TnlJ.rn'" of Spices & Aromatic Crops 3 (2) : 105-123, 1994 105

of tree spices (clove, nutmeg, cinnamon and allspice) . a review C K THANKAMANI, K SIVARAMAN, K KANDIANNAN & K V PETER National Research Centre for Spices Marikunnu P.O., Calicut - 673 012, India. )! ABSTRACT Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), nutmeg (Myristica (ragrans), cinnamon (Cinnamomum uerum) and allspice (Pimenta dioica) are important tree spices and have economic value as ingredients in food, beverages and medicines. Agronomical aspects like nursery practices, selection of site, spacing, planting, manuring, mulching, weeding, irrigation and harvesting are important packages for higher and sustainable yield. The availa}:>le information on these aspects are reviewed. Key words: agronomy, allspice, cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, tree spices.

Introduction 1936; Pillai 1972; Shanmugavelu & Rao India produces about 5500 t of tree 1977), and grows at 600 m (Simpson spices (clove, nutmeg, cinnamon and 1978) to 1000 m above MSL (Sheffield allspice) per year as against a demand 1950; Pillai 1972; Shanmugavelu & Rao of 7000 t. The deficit is met by imports. 1977) with a rainfall of 1500-2000 mm There is an urgent need to augment and a mean temperature of 20-30°C production by expansion of area and (Simpson 1978; Bavappa & Ruettimann adopting low input sustainable tech­ 1981a). Deep red loam, sandy soil nologies. Research work on tree spices (Purseglove et al. 1981), black soil and is confined mainly to standardisation of deep gravelly sub soil (Simpson 1978) propagation techniques; information on are suitable but water logged conditions are undesirable (Ridley 1912). cultural practices and fertilizer sched­ ules to be followed are limited. The Propagation and planting economic part used, origin, major pro- No distinct varieties are recognised in . ducing countries and major areas of India or elsewhere (Sritharan & Bavappa production of tree spices in India are 1981). The common method ofpropaga­ indicated in Table 1. tion is through seeds, collected from Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) healthy and regular bearing trees (Pillai Merr. & Perry) 1972). A branch 50 em long, selected from such trees should have more than Climate and soil 10 terminals, 14 clusters, 100 flowers Clove requires a humid climate (Crofton and 1.5 em long flowers (Bavappa & Table 1 . General infonnation on clove, nutmeg, cinnamon and allspice ~ India ;:< Major ",... Economic Name Origin producing part Area" Production* Major ~ countries (ha) (t) States ";0. ro & Clove Dried Moluccas Indonesia, 1735 1477 Kerala, i".. Syzygium aromaticum unopened Islands of Tanzania, Tamil Nadu, (L.) Merril & Perry) flower buds Indonesia Sri Lanka, Karnataka, (Myrtaceae) Madagascar Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Nutmeg Seed and Moluccas Indonesia, 3828 3663 . Kerala, Myristica fragrans Houtt. mace Islands of West Indies, Tamil Nadu (Myrtaceae) Indonesia Grenada

Cinnamon Bark Sri Lanka, Indonesia, 565 355 Kerala, Cinnamomum verum excluding Malabar Coast Tanzania, Tamil Nadu Bercht & PresL exoderm of India Sri Lanka, (Lauraceae) Seychelles, Madagascar

Allspice Dried West Indies, Jamaica, NA NA Kerala, Pimenta dioica L. fruit Central Guatemala, Tamil Nadu (Myrtaceaee) America Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica NA - Not available

*1992-93 f-' o 0> of tree spices 107

Re1attlm,mn 1981a). Healthy olive green Krishnamoorthy 1994) are possible but seeded fruit is more ideal than due to low meristematic actvity, vegeta­ seeded fruits (Purseglove et aZ. tive propagation is difficult (Purseglove S.eed viability is short and hence et aZ. 1981). In vitro propagtion has also to be sown immediately after collec­ been reported (Mathew, Francis & , (Pillai 1972; Shanmugavelu & Rao Hariharan 1987; Mathew & Hariharan . 1977; Prasanna Kumari Amma 1981; 1990; Superman & Blake 1990; Anony- Krishnamoorthy & Rema 1988; N azeem, . mous 1994). Sudhadevi & Nair 1992; Sabale, Nadkarani & Nawale· 1992). The Age, colour of cotyledon and height of . viability is higher at 16°0 than at 25 - seedlings determine the time of trans­ 30 °0 (Hasnah, Wahid & Hobir 1984; planting. Nine to twelve months Sutarno & Utami 1984). Germination (Bavappa & Ruetimama 1981a; Prasanna and vigour of seedlings are increased by Kumari Amma 1981) to 2 year old keeping the seeds between two moist seedlings (Krishnamoorthy 1988) with gumaies (Nair et aZ. 1977) and' sowing olive green cotyledons and radicle not during June, with heavy (Prasanna blackened (Wigg 1940) after attaining Kumari Amma 1981), dehusked seeds 30-50 cm (Verheij & Snijders 1989) to (Pillai 1972) and by keeping the groove 60-80 cm height (Bavappa & Ruettimama upward (Badami 1938). Growth regu­ 1981a) are suited for main field plant­ lators are also used to induce germina­ ing. Seedlings established in coconut tion (Dhalimi 1983 a & b; Hasnah et aZ. husk pots (Prasanna Kumari Amma 1984). Ten to fifteen days are required 1981) and polybags (Martin et aZ. 1992 for 90 per cent germination (Purseglove a) have higher survival. Land prepara, et aZ. 1981). Rooting medium in general, tion and planting were described by consists of soil, sand and farm yard Simpson (1978) and different spacings manure in equal proportion (Pillai 1972; and pit sizes recommended (Table 2). Bavappa & Ruettimama 1981a; Prasamaa Kumari Amma 1981; Krishnamoorthy Aftercare 1988). Different sizes of polythene bags are used for raising sedlings (Simpson Shade is essential to protect the crop 1978; Wahid et aZ. 1978; Bavappa & from adverse weather conditions (Ridley Ruettimann 1981a; Krishnamoorthy 1912). Banana (Anonymous 1957; 1988). Seeds are to be dibbled at a Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981a; spacing of 2-3 cm (Krishnamoorthy Krishnamoorthy 1988), cassava (Verheij . 1988) and not below 3 cm depth (Anony­ & Snijders 1989; Martin et aZ. 1992 b) mous 1949). Simpson (1978) has de­ GZyricidia sp., Peltophorum ferrugeneum scribed nursery practices for clove. A (Anonymous 1959), Acacia sp., AZbizia fertilizer solution of 1 kg urea, 0.75 kg sp., subabool (Krishnamoorthy 1988) super phosphate and 0.5 kg muriate of and Erythrina sp. (Verheij & Snijders potash dissolved in 1001 of water when 1989), the common shade plants, are to applied at monthly intervals promoted be established, 6-12 . months prior to early vigour (Bavappa & Ruettimann clove planting (Pillai 1972; Bavappa & 1981a). Vegetative propagation by Reuttimann 1981a). Artificial shade cutting (Fernie 1946), marcoting (Zulkifli with plaited coconut leaves (Pillai 1972; 1986) and approach grafting (Rema & Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981a) is also Thankamani et al. 108

Table 2. Recommended spacing and pit sizes for clove

Spacing (m) Pit size (cm3) Reference

Simpson 1978 2.7 x 5.4 90 "\ 6.0 x 6.0 80 Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981a ~~ ';~ 7.0 x 7.0 75 Krishnamoorthy 1988 % "f 7.7 x 7.5 90 Pillai 1972 ;; ','! 9.0 x 9.0 Tidbury 1954 8.0 x 8.0 Verheij & Snijders 1989 6.0 x 8.0 Verheij & Snijders 1989 8.0 x 11.0 Verheij & Snijders 1989 useful. From third year onwards, shade recommended for 4 year old plants is not needed (Simpson 1978) and wind (Simpson 1978). breaks like casurina and Japanese bamboo may be planted at the border of Clove responds to applied fertilizer plots. Mulching the soil near the tree (Wahid & Usman 1984; Daswir & base during summer conserves mois­ Zulkifli 1986). Nutrient removal by ture (Pillai 1973; Martin et al. 1992 b). adult clove tree showed the following Soil erosion needs to be controlled when trend:K> N>Ca> Mg>S> Mn> P> Fe>Cu> slopy land is used for cultivation by B> Zn (Nazeem 1989). Fish and prawn bench terracing to a diameter of 0.5 m refuses are used as manure (Anony­ (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981a) and it mous 1936; Pillai 1973). Compost or may be widened as the plant grows. farm yard manure can also be used Weeding is to be done when weed (Shanmugavelu & Rao, 1977). Ferti­ intensity is high (Pereira & Hosegood lizer mixutres @ 200 g (6:20:6 NPK) is 1962 ; Pillai 1973; Purseglove et al. recommended for 18 month old trees 1981). Herbicides are also used to (Djafaruddin 1980). Urea, rock phos­ control weeds (Arif & Putrawan 1977; phate 'and muriate of potash in the Martin 1990). Cover crops (Simpson proportion of 2:2:3 along with magne­ 1978; Djafaruddin 1980; Martin 1990) sium sulphate 1/3 part by weight is and green manure crops like Tephrosia recommended per tree for initial 5 candida (Anonymous 1936), years, the quantity being 0.25, 0.50, Calapagonium sp. (Pereira & Hosegood 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 kg for first, second, 1962; Krishnamoorthy 1988), Mimosa third, fourth and fifth years, respec­ sp., Stylosanthus sp. (Bavappa & tively (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981a). Ruettimann 1981a) and Vigna hosei NPK mixutre of 15:15:15 is recom­ (Verheij & Snijders 1989) conserve mended @ 4-8 kg per tree and applied moisture and suppress weed growth. in four splits, during September, De­ Regular irrigation is essential especially cember, March and June at Indonesia during summer at younger stages (Pillai (Usman & Wahid 1986). Rao (1991)

1973; Simpson 1978). Irrigation with recommended 500:320:400 g N,P20, and 10-20 1 water thrice a week per plant is K,0 per adult tree per year. The Kerala 5' Agronomy of tree spices 109

Agricultural University (Anonymous less of eugenol (Gopalakrishnan, 1993) has recommended a fertilizer Nirmala Menon & Mathew 1982). schedule of 20:18:50 g of NPK along Harvestihg commences during January with 15 kg of compost per year during in plains and March-April in high I':, the first year of planting which is to be ranges in India (Krishnamoorthy 1988); ~: gradually increased to 300:250:750 g in Zanzibar, during June-July and in [ NPK and 50 kg of compost per year from Amboyna and Penang, during Novem­ 15th year onwards. Scattering of ber-December (Verheij & Snijders 1989). : manure around the tree base to a radius Harvesting is done using a step ladder , roughly equal to canopy spread (Pillai and care must be taken not to break the 1972) or to a depth of 10-15 em and 15- branches. Forty kg of green cloves can 20 em away from the base of the tree be harvested by a person in a day and (Shanmugavelu & Rao 1977) and band 3-8 pickings are possible in a year application of fertilizers at a distance of (Verheij & Snijders 1989). Chemical half the radius of canopy and quarter harvesting has also been tested at the radius away from the base of plants Indonesia (Araujo, Sacramanto & Silva are suitable (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1989); it is economically feasible in 1991a). Nutrient deficiency symptoms areas more than 2.33 ha and in clove have also been described productivities above 763 kg per ha. For (Nazeem 1989). harvesting seed, the optimum time has been identified as 78-91 days after fruit Sudden death of clove (Nutman & set (Nair, Hariharan & Koshi 1979; Roberts 1953; 1954 & 1971) and Sumatra Sutarno & Utami 1984). Yield varies disease (Verheij & Snijders 1989) are with age of tree and lo~ation. Three to important diseases. Apart from patho­ four kilograms of dried buds can be gens, unfavourable soil conditions and harvested on an average from 15-20 nutritional deficiences (Finck 1973) lead year old clove trees (Simpson 1978 ; to disease conditions which are man­ Krishnamoorthy 1988). The average aged by keeping the plant vigorous by yield in Indonesia is 4.1 kg per tree providing shade, wind breaks, mulches (Verheij & Snijders 1989). Alternate and watering (Pruseglove et al. 1981), bearing habit is observed in Tanzania, herbicidal ring weeding and nitrog­ Indonesia, Malagasy Republic (De Waard enous fertilizer application (Martin 1974) and India (Pillai 1973). The 1990). reasons for the alternate bearing habit are yet to be found. Harvest and yield Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Routt.) Pruning is practiced to facilitate easy harvest (Ridley 1912). Flower buds are Climate and soil harvested when they turn pink (Pillai 1973) and the best time of harvesting is A humid tropical climate is the best for when the flower bud is developed fully nutmeg and it grows up to an elevation and turns reddish but not bloomed of 1000 m above MSL (Shanmugavelu & (Crofton 1936). Clove oil obtained from Rao 1977). A well distributed rainfall flower buds harvested at lower maturity of 150-250 em and an annual mean stages has more of eugenol acetate and temperature of 20-30"C are ideal for Thankamani et al. 110

Table 3. Recommended spacing and pit sizes for nutmeg

Spacing (m) Pit size (cmS) Reference

8.0 x 9.0 60 Shanmugavelu & Rao 1977 9.0 x 9.0 75 Ridley 1912; Flach 1966; Krishnamoorthy 1987 6.0 x 6.0 80 Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981b 6.0 x 7.5 90 Purseglove et al. 1981 nutmeg (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981b). tainers having suitable rooting medium Nutmeg grows in clay loam soils in (Kannan 1971a; Purseglove et al. 1981; Indonesia, lateritic clays in Malaysia Krishnamoorthy 1987). Sprouting starts and volcaJiic loams in Moluccas. Well in about 4 weeks (Ridley 1912; Kannan drained soils rich in humus are best 1971a; Purseglove et al. 1981) and CShanmugavelu & Rao 1977). Water maximum germination occurs between logged or soils having inadequate mois­ 50-80 days (Kannan 1971a). A higher ture may be avoided (Purseglove et al. germination is observed in nuts col­ 1981). lected from female trees growing nearer to male trees (Perri 1938). Sprouted Propagation and planting seeds are transplanted immediately to , polythene bags since delay causes dam­ No distinct varieties are reported (Flach age to root system (Krishnamoorthy & Cruickshank 1969; Joseph 1980). 1987). Nutmeg is a dioecious plant and The general method of propagation is it is very difficult to find out the sex at through seeds collected from regular seedling stage. Several workers de­ bearing and high yielding trees, yield­ scribed methods for sex determination ing more than 10,000 fruits per tree per (Flach 1966; Phadnis & Chowdhari year, and having 30 g wet weight per 1971; Nayar, Rai & Vatsala 1977; fruit, 1 g wet weight of mace per fruit Zachariah et al. 1986; Packiyasothy, and 10 g wet weight of nuts per fruit Jansz & Dharmadasa 1991; (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981b). Seed Krishnamoorthy et al. 1992); however viability is low and hence they should be none of them are reliable. sown soon after harvest (Krishnamoorthy 1988; Mathew 1992). Vegetative propagation techniques like Storing seeds in polythene bags, moss stem cuttings, air layering, approach (Shanmugavelu & Rao 1977), moist grafting, epicotyl grafting, budding and sand (Mathew 1992) or plastic bags top working were tried in nutmeg (Madhusudanan & Babu 1994) are (Cheeseman & Spencer 1936; Macmillan ideal. Small and immature seeds have 1954; Sunderaraju & Vardarajan 1956; low germination (Shanmugavelu & Rao Kannan 1973; Shanmugavelu & Rao 1977). Seeds should be collected during 1977; Rasalam 1978; Mathew & Joseph periods of peak production (Flach 1966). 1982; Mathew 1985; Rethinam & Edison Seeds may be sown in nursery beds, 1991) and 35-80 per cent success baskets, polythene bags or other con- obtained. Propagation by tissue culture ""nnaimy af tree spices 111

reported. (Gramaxone and Fernoxone) checked weeds up to 6 months (Anandaraj, are transplanted to the Sivaraman & Krishnamoorthy 1989). hainfi,elct from 6 months (Ridley 1912; Seedlings may be irrigated periodically 1969) or 18-24 months during summer (Shanmugavelu & Rao i(}{,aIlIlan 1971b; Shanmugavelu & Rao 1977). For 4 year old plants, 20 I of Nair 1978; Bavappa & Ruettimann water per plant thrice a week are given; Krishnamoorthy 1987). The the quantity of water is to be increased is to be prepared well before at later stages of growth (Purseglove et al. 1981). If (Krishnamoorthy 1987). Bavappa & nutmeg is planted in slopy areas, the Ruettimann (1981b) recommended a base of seedlings should be bench fertilizer dose similar to that of clove. terraced to a diameter of 0.5 m initially Shanmugavelu & Rao (1977) have rec­ and widened as the plant grows to ommended a fertilizer schedule of 1 kg conserve soil from erosion (Bavappa & each of ammonium sulphate, super­ Ruettimann 1981b). In India, seedlings phosphate and muriate of potash along are planted during south west monsoori.. with 50 kg of compost per year to Various spacings and pit sizes are mature plants. Seedlings and young recommended (Table 3). Ten per cent plants are to be supplied with one tenth of males may be retained for pollination and half the dose, repectively; the and the remaining male trees may be fertilizers are to be applied during May­ removed (Purseglove et al. 1981). June and September-October. The I( Kerala Agricultural University (Anony­ . Aftercare mous 1993) has recommended a ferti­ Care may be taken to protect plants lizer schedue of20:18:50 g ofNPK along from sunscorch (Aiyadurai 1966; Flach with 15 kg of compost per year during 1966; Kannan 1971b) by providing shade the first year of planting which is to be (Shanmugavelu & Rao 1977). Canarium gradually increased to 500:250:1000 g commune in Moluccas, Pithecolobium NPK and 50 kg of compost per year from saman in Trinidad (Ridley 1912),Albizia 15th year onwards. Young marcoted sp., Sesbania sp. (Flach 1966),Glyricidia plants may be supplied with 0.5 kg of sp., dadap (Bavappa & Ruettimann 12:8:24 NPK mixture after first year 1981b), banana, Acacia sp. and subabool and gradually increased to 2.5 kg per (Krishnamoorthy 1987) are used for tree for 10 year old trees (Cruikshank shade. Lopping of branches may be 1973; Sriram 1977). Rao (1991) recom­ done at later stages to regulate shade mended 400:320:400 g of N, p,os' K,O (Purseglove et al. (1981). In addition, respectively, for an adult tree per year wind breaks may also be planted. in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Prun­ ing is not required, but the branches Regular weeding and mulching keep the field clean and conserves moisture affected with Loranthus sp. or Indian mistletoes may be removed as soon as (Shanmugavelu & Rao 1977;Bavappa & they are observed (Ridley 1912). Ruettimann 1981b). Cover crops like Mimosa sp. and Stylosanthes sp. may Harvesting and yield also be cultivated for suppressing weed growth (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981b). Variations in levels of nutrients and Application' of herbicide mixture carbohydrate contents in flowering and Thankamani et al. 112 non flowering shoots were observed physiological reasons. Maximum fruit (Philip 1989). Flowering depends on drop coincides with peak fruit develop, climate and soil conditions ment and application of fertilizers and (Shanmugavelu & Rao 1977). Differ­ fungicides reduced its incidence (Tombe, ences in flowering habits of male and Tarigans & Wahid 1991). female trees were also observed (N azeem 1979). Peak period of flowering in male Cinnamon (Cinnamomun~ verum and female trees coincide during July Bercht & Presl) and October. Fruits are reported to ripen 6-9 months (Ridley 1912; Climate and soil Purseglove et al. 1981), or 7-8 months (Nazeem 1979) after flowering. A Cinnamon is a hardy plant which sigmoid growth pattern in furit develop­ tolerates a wide range of climatic con­ ment is observed, the maximum being ditions (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981 c). in 6th and 16th week after fruit set The crop thrives well from 300 to 350 m (Nazeem 1979). 'Fruit bearing begins above MSL (Bavappa & Ruettimann after eighth or nineth year in Indonesia 1981c) and up to 1000 'm above MSL (Joseph 1980). Trees raised from seed­ (Nair 1978). It flourishes in places with lings begin to bear 5-8 years after an annual rainfall of 150-250 cm with planting and vegetatively propagated an average temperature of 27°C trees fruit earlier (Purseglove et al. (Shanmughavelu & Rao 1977; Nair 1981). In India, fruits that split on the 1978). A hot and, moist climate is highly tree exposing crimson coloured aril are suited for cultivation of cinnamon harvested (Nair et al. 1977). Peak (Radhakrishnan 1992) and prolonged harvesting periods vary in different spells of dry weather are not conducive countries (Cruickshank 1973; Anony­ for its growth. It flourishes in a wide mous 1977; Nair et al. 1977; N azeem range of soils, even in marginal soils 1979). Yield varies among trees and with poor nutrient status. Sandy loam plantations. The average yield of a good soil rich in organic matter is the best tree in full bearing is reported to be (Ridley 1912). The qnality of bark is 1500-2000 fruits (Pruseglove et al. 1981) influenced by soil and ecological factors. or 3000 fruits (Krishnamoorthy 1987) The best economic prodnce is obtained between 15th and 30th year of growth. when grown in silicaceous sandy soils Average weight of a single fruit is 60 g whereas the yield is higher in other of which the seed weighs 6:7 g, types of soils under Sri Lankan condi­ mace 3-4 g and the rest pericarp tions (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981c). (Krishnamoorthy 1987). Ratio of mace Water logged and marshy areas may be to nutmeg is 1:8 (Rethinam & Edison avoided as they give an undesirable 1991). Immature fruit drop occurs to an product (Purseglove et al. 1981). extent of 60.0 per cent (Slooff 1951) to 74.4 per cent (Nazeem 1979) due to Propagation and planting degeneration of embryos resulting from inadequate pollination, water scarcity, No variety has been evloved in India bnt root competition due to closer planting in Sri Lanka, a few types such as Panni or interplanting with shade trees, nutri­ Miris Kurundu, Thitta Kurundu, Khata tional imbalance, fungus attack and Kurundu, Veli Knrundu, Sevel Kurundu, 'in",?n(,m,Y of tree spices 113

Kurundu and Penirasa Kurundu days (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981c ; reported; however under field con­ Krishnamoorthy & Rema 1988). Ridley these cannot be identified (1912) observed germination within 10 RH,raU,ua & Ruettimann 1981c), to 12 days. From beds, seedlings are transplanted to polythene bags when most widely adopted method of they attain a height of 15 cm. Polythene ';iJrl>pf,gation is through seeds. Seeds are bags of 30 cm x15 cm size filled with eJ{ltract€:d from ripe fruits from selected soil, sand and farmyard manure (3:3:1) , :mOUler trees with desirable characters are used (Krishnamoorthy & Rema smooth bark, erect stem, easy 1988). peelIng of bark, vigorous growth, free ,:, from pests and diseases and having Cinnamon is also propagated by cuttings , good qualities like sweetness, pungency and layerings (Anonymous 1970). and flavour (Bavappa & Ruettimann Growth regulators are also used (Sriram 1981c). The seeds are sown as soon as 1977; Banerjee, Chatterjee & Sen 1982; possible, otherwise viability is reduced Bhat, Hegde & Sulikeri 1989; Hegde, (Purseglove et al. 1981). Seeds are sown Sulikeri & Hulamani 1990). Propaga­ in nursery beds or in tile pots filled with tion by tissue culture (Ravisankar Rai Ii mixture of sand, cattle manure and & Jagadish 1987; Anonymous 1994) is soil in the ratio 2:2:1 (Nair 1978 b). In also successful. Six to eight month beds, seeds are sown in holes of 2.5 em (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981c) or 10 to depth and 10 cm diameter in rows 20 cm 12 month old seedlings (Nair 1978 b; apart. About 20 seeds are sown or it Krishnamoorthy & Rema 1988) are may be reduced to 8 per 'hole. In beds, suitable for transplanting. Under rainfed seeds may, be reduced to 8 per hill conditions, planting during June-July is (Samarawira 1964). Beds of 1 m width ideal (Shanmugavelu & Rao 1977) in and convenient length are suggested by India. But for irrigated crop, planting Bavappa & Ruettimann (1981 c). Seeds during October-November is recom­ may be sown in rows of 12 cm apart and 'mended (Nair 1978 b). In Sri Lanka, covered with thin layer of soil. Seeds seedlings are planted in holes of. 0.3 m are sown in nursery beds during at a spacing of 1.2 m x 1.2 m and 15- July-August in India (Radhakrishnan 20 plants are planted in a single hole 1992). Beds may be watered and shade (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981c). As this provided during early stages. Instead of type of planting causes competition sowing in nursery beds, they may be among plants, a spacing of 1.2 m x 0.6 sown in polythene bags. of 10 cm x 20 m between plants and planting of three cm size filled with soil and compost. plants per hole is suggested (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981c). A spacing of 3-5 m Kannan & Balakrishnan (1967) ob­ between plants is suggested by tained a highest germination of 94 per Radhakrishnan (1992). cent by sowing seeds on the third day after harvesting. At the end of second Aftercare week, germination was reduced to 52 per cent and after 40 days, there was Shade and irrigation are essential im­ complete loss of viability. Under normal mediately after planting (Shanmugavelu conditions, seeds germinate within 20 & Rao 1977). Weeding and mulching Thankamani et al. 114 reduce weed growth (Nair 1978b; (Purseglove et al. 1981). The best time Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981c; Nazeem for peeling is when new flushes and et al. 1992). Three or four wee dings are leaves are hardened after a rainy required for first two years; thereafter, season (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981c; two weedings in a year are sufficient Radhakrishnan 1992). Stems may be (Ridley 1912; Purseglove et al. 1981). cut at a height of 6 em (Bavappa & Weeding during June - July and Octo­ Ruettimann 1981c) and is repeated for ber - November and digging during every side shoot so that the plant August - September are practiced in assumes the shape of a low bush and a Randathara Estate, Kerala, India (Nair bunch of canes suitable for peeling are 1978 b). available subsequently. When har­ vested, the cut surface may be faced Manuring is considered as a luxury by inside the clump to promote tillering. In growers and generally not practiced Sri Lanka, the main harvesting season (Ridley 1912; Nair 1978b). Since leaves is during May-June and October­ and shoots are economic parts and November, whereas in Kerala, the first nitrogen promotes vegetative growth, season is in May and the second in nitrogenous fertilizers are advocated for November (Anonymous 1993). The quick and rapid growth (Nair 1978b). A regular peeling operations are com­ fertilizer mixture of urea, rock phos­ menced from fourth or fifth year de­ phate and muriate of potash in a pending on extent of peeler shoots proportion of 2: 1: 1 is suggested (Bavappa available (Rao1991). The best quality & Ruettimann 1981c). The rate of is obtained from the thin bark of shoots application suggested is 200, 400 and in the centre from the middle portion of 600 kg per ha for first, second and third shoots (Purseglove et al. 1981). Fully year, respectively. For an adult plant, developed cinnamon shoots of 1.5-3.0 NPK in the ratio of 100:18:100 g per em diameter harvested during rainy year is recommended (Rao 1991). The season (July-August) gives good quality Kerala Agricultural University (Anony­ bark and high yield (Pruthi, Varkey & mous 1993) has recommended a Bhat 1978). From first cutting, after 3 fertilizer schedule of 20:20:25 g of NPK -4 years, 56-67 kg of quills per ha are along with 20 kg of compost per year obtained. In a mature plantation, the during the first year of planting which yield is around 180-200 kg of quills per is to be gradually increased to ha (Rao 1991). 200:180:200 g NPK and 50 kg of compost per year from 15th year on­ Allspice (Pimenta' dioica L) wards. Fertilizers may be appli.ed in two splits during May-June and Climate and soil September-October. Pimento grows from sea level to an Harvesting and yield altitude of 1000 m above MSL; however it grows well below 300 m (Purseglove Coppicing is practiced from second et al. 1981). An annual rainfall of 100- (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981c) or third 200 em or more with a mean monthly year onwards (Rao 1991). Stems are cut temperature up to 27°C are the best. during rains to facilitate peeling The performance of allspice in plains is ~'r;v;ronomy of tree spices 115 ..:: :':poor and fruiting is not observed sacks are used as mulch, Watering is 'Z'(Krishnamoorthy & Rema 1991), The done using a fine spray, Germination ;' plant grows in a wide range of soils with takes place between 9 to 10 days :good drainage, It is not suited to red (Purseglove et ai, 1981), or sometimes " lime soils with inadequate moisture 15 days after sowing (Krishnamoorthy (purseglove et ai, 1981), & Rema 1991), Devadas & Manomohandas (1988) observed differ­ Propagation and planting ences in germination by storing seeds for different periods in polythene bags [, No variety is reported in India but in and 70-93 per cent germination was , ' Jamaica 2 male and 12 female varieties obtained when sown 3 weeks after (, are reported (Anonymous 1976), The collection at a temperature of 21.5, , common method of propagation is by 30.5°C. Vegetative propagation by seeds, Ripe fruits are collected from bottle grafting (Shanmugavelu & Rao high yielding regular bearing trees, 1977), budding, approach grafting Seeds are extracted after soaking the (Chapman 1965) and topworking fruits overnight in water and rubbing (Purseglove et al. 1981) are also possi­ them in a sieve and washing with clean ble. Propagation by tissue culture is not water, Drying of seeds is done in shade, reported. Seeds are sown as soon as possible or else germination is reduced Seedlings of 6 months (Shanmugavelu (Krishnamoorthy & Rema 1988), The & Rao 1977) or 9-10 months old having seeds are sown either in nursery beds, 25-30 cm height are ready for field boxes, pots or basins, Beds of 1,2 m planting (Pruseglove et ai. 1981), Seed­ width are prepared with light soil lings are planted at a spacing of 6m incorporated with organic matter or a either way and in poor soils a closer mixture of sand and coil' dust or coil' spacing is preferred (Shanmugavelu & dust alone, After sowing, nursery beds Rao 1977), Chapman (1965) suggested are mulched to hasten germination, a female to male ratio 2:1 or 8:1, but Dried leaves, straw, paper and damp Purseglove et al. (1981) recommended 1 Table 4. Fertilizer schedule for allspice at Jamaica

Year after Fertilizer mixture (g) planting 10:10:10 NPK* 15:15:15 or 12:10:18 or Period 10:10:20 NPK**

1 113 900 Feb, & Sept. 2 170 1130 Feb, & Sept. 3 227 1360 Feb, & Sept. Gradually Gradually increased increased lO 2270 2300 Feb, & Sept.

* Chapman 1965 ** Purseglove et al. 1981 Thankamani et al. 116 male tree for 10 females. Addition of 20-25 kg dry berries per year under well rotten cattle manure or compost good management (Krishnamoorthy & and filling with top soil in the planting Rema 1991). hole, is the usual practice in Jamaica (Purseglove et al. 1981). Cropping system with tree spices

Aftercare Clove is cultivated as a mono crop or as an intercrop with annuals or perennials After planting, temporary shade, irriga­ (Bavappa & Ruettimann 1981 a). Annu­ tion and' weeding are essential for als like yams, cassava and colocasia are reducing casualities (Krishnamoorthy cultivated successfully as intercrops & Rema 1991). Fertilizer schedules with clove up to 12 years. Perennials have been recommended by Chapman like coconut, arecanut, guava, sapota, (1965) and Purseglove et al. (1981) in citrus, coffee and cocoa (Pillai 1973) can Jamaica (Table 4). Fertilizers are also be grown in clove gardens. Benefi­ applied in two splits during May-June cial effects were observed when clove and September-October through soil or was grown in intercropping systems foliar application (Purse glove et al. (Kemala 1981; Madhavan, Gunasena & 1981). The most serious disease of Bavappa 1985 a & b ; Dwiwarni, pimento in Jamaica is leaf rust. Appli­ Yuhono & Kemala 1987; Anilkumar & cation of fungicides (Blitane, Copper Pillai 1988). Nutmeg is suitable to be Oxychloride, Dithane-M 45 and grown in homestead gardens and in Manzate) along with fertilizers is eco­ cool situations in orchards along with nomical to control pimento rust (Naylor coffee, tea, coconut, arecanut, rubber, 1966). Proper selection of site, planting, black pepper and cardamom (Abraham careful pruning and removal of infected 1958). It is the most suitable intercrop limbs are also suggested as control in coconut gardens (Sefanaia, Chandra measures against canker and wilt dis­ & Etherington 1982; Rao 1991). Cinna­ eases. mon is recommended as an intercrop in mature coconut gardens in India. The Harvesting and yield crop is a suitable component for multi­ tier croping systems consisting of shade Male trees flower early when compared trees, arecanut, coffee and black pepper to females and the usual flowering time at Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Rao in India is during March to June 1991). (Krishnamoorthy & Rema 1991). From Conclusion flowering, 3-4 months are taken for fruit maturity. For bearing, 5-6 years are Vegetative propagation techniques in taken under good management condi­ clove, cinnamon and nutmeg have been tions and 12 years under poor manage­ developed to reduce long bearing peri­ ment (Purseglove et al. 1981). Pre­ ods. Little attention has been paid to bearing period for grafted plants is many other aspects of tree spices. No around 3 years. Fully developed green­ distinct varieties have been developed. ish berries are harvested for spicing Propagation techniques in allspice, agr~­ (Shanmugavelu & Rao 1977; Purseglove techniques like optimum spacing, mulch­ et al. 1981). A well grown tree yields ing, fertilizers, weed and water manage- '~"r01WTn'Y of tree spices 117

are to be formulated. Studies on Anonymous 1977 Spices. A survey of the ':.nlwEiioJogyofflowering in nutmeg, clove world market Vol. 1. International allspice, flower drop in clove and Trade Centre, Geneva. drop in nutmeg are to be under­ Anonymous 1993 Package of Practices. ,; taken. Development of effective meth- Kerala Agricultural University, · ods and cultural practices to manage Vellanikkara, Kerala. · irregular bearing in clove, standardisa­ tion of pruning in cinnamon to increase Anonymous 1994 Research Highlights. · bark yield and studies on root distribu­ National Research Centre for tion and absorption pattern through Spices, Calicut. radioisotopes are also areas· for future research. Anandaraj M, Sivaraman K & Krishnamoorthy B 1989 Effective References weed control through weedicides in plantation crops. Indian Co­ Abraham P 1958 Have a few spice trees coa, Arecanut & Spices J.. 13: in your garden. Indian Fmg. 7 (8): 63-64. 28-31. Anilkumar A S & Pillai S J 1988 Aiyadurai S G 1966 A Review of Prospects of mixed cropping cocoa Research on Spices and and clove with coconuts. Indian Cashewnut in India. Indian Coun- Cocoa, Arecanut & Spices J. 17: ., cil of Agricultural Research, Er­ 36-37. nakulam. Araujo A C, Sacramento C K & Silva P Anonymous 1936 Cloves. Department of H 1989 Economic evaluation of Agriculture, Strait Settlements chemical harvesting of cloves in and Federation of Malaya States. South East Bahia. Centro de Pesquisasdo Cacau Boletim Anonymous 1949 Annual Report 1948- Technico. Commissao Executivodo 49, Indian Council of Agricultural Planodalavoura Cacaueria, Bra­ Research, New Delhi. zil. No. 164 : 14. Anonymous 1957 Annual Report, Zanzi­ Arif A & Putrawan I M 1977 The effects bar Department of Agriculture. of Dalapon and Glyphosate on Government Printer, Zanzibar. young clove trees. In : Proc. Sixth Asian Pacific Weed Science Soci­ Anonymous 1959 Annual Report, Zanzi­ etyConference 2 : 408_413. Dow bar Department of Agriculture. Chemical Pacific Ltd. , Jakarta, Government Printer, Zanzibar. Indonesia. Anonymous 1970 Annual Report, De­ Badami V K 1938 Germination of clove partment of Agriculture, Sey­ seeds. Department of Agriculture, chelles. Mysore State.

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M 1966 Nutmeg Cultivation and Kannan K 1973 Top working as a means its Sex Problem. Mede Delingen of converting male into female Vande Landbou Whoge School, plants in nutmeg. Arecanut & Wageningen, Netherland. Spices Bul!. 4 (4) : 14-16. M & Cruickshank A M 1969 Anonymous 1993 Package of Practices. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Kerala Agricultural University, Houtt. and Myristica argentea Vellanikkara,Kerala. Warb.). In: Ferwerda F P & Wit Kemala S 1981 Expansion and income F (Eds.) Outlines of Perennial distribution of clove production in Crop Breeding in the Tropics (pp. North Sulawesi. Pemberitaan 330-336). Landbho Gesch Lembang Penelitian Tanaman Wageningen. Industri, Bogor No.8: 32-51. Gopalakrishnan M, Nirmala Menon & Krishnamoorthy B 1987 Nutmeg. Plant­ " Mathew A G 1982 Changes in the ers Chron. 82 (3) : 83-84. composition of clove oil during maturation. J. Food Sci. & Tech. Krishnamoorthy B 1988 Clove. Planters 19 (9) : 190-192. Chron. 83 (6) : 198-200. Hasnah M, Wahid P & Hobir H 1984 Krishnamoorthy B & J Rema 1988 Effects of growth inhibitors and Nursery techniques in tree spices. storage temperature on the vi­ Indian Cocoa, Arecanut & Spices ability of clove seed. Pemberitaan J. 11 : 83-84 Penelitian Tanaman Industri, In­ Krishnamoorthy B & Rema J 1991 donesia 8 (49): 47-54. Allspice. Spice India 4 (10) : 9-10. Hegde K R, Sulikeri G S & Hulamani Krishnamoorthy B, John Zachariah T, N C 1990 Effects of growth regu­ Ravindran P N & Gopalam A lator and pre-gridling treatment 1992 Identification of sex· of nut­ on rooting of cinnamon air layers. meg seedlings based on morpholo­ South Indian Hort. 37 : 329-333. gical and chemical characters. J. Joseph J 1980 The nutmeg - its botany, Plant. Crops 20 (Supp!.) : 194- agronomy, production, composi­ 199. tion and uses. J. Plant. Crops 8 : Macmillan H F 1954 Tropical Planting 61-72. and Gardening 5th edn. Macmillan Kannan K & Balakrishnan S 1967 A and Co., London. . note on viability of cinnamon Madhavan R, Gunasena H P M & seeds. Madras agric. J. 54: 78-79. Bavappa K V A 1985a Studies on Kannan K 1971a Certain nursery tech­ organic matter and nutrient addi­ niques for raising nutmeg seed­ tion by leaf fall and available soil lings. Arecanut & Spices Bull. 2 phosphorous in tea and mixed (4) : 8-10. system. Sri Lan)mn J. agric. Sci. 22 : 81-86. Kannan K 1971b Some problems offield planting of nutmeg. Arecanut & Madhavan R, Gunasena H P M & Spices Bull. 3 (1) : 6-8. Bavappa K V A 1985 b Effect of Thankamani et al. 120

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