perspective 379 10.8.1 Economy of the Cloud and How to Get Started 379 10.9 Summary 384

Chapter 11 Cloud Computing Part II 385 11.1 Midsize Cloud Computing Vendors 386 11.1.1 Appistry 386 11.1.2 Engine Yard 387 11.1.3 GoGrid 388 11.1.4 Joyent 389 11.1.5 Longjump 389 11.1.6 Rackspace 390 11.1.7 RightScale 390 11.1.8 GridGain 392 11.1.9 iCloud 392 11.2 Cloud Computing Integrated Applications 393 11.2.1 NetSuite 393 11.2.2 SalesForce 394 CONTENTS XV

11.3 Cloud Computing and Open Source 395 11.3.1 Apache Open Source Projects 395 11.3.2 Sector/Sphere 399 11.3.3 UCB Elastic Utility Computing Architecture for Linking Your Programs to Useful Systems (EUCALYPTUS) 400 11.3.4 Cloud Computing in the Scientific Community 400 11.3.5 Other Cloud Computing Initiatives 401 11.3.6 Cloud Computing and Databases 402 11.3.7 Cloud Computing Editors and IDEs 407 11.3.8 Ubuntu and Cloud Computing 409 11.3.9 Cloud Organizations and Cloud Manifesto 410 11.3.10 MonitoringTools 411 11.4 Alternatives to Cloud Computing 412 11.4.1 Oracle Coherence 412 11.4.2 Terracotta 416

11.4.3 Virtualization Software 419 11.5 Business Focus 420

11.5.1 What are the major benefits of cloud computing? 420 11.5.2 What are the major downsides of cloud computing? 421 11.5.3 Which companies/verticals benefit the most from cloud computing? 421 11.5.4 What are the major use cases for cloud computing? 421 11.5.5 What is the state of the adoption of cloud computing today? 422 11.5.6 What are the issues that prevent widespread adoption of cloud computing? 422 11.5.7 What are the technical challenges in developing/deploying apps in the cloud? 422

11.5.8 How will cloud computing evolve in the next few years? 423 11.5.9 How would you compare virtualization and cloud computing? 423 11.5.10 What will beVMware's strategy on cloud computing in the next few years? 423 11.6 Summary 424

Chapter 12 XMLJava, and GAE 425 12.1 Java-XML Binding Tools 426 12.1.1 JAXB:Java-XML Bindings 427 12.1.2 Castor: Java-XML Binding Support 431 12.1.3 OtherJava-XML Binding Tools 433 12.2 Java and Google App Engine (GAE) 433 12.2.1 Language and Framework Support 435 12.2.2 Java Applications for GAE in Eclipse 438 12.2.3 The Structure of GAE Java Applications 441 12.2.4 Creating a GoogleWave Robot in Eclipse 442 XVI CONTENTS

12.2.5 Starting the GAE Server 443 12.3 Java and GAE Code Samples 444 12.3.1 AJSP Example 444 12.3.2 A Java Servlet Example 446 12.3.3 Google Wave, GAE, and Twitter 448 12.3.4 Create an Eclipse Project 449 12.3.5 GAEJDO 449 12.3.6 GAEJPA 456 12.4 Java/GAE Clouds and Alternatives 459 12.4.1 Stax 459 12.4.2 GigaSpaces 462 12.4.3 jClouds 463 12.5 A Java AppEngine Integrated Example 463 12.6 Summary 475

Chapter 13 Semantic Technology 477 13.1 The Semantic Web and Semantic Technology 478 13.1.1 The Semantic Technology Landscape 479 13.1.2 Taxonomies, Ontologies, and Folksonomies 481 13.1.3 RDF, RDFS, OWL, DARPAAgent Markup Language (DAML), and SPARQL 483 13.1.4 Semantic Technology Tools 496 13.2 OpenCalais 502 13.2.1 The Calais Viewer 503 13.2.2 A Simple OpenCalais Example 504 13.2.3 OpenCalais Code Samples 506 13.2.4 OpenCalais Tools 508 13.3 Expert System 509 13.4 Truevert 510 13.5 Semantic Technology from Commercial Vendors 510 13.5.1 Oracle Semantic Technology 510 13.5.2 IBM Semantic Technology 511 13.5.3 Microsoft Semantic Technology 512 13.5.4 Altova Semantic Technology 512 13.5.5 Franz Semantic Technologies 513 13.5.6 TopBraid 514 13.6 Other Projects,Tools, and Products 515 13.6.1 Open Source RDF-based Projects 515 13.7 Comments About Web 3.0 516 13.8 Industry Perspective 518

13.8.1 What is your "definition" of Web 2.0? Web 3.0? 518 13.8.2 How will Semantic Technology evolve during the next several years? 519 CONTENTS XVM

13.8.3 How will OpenCalais influence Semantic Technology? 519 13.8.4 What are the important differences (and similarities) between OpenCalais and other Semantic Technology products? 520 13.8.5 Where are the opportunities for creating successful Semantic Technology- applications? 520 13.8.6 What advice do you have for developers who want to create successful Semantic Technology applications? What technical and nontechnical skills do they need to acquire? 520 13.8.7 What advice do you have for people who want to create start-ups? 521 13.9 Summary 521

Chapter 14 Web 2.0 Comprehensive Project 523 14.1 Chapter Overview 523 14.1.1 Project Overview 523 14.2 (GWT) 525 14.3 Meetup Networking Code 526 14.4 JFXTRASJAVAFX Raffle Tool Background 548 14.5 JFXTRASJAVAFX Raffle Tool Code 548 14.5.1 Building the JUG Spinner UI 550 14.5.2 CallingWeb Services from JavaFX 555 14.6 Summary 558

Comet 559 Introducing the Concept of Comet 559 15.1.1 Polling 560 15.1.2 Long Polling 565 15.1.3 Streaming 569 15.1.4 Server-Side Threading Concerns 570 CometD 570 15.2.1 CometD and JavaScript 571 15.2.2 Publish and Subscribe from JavaScript 571 15.2.3 Publish and Subscribe from Java 572 15.2.4 HTTPServletRequest 573 15.2.5 Security Policy 574 15.2.6 Channel, Queue, and Client Listeners 574 15.2.7 Conclusion 576 Orbited 576 15.3.1 Integration 577 15.3.2 Architecture 577 15.3.3 Details 577

15.3.4 Orbited Is Not a Message Queue 578 15.3.5 Goals and Strengths of the Orbited Project 579 XVIII CONTENTS

15.4 Industry Perspective of Comet by Michael Carter 580 15.5 Summary 583

Chapter 16 Mobile Development Part 1 585 16.1 The Mobile Landscape 587 16.1.1 Initial Costs for Mobile-Based Development 587 16.1.2 Web Technologies for Mobile Devices 588 16.1.3 Design Patterns and Best Practices 591 16.2 Apple iPhone 592 16.2.1 Quick Platform Overview 593 16.2.2 Overview of iPhone Applications 594 16.2.3 iPhone Applications for Mobile Devices 597 16.2.4 iPhone Web Applications 601 16.2.5 Apple iPhone and Third-Party Tools 601 16.3 Google Android 603 16.3.1 Quick Platform Overview 603 16.3.2 Overview ofAndroid Applications 604 16.3.3 A Simple AndroidApplication 606 16.3.4 Google Android Tool Integration 612 16.4 Palm 613 16.4.1 Quick Overview of WebOS and Mojo 614 16.4.2 Overview of Palm Applications 614 16.4.3 A Simple Palm Pre Application 615 16.5 Industry Perspective 619 16.6 Summary 620

Chapter 17 Mobile Development Part 2 621 17.1 Samsung 622 17.1.1 Quick Platform Overview 623 17.2 J2ME 625 17.2.1 Quick Platform Overview 625 17.2.2 A Simple J2ME Application 626 17.3 RIM Blackberry 629 17.3.1 Quick Platform Overview 629 17.3.2 A Simple Blackberry Application 629 17.4 Nokia 631 17.4.1 Nokia Mobile Applications 631 17.5 JavaFX 1.2 for Mobile Applications 633 17.5.1 A Simple JavaFX Mobile Application 633 17.6 MonoTouch 638 17.6.1 MonoTouch Features 638 17.6.2 A Simple MonoTouch Application 639 CONTENTS XIX

17.7 Motorola 641 17.7.1 Overview of Motorola Mobile Applications 641 17.7.2 A Motorola Mobile Application 642 17.7.3 Motorola and J2ME 644 17.7.4 Motorola and Android 645 17.8 Verizon Joint Innovation Lab (JIL) Mobile 648 17.8.1 Verizon Mobile Applications in Eclipse 648 17.9 Other Development Tools for Mobile Devices 649 17.9.1 Appcelerator 649 17.9.2 Cross-Platform Development Tools 652 17.10 Companies for Mobile Development 653 17.11 Mobile Trends in Other Technologies 654 17.12 Summary 655

Chapter 18 Epilogue: The Future of the Web 657 18.1 Current Major Trends 657 18.1.1 Mobile Technology 658 18.1.2 HTML5 659 18.1.3 The Real-TimeWeb 659 18.1.4 Semantic Technology 659 18.2 Start-Up Innovators 660 18.3 Vincent Lauria 660

18.3.1 Can you tell us about your background? 660 18.3.2 What project(s) are you currently working on? 660 18.3.3 How did you adjust your business as a result? 661 18.3.4 What significant changes do you think will happen in the Web in the next few years, and what will be the effect on start-ups? 661 18.3.5 How will this change in the near future? 662

18.3.6 What key factors should be considered when engaging in a new start-up? 662 18.3.7 What hard lessons have you learned that you wish you knew earlier? 663 18.3.8 What are the primary factors for start-up success? 663 18.4 Future Trends for the Web 663 18.4.1 Andres Almiray 665 18.4.2 SiamakAshrafi 667 18.4.3 Stephen Chin 669 18.4.4 Aleksandar Gargenta 671 18.4.5 TedGoddard 672 18.4.6 ChettHaase 676 18.4.7 Yehuda Katz 677 18.4.8 Van Riper 678 18.4.9 AlexRussel 680 18.4.10 Dylan Schiemann 682 XX CONTENTS

18.4.11 GregWilkins 685 18.4.12 Monica Anderson 687 18.5 Final Thoughts 689 18.5.1 Web-Based Technology and Society 689 18.5.2 Everyone Is Connected 689 18.5.3 TransitiveTrust 690 18.5.4 Perfect Information for Everyone 691 18.5.5 Intelligent Agents 691 18.5.6 Web 3.0 and Beyond 692 18.6 Summary 693

Trademark Acknowledgments 695

GNU License 705

Lesser GNU License 708

Index 709