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Gender Sensitive Climate Change Communication Strategy GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY

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Gender Sensitive Climate Change Communication Strategy GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY Gender Sensitive Climate Change Communication Strategy GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY i i || GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY Background ABOUT THE PROJECT Climate change, including climate variability, has multiple influences on human health. Both direct and indirect impacts are expected. These include altera- tions in the geographic range and intensity of transmission of vector-, tick-, and rodent-borne diseases and food- and waterborne diseases, and changes in the prevalence of diseases associated with air pollutants and aeroallergens. Climate change could alter or disrupt natural systems, making it possible for diseases to spread or emerge in areas where they had been limited or had not existed, or for diseases to disappear by making areas less hospitable to the vector or the pathogen. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that climate change may already be causing over 150,000 deaths globally per year. While direct and immediate impacts such as deaths in heat waves and floods can often be dra- matic and provoke immediate policy-responses, the most important long-term influences will likely act through changes in natural ecosystems and their impacts on disease vectors, waterborne pathogens, and contaminants. Despite the increasing understanding of health risks associated with climate change, there has been limited identification and implementation of strategies, policies, and measures to protect the health of the most vulnerable populations. Reasons for this include the relatively recent appreciation of the links between climate change and health, which means that existing public health related poli- cies and practices globally do not reflect needs with respect to managing likely climate change-related health impacts. Recognizing the fact that Ghana experiences an extremely high burden of climate-sensitive diseases such as malaria, diarrhoeal, cerebrospinal meningitis and other infectious diseases and given the fact that Ghana is significantly vul- nerable to climatic changes, The Ministry of Health (MOH), Ghana in partnership of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is implementing a Global Environment Facility (GEF) funded project to pilot climate change adaptation for health in Ghana. || iii GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY Malaria, Cerebrospinal Meningitis and Diarrhoeal Diseases, were identified as cli- mate sensitive diseases of interest for the pilot project. The pilot will cover three districts – Bongo in the Upper East Region, Keta in the Volta region and Gomoa West in the Central region. The proposed project will develop systems and response mechanisms to strength- en the integration of climate change risks into the health sector. Critical barriers will be overcome to shift the current response capacity of the health sector from being reactive towards being more anticipatory, deliberate and systematic. Project actions will identify, implement, monitor, and evaluate adaptations to reduce likely future burdens of malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, and cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM), priority climate change-related health issues identified by national stakeholders. i v || GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY Acknowledgment The production of this report was facilitated by the Climate Change and Health Project Implementation Unit, Ministry of Health, led by Benjamin Yaw Manu, the Project Manger, with the support of Abena Nakawa, the Project Associate, and in consultation with Mr. Isaac Adams, Director, Research, Statistics, Information Management, Ghana. The content of this report was developed, discussed and validated through extensive consultations led by the Ministry of Health with stakeholders from government agencies including Ghana Health Service, Ghana Meteorological Service, National Malaria Control Programme, National Development Planning Commission, National Disaster Management Organization, Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry of Environment Science and Technology, National Disease Control Programme, Health Promotion Unit, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (External Relations Unit) REPUBLIC OF GHANA MINISTRY OF HEALTH INTEGRATING CLIMATE CHANGE INTO THE MANAGEMENT OF PRIORITY HEALTH RISKS IN GHANA www.climatehealthghana.org ‘Photos used in this report were taken by the project and as such are the property of the project’ || v GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY v i || GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY Contents Background iii Acknowledgment v Gender Sensitive Climate Change Communication Strategy 1 1.0 Introduction 3 1.1 Background 5 1.2 Data Collection 5 1.2 Brief Description of the Three Research Areas 6 2.0 Findings 7 2.1 Knowledge, Attitudes to and Perceptions of Climate Change and Health 8 2.2 Human Activities that Lead to Climate Change 8 3.0 Impact of Climate Change 11 3.1 Impact of Climate Change 12 3.2 In the words of another interviewee: 16 4.0 Climate Change and Gender 23 Conclusion and Recommendations 35 Gender Sensitive Climate Change Communication Strategy 37 Country Focus: Ghana 37 Executive Summary 39 Introduction 41 || v i i GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY viii || GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY Gender Sensitive Climate Change 01 Communication Strategy By Dr Margaret I. Amoakohene, Professor K. Ansu-Kyeremeh & Ms Esi E. Thompson || 1 GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 2 || GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 1.0 Introduction || 3 GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 4 || GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 1.1 Background Climate change has in recent years become an issue of prominence in both global and national discourse. Evidence abounds that climatic variability continues to adversely affect Ghana’s natural resources such as land, water, forest and vegetation, as well as the nation’s human capital. Despite the increasing understanding of health risks associated with climate change, there has been limited identification and implementation of strategies, polices and measures to protect the health of the most vulnerable populations. There is, therefore, the need to consider ways of adapting health poli- cies and strategies to issues of climate change. In view of this, the Ministry of Health, in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), is implementing a project funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) to pilot climate change adaption for health in Ghana using malaria, cerebrospinal meningitis and diarrhoeal diseases as tracer diseases, in three districts, namely, Bongo in the Upper East Region, Gomoa in the Central Region and Keta in the Volta Region. The School of Communication Studies was 1.2 Data Collection contracted to carry out research in the three districts to gather data to be used to develop Questionnaires for the survey were adminis- a communication strategy to support the pilot tered face-to-face. Twenty interviewers were project. The study was conducted using two trained to administer ten questionnaires each research methods: survey and individual in- over a period of four days at each location. The depth interviews. A survey of 600 participants demographics of the respondents included was conducted, 200 drawn from each of the almost equal numbers of females (48.5%) and three districts of the study – Bongo district males (51.5%). Almost two-thirds (66.0%) were (Upper East Region), Keta municipality (Volta married while just above one in five (22.6%) had Region) and Gomoa West district (Central never married. The rest were divorced (5.6%), Region). Sampling for the survey was mainly widowed (3.7%) or separated (2.0%). The big- cluster with individuals chosen from the gest cohort was traders (22.0%), followed by groupings. Clusters included decision leaders farmers and fishermen (14.7%) and teachers such as chiefs and queen mothers and opin- (13.5%). In terms of schooling, middle/junior ion leaders, among whom were managers of secondary school leavers (24.5%) were almost civil society organisations. Women’s groups as many as those who had experienced ter- constituted another cluster as were occupa- tiary education (22.7%). Data for the individual tional groups such as artisans and teachers. In in-depth interviews were personally collected the case of the individual in-depth interviews, by the consultants/researchers face-to-face sampling was purposively done to select key with each of the six selected regional and dis- regional and district level professionals, deci- trict level professionals, decision makers and sion makers and opinion leaders in each of opinion leaders in the three locations. the three districts and municipality to record any commonalities and/or differences in views expressed to aid in developing the com- munication strategy. || 5 GENDER SENSITIVE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 1.2 Brief Description of the Gomoa West District Three Research Areas Gomoa West is one of 17 districts of the Central region of Ghana. It is a fishing community with Bongo District a total population of 194,792 which constitutes Ghana, as at March 2012, had a total of 170 12.23% of the Central regional population districts. Bongo is one of nine (9) districts thereby making it the district with the highest (including two municipalities) in the Upper population in that region. The sea provides the East region
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